Biochar Production Research Articles

Production of Algae-Derived Biochar and Its Application in Pollutants Adsorption—A Mini Review

Developing algae cultivation for food, chemicals, and bio-energy generates a significant amount of algal waste/residue after utilization. Meanwhile, harmful algal blooms caused by abnormal proliferation of various algae produce a large amount of algal biomass, posing serious harm to human health, the environment and the economy. Converting algae body to biochar is a crucial method with which to take advantage of this resource. Biