Biodiesel Fuels Research Articles

Effects of bioethanol addition to the biodiesel-diesel fuel blend on diesel engine exhaust emissions

The transition of energy sources from fossil fuel to biofuel is becoming a major topic in the world towards renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve environmental air quality, and reduce dependence on fossil fuel in the future. This study aims to evaluate the effect of increasing the concentration of oxygenated biofuel in diesel fuel on the emissions of diesel engines. In this study, B30 (30% biodiesel and 70% diesel) was used as a base fuel, and a fraction of pure biodiesel (B100) was added to increase the biodiesel concentration in B30 fuel to create B40 (40% biodiesel and 60% diesel). Furthermore, the addition of 5% and 10% of bioethanol as a fuel additive in the fuel blend was conducted while maintaining a biodiesel concentration of 40%. The effect of bioethanol contained in the fuel blends was tested using a single-cylinder 418 cc diesel engine. The experiment was carried out at an engine speed of 1000–3000 rpm. The result shows that the concentration of the diesel-biodiesel-bioethanol blend affected the emissions produced by the diesel engines. Combustion efficiency increased with the concentration of biodiesel in the diesel fuel, as shown by reduced CO emissions, increased CO2 emissions, and increased NOx emissions at engine speeds of 2000–3000 rpm. In comparison to 5% bioethanol at various engine speeds, adding 10% bioethanol has a disadvantageous effect on the combustion process, increasing CO and HC emissions.

Simultaneous bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons and production of biofuels by the micro-green alga, cyanobacteria, and its consortium

There are two major problems in the world, fuel deficiency and environmental pollution by fossil fuels. Microalgae are regarded as one of the most feasible feedstocks for the manufacturing of biofuels and are used in the degradation of fossil fuel spills. The present study was possessed to investigate the ability of green alga Chlorella vulgaris, blue-green alga Synechococcus sp, and its consortium to grow and degrade hydrocarbon such as kerosene (k) with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1,5%), and also using algal biomasses to produce biofuel. The algal growth was estimated by optical density (O.D) at 600 nm, pigment contents such as Chlorophyll a,b carotenoid, and dry weight. The kerosene degradation was estimated by FT-IR analysis after and before the cultivation of algae and its consortium. The components of the methanol extract were determined by GC-MS spectroscopy. The results denote the best growth was determined by O.D, algae consortium with 1.5% Kerosene after ten days, meanwhile, the highest dry weight was with C. vulgaris after ten days of cultivation. The FT-IR demonstrated the algae and consortium possessed high efficacy to degrade kerosene. After 15 days of algae cultivation with 1% K, C.vulgaris produced the maximum amount of lipids (32%). The GC-MS profile of methanol extract of two algae and consortium demonstrated that Undecane was presented in high amounts, C.vulgaris (19.9%), Synechococcussp (82.16%), algae consortium (79.51%), and also were presented moderate amounts of fatty acid methyl ester in Synechococcus sp. Overall, our results indicate that a consortium of algae can absorb and remove kerosene from water, and at the same time produce biofuels like biodiesel and petroleum-based fuels.

Measurement and prediction of the volumetric and acoustic properties of two biodiesel fuels up to 200 MPa

This work presents experimental data on sound velocities and densities for two biodiesel fuels, namely sunflower methyl ester and a blend of Palm, Rapeseed, and Soybean methyl esters at pressures ranging from atmospheric to 200 MPa and temperatures from 293.15 to 393.15 K. Speed of sound data were obtained up to 200 MPa using a pulsed echo method. Density was determined by measuring the period of a vibrating tube up to 100 MPa and by integrating the sound velocity between 100 and 200 MPa. These measurements were coupled to determine other properties, such as isothermal compressibility, isentropic compressibility, and acoustic impedance, which strongly influence the injection process in diesel engines. The experimental data were compared with a set of models previously developed to predict the density and sound velocity of biodiesels under high pressure based on their fatty acid ester composition.

Biodiesel Fuel Production from Soybean Oil Using a Microreactor

The synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester from soybean oil was examined. A microreactor was used as a reactor, and the results were compared with those by batch reaction. In a batch reaction experiment, the concentration of by-product glycerol was large when methanol/soybean oil ratio was low, which inhibited the mass transfer between methanol and oil, and as a result, reduced fatty acid methyl ester yield. On the other hand, when the reaction was conducted under an emulsion state using a microreactor, the initial reaction rate was significantly increased, achieving a specific interfacial area about 7 times larger than that of the batch reaction. Furthermore, the decrease in reaction rate was suppressed and the space-time fatty acid methyl ester yield was successfully increased. When the reaction was conducted under a segmented flow state, the initial reaction rate decreased because of the smaller specific interfacial area. However, the mass transfer coefficient increased about 30-fold, and furthermore, the phase separation was completed immediately after the reaction. Finally, the high temperature and high-pressure flow operation was conducted using a microreactor, which enabled an efficient fatty acid methyl ester production from soybean oil at 2 – 3 times higher space-time yield with less amount of catalyst and/or methanol use compared to the conventional batch production method.

Evaluation of Quality of Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel with High Ratio Blends

The limited availability of fossil fuels and the current issue of global warming has made biodiesel an alternative The first section in your paper fuel option. Biodiesel, which is processed through the transesterification reaction in its use has been approved as a commercial fuel with a low blending ratio. However, it is possible to use it with a high ratio. Blending biodiesel and diesel fuel with a high ratio, of course, many considerations must be agreed upon regarding the quality of the product. In this study, the quality of the biodiesel-diesel blending was evaluated. Characterization of the blending fuel properties with improvement was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of the fuel blending and to indicate the maximum blending ratio that is suitable for use and does not harm the environment or its users. Diesel fuel (B0) with a cetane number of 48 and a cetane number of 51 is blended with FAME (B100) from a ratio of 10% FAME and 90% diesel (B10) to 90% biodiesel and 10% diesel (B90). Characteristics such as viscosity, density, FBT, Cleanliness, total contaminants, and CFPP were tested according to ASTM and ISO standards. The results showed an increase in the value of viscosity and density as the ratio increased but still met the ASTM D7467 standard of 0.855 mg/m3 in the B90 and the highest viscosity was 4.9 mm2/sec in the B70. The results of the FBT test, total contaminant, cleanliness, and CFPP the highest on B90 for all fuels.

Hexanoic acid improves the production of lipid and oleic acid in Yarrowia lipolytica: The benefit of integrating biorefinery with organic waste management

Microbial oil serves as a sustainable feedstock for producing biodiesel and bio-jet fuels in biorefineries. Sustainable and economical microbial oil production requires the combination of the biorefinery concept and organic waste management. Here, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), by-products of anaerobic digestion of organic waste, have been incorporated as co-substrates in lignocellulosic microbial oil production by an oleaginous yeast of Yarrowia lipolytica. The supplementation of VFAs (acetic, butyric, and hexanoic acids) increased microbial oil production of Y. lipolytica by up to 47%. Specifically, the oleic acid content in microbial oil increased from 41% to 64% with hexanoic acid supplementation, resulting in a 1.5-fold increase in oleic acid titer. Transcriptome analysis showed that hexanoic acid altered fatty acid metabolism (through β- and ω-oxidation) and global transcriptional regulation during microbial oil production. These findings suggest that hexanoic acid is a useful supplement that improves the industrial yield of microbial oil and selectively increases oleic acid content.

Експериментальні випробування легкового автомобіля з дизелем за роботи на дизельному паливі та дизельному біопаливі

Realizing the problems that constantly accompany the use of road transport, against the background of the increasing shortage of liquid fuels of petroleum origin in Ukraine and other countries, serious attention has long been paid to the use of alternative, more environmentally friendly types of motor fuels, which include biofuels, natural gas and hydrogen. At the same time, the issue of reducing environmental pollution by road transport is an important component of the general environmental problem, the severity of which increases every year. With the significant growth of food industry facilities, there is a need to dispose of food products, namely food fats, which create a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, a possible way to solve the problem of disposal of edible fats can be their processing into diesel biofuel. The use of biodiesel fuel from recycled food fat waste does not require significant changes in the engine design, at the same time, it will allow to expand the fuel base of diesel vehicles and reduce their harmful impact on the environment. The article presents the results of bench tests of a passenger car with a diesel engine when operating on diesel fuel and diesel biofuel, namely: emissions of harmful substances and fuel consumption by cycle, comparative load characteristics of a diesel engine in a passenger car. The possibility of using diesel biofuel from recycled food fat waste in diesel engines of modern cars has been confirmed. The conducted studies proved the reduction of the total mass emissions, reduced to carbon monoxide emissions, for work on diesel biofuel. Keywords: diesel, diesel biofuel, passenger car, experimental tests, fuel consumption, harmful emissions.

Investigation of fuel properties of biodiesel produced from hemp seed oil

Scientists continue to work in order to obtain clean and efficient energy in a sustainable and economical way. Biodiesel is an important research topic not only because it is a renewable energy source, but also because it is an environmentally friendly fuel that can be produced as efficiently as petroleum-derived fuels. The raw materials used are as important as the production parameters in the production of biodiesel fuels. Hemp is not a widely cultivated plant because its cultivation is subject to government control. However, by breeding, the production of species containing low amount of stimulant and high amount of seed and fiber can be realized. In case of an efficient fuel production in compliance with the determined standards, the hemp plant can be accepted as a raw material that can also be evaluated in the field of energy. In order to guide the studies to be carried out for this purpose, in this study, the conformity of the fuel obtained by producing biodiesel from hemp seed oil to the standards was examined. As a result of the fuel analysis, it has been seen that the fuel properties of the produced hemp biodiesel are largely compatible with the TS EN 14214 standards. The results obtained provided a sufficient starting point for the development of the study.

Investigation of performance and emission values of biodiesel fuels produced by adding ZnO nanoparticles as additives to waste sunflower and Köhnü grape seed oil

Investigation of performance and emission values of biodiesel fuels produced by adding ZnO nanoparticles as additives to waste sunflower and Köhnü grape seed oil

A Study to Predict Ignition Delay of an Engine Using Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Based on the ANN and SVM Machine Learning Methods.

Over time, machine learning methods have developed, but there have not been many studies comparing how well they predict ignition delays. In this study, a model that forecasts the ignition delay of a diesel engine utilizing diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel was developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) machine learning techniques. This work has clarified the problems in designing and training the model. The effectiveness of the ANN and SVM machine learning methods' ignition delay prediction models has been evaluated under various input variable conditions. The authors employed a data set of over 700 input data sets from diesel fuel and biodiesel in the B0 to B60 range for this purpose. To evaluate the accuracy of the models, the authors compared the average accuracy of the overall classification as well as the standard deviation. The results after training and verifying the accuracy of the models show that the SVM model has a better ability to predict the fire ignition delay than the ANN model. Specifically, with the test data set and the SVM model at compression ratio (ε) = 15, RMSE = 34.45 μs, MAPE = 1.30%, MAE = 28.33 μs, MAE = 28.33 μs, and R 2 = 0.967, respectively, and the SVM model can predict well. At compression ratio ε = 17, RMSE = 30.18 μs, MAPE = 1.30%, MAE = 23.48 μs, and R 2 = 0.908, respectively. With an ANN neural network model, the prediction error value at compression ratio ε = 15 is RMSE = 41.29 μs, MAPE = 1.35%, MAE = 29.68 μs, and R 2 = 0.952, respectively; at compression ratio ε = 17, it is RMSE = 30.28 μs, MAPE = 1.25%, MAE = 23.00 μs, and R 2 = 0.975, respectively. With this accuracy, the SVM model is fully capable of forecasting the ignition delay combustion time of diesel/biodiesel engines.

Emission characteristics & performance analysis of a diesel engine fuelled with various alternative fuels – a review

Energy is the soul of development of any country. Fulfilling the energy needs plays an important part in accomplishment of various domestic and industrial requirements. Transportation is one such industrial need which requires enormous amount of energy & looking at the importance of transportation in the development of any nation, energy sources become even more important. Energy sources which are being used are largely conventional fuels causing different pollutions. In order to reduce the pollution different techniques have been researched upon for a long time which has resulted in the discovery of several alternative fuels & Fuel additives. Current research paper discusses and critically examines various alternative fuels & additives used currently. Alternative fuels & additives considered in the current study are blended with the conventional fuels like diesel & petrol. Basically, two types of alternative fuels are studied in the current study namely alcohols & ethers. Some of the alternative fuels studied, include Butanol, Octanol, Diethyl Ether (DEE), Dimethyl Ether (DME) etc. whereas ZnO has been considered as an additive. Different output parameters which have been considered include BTE, BSFC, CO, HC & NOx emission. Current research examines different combinations of diesel, biodiesel, biogas & alternative fuels along with additives & their comparative suitability for the application along with emission characteristics for the different blends. One of the conclusions drawn from the current research is that alternative fuels under consideration, contain more amount of oxygen which helps in complete combustion of the fuel resulting in better emission characteristics.

Environmentally Friendly Diesel Fuel Obtained from Vegetable Raw Materials and Hydrocarbon Crude

Currently, the global issue for countries is the search for raw materials and the production of bioenergy within their country; bioenergy also includes biodiesel fuels. One of the most promising biodiesel fuels is the green diesel fuel produced by the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Three methods have been proposed to obtain high-quality biodiesel and environmentally friendly diesel fuel: compounding green diesel with hydro-treated diesel fuel, compositions of the improved fuel «green diesel» with bio-additives, and two-component mixtures of environmentally friendly diesel fuel with bio-additives. Using these methods, it is possible to produce fuel for diesel engines with improved lubricating properties, the wear scar diameter is reduced to 232 microns, according to EN 590: 2009, this value standard is up to 460 microns. The optimal quantitative composition of three-component environmentally friendly diesel fuel with improved lubricity was established. The dependence of the change in the lubricating properties of environmentally friendly diesel fuel on the quantitative and qualitative composition are established. A mathematical equation describing the dependence of the change in the corrected wear spot on the amount of anti-wear additive in the green diesel fuel is derived. Three-component compositions of environmentally friendly diesel fuel make it possible to obtain fuel that meets the requirements of the EN 590: 2009 standard and to expand the resources for obtaining fuel, as well as to improve the environmental and operational characteristics of the fuel.

The Effect of Magnetic Field on Premixed Flame of Biodiesel Fuel Calophyllum Inophyllum B0, B50, and B100

This study analyzes the effect of magnetic fields on premixed flame behavior in a bunsen burner. The fuel used is pure Calophyllum Inophyllum (B100), a mixture of Calophyllum Inophyllum with diesel oil (B50) and pure diesel oil (B0) which is heated to a temperature of 553 (K). The test uses variations of magnetic field poles N-S, S-N, N-N, and S-S, with variations in equivalent ratios of 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, and 1.2. The experimental results reveal that the magnetic field can affect the premixed flame behavior by analyzing the RGB color intensity and laminar burning velocity. In the flame of the B100 fuel, the intensity of the red color decreases when it is influenced by a magnetic field. The highest reduction in red color intensity occurred at the variation of the N-S magnetic poles at an equivalent ratio of 0.7. From non-magnetic B100 fuel, the average laminar burning velocity in all variations of the equivalent ratio with the influence of the N-S magnetic field increased by 28.81%, on non-magnetic B50 fuel by 34.78%, and B50 N-S fuel by 46.96%. The improvement in the quality of combustion under the influence of a magnetic field is caused by the movement of O2 around the magnetic field which becomes more active towards the combustion reaction zone and the weakening of the bonds between hydrocarbon molecules which causes O2 to bind more easily to the hydrocarbons so that the combustion becomes more optimal.

Effects of synthetic conditions on the Pd particle sizes of Pd/SBA-15 catalysts and their performance for the partial hydrogenation of biodiesel fuels

Effects of synthetic conditions on the Pd particle sizes of Pd/SBA-15 catalysts and their performance for the partial hydrogenation of biodiesel fuels

ความท้าทายและความก้าวหน้าของเทคนิคการเผาไหม้ไบโอดีเซลที่อุณหภูมิต่ำภายในเครื่องยนต์สันดาป

ความท้าทายและความก้าวหน้าของเทคนิคการเผาไหม้ไบโอดีเซลที่อุณหภูมิต่ำภายในเครื่องยนต์สันดาป

Numerical simulation of a diesel engine performance powered by soybean biodiesel and diesel fuels

BackgroundThe present study presents a 3-D numerical simulation of a direct injection diesel engine powered by base diesel oil and soybean biodiesel fuel at different load conditions. The modeling was performed using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software linked to a chemical solver. A chemical kinetic reaction mechanism was developed to simulate the combustion and fuel spray processes. Base diesel oil results were verified using a single-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine.ResultsThe study showed that the usage of the soybean biodiesel fuel caused a reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions by about 42.38% and 41.35%, compared with base diesel and an increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of about 21.8% and 11.2%, respectively. Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is reduced by an average value of 9.4%, the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is increased by an average value of 11.8% and the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is dropped by an average value of 11.3% for soybean biodiesel fuel.ConclusionsThe CFD model showed the effect of the unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters present in soybean biodiesel on the spatial distributed values of NOx, oxygen and temperature during the combustion in engine cylinder. It was observed that the combustion of soybean biodiesel began about 3.89 CAD earlier than base diesel, and the in-cylinder peak pressure was dropped by 8.25%. Soybean biodiesel fuel was optimized by performing four starts of injection (SOI) at timings of − 18, − 16, − 15 and − 13,5 bTDC, and it was found that the combustion characteristics of soybean biodiesel are optimum at SOI = − 15 bTDC. These results indicate that the biodiesel fuel can be used as an alternative and environmentally friendly fuel in the engine without any modifications.

Можливості підвищення екологічної безпеки транспортних засобів з дизелями застосуванням альтернативних палив

Today, most motor fuels are made from non-renewable sources of petroleum origin. In connection with the environmental problems associated with the use of traditional motor fuels in motor vehicle engines, many countries are implementing strict requirements for the greening of motor vehicles.At the same time, vehicles with diesel engines are quite attractive in terms of consumption of alternative motor fuels. One of the ways to increase the environmental safety of vehicles with diesel engines is the complete or partial replacement of diesel fuel with alternative fuels. In this regard, research and development in the field of energy resource use in road transport has been significantly intensified, and new programs are being developed to expand the use of alternative fuels. The main focus of the researchers on improving environmental safety is the complete or partial replacement of diesel fuel with alternative fuels, which can be of petroleum or non-petroleum origin. Such fuels can be: liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas and associated gases, diesel biofuel, alcohols and ethers, as well as hydrogen, etc.The article examines the problem of alternative types of fuel and the use of new energy sources in the search for more ecologically clean, cheap and less scarce fuel. To solve this problem, it is necessary to perform an analysis and determine the possibilities of increasing the environmental safety of motor vehicles with diesel engines when using different alternative fuels.The analysis carried out in the work showed that the considered fuels are promising with the proper organization of the work process of motor vehicle diesel engines. However, in a number of cases, for example, when using hydrogen, alcohols, it is necessary to significantly change the design of the engine, which requires significant costs. The use of alternative, more environmentally friendly motor fuels, such as compressed natural gas, diesel biofuel of vegetable or animal origin, etc., will allow to significantly expand the fuel base of motor vehicle diesels and does not require a significant change in their design.In further research, an important task is to develop a methodology for evaluating the use of alternative fuels, which will combine a complex of functional and mathematical models to determine the energy efficiency and environmental safety of vehicles with diesel engines when using alternative fuels both in their pure form and in the form of mixed fuels.

Production efficiency and cost reduction potential of biodiesel fuel plants using waste cooking oil in Japan

Biodiesel fuel (BDF) is a potentially carbon-neutral fuel that could play a potentially important role in preventing global warming. However, its high production cost poses a challenge for many BDF producers. To establish an efficient method for BDF production and increase its cost competitiveness, the production efficiencies of 35 BDF plants in Japan, which produce BDF from waste cooking oil, were evaluated. Moreover, the cost reduction potential associated with improved efficiency was estimated. The empirical analysis revealed that (1) approximately 92% of the BDF plants have inefficient production; (2) they exhibit two predominant types of inefficiencies, technical and scale inefficiencies, and (3) improvement of production inefficiency can lead to an average production cost reduction of 3.52 yen per liter of BDF. To increase the production efficiency, it is important to improve the quality of the waste cooking oil used and increase the production scale. It is recommended that operators of inefficient BDF plants learn the production activities of the most efficient plants identified in this study. Furthermore, government policies focused on efficient BDF plants are essential to increase BDF production with limited resources.

Snail Shells as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Fuel Production

Homogeneous catalysis is relevant for biodiesel fuel synthesis; however, it has the disadvantage of difficult separation of the catalyst. In the present work, heterogeneous catalysis was applied for rapeseed oil transesterification with methanol, while snail shells were used as a catalyst. CaO content in the catalyst was investigated. Transesterification reactions were carried out in a laboratory reactor, ester yield was analyzed using gas chromatography. Response surface methodology was used for process optimization. It was found that the optimum transesterification conditions when the reaction temperature is 64 °C are the following: a catalyst amount of 6.06 wt%, a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 7.51:1, and a reaction lasting 8 h. An ester yield of 98.15 wt% was obtained under these conditions.

Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seed oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production in Nigeria

Biodiesel fuel was successfully synthesized from Nigerian Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) seed oil through direct base-catalysed transesterification process using Methanol and sodium hydroxide as alcohol and catalyst, respectively. The solvent extraction method was used to extract the watermelon oil from the seed in order to determine its physic-chemical properties for relevant uses. Physical properties of the watermelon seed oil, its biodiesel and biodiesel blends were measured using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods for biodiesel and diesel fuels. Also, the effect of temperature and catalyst concentration on the biodiesel yield was studied. The properties of the produced watermelon oil and its biodiesel fuel were compared with that of vegetable oils from other feedstock and their respective biodiesel fuels. The result showed that the calorific value of the produced watermelon biodiesel is 40.10 MJ/Kg while that of the watermelon seed oil is 38.24 MJ/Kg. The cetane number, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and pour point of the produced oil are 39.38, 8.50 mm2/s and 15 °C while that of the produced biodiesel are 53.165, 5.82mm2/s and 3 °C for Watermelon biodiesel, respectively. The maximum biodiesel yield (93.68%) was recorded at 55 °C with catalyst concentration of 1.0% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) by weight. In comparison to biodiesel produced from other feedstock, the lower heating value and cetane number of watermelon seed oil methyl ester (40.10 MJ/kg and 53.165) were higher than that of palm kernel biodiesel (39.30 MJ/kg and 52.30), castor biodiesel (30.50 MJ/kg and 50), sandbox seed biodiesel (37.00 MJ/kg and 50), dika nut biodiesel (39.00 MJ/kg and 52) and kapok fibre biodiesel (40.064 MJ/kg), while that of physic nut biodiesel were higher. The obtained properties of watermelon seed oil and its biodiesel conformed to the ASTM standards for biodiesel and diesel fuels. The results further showed that watermelon seed oil is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production and the biodiesel produced can serve as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.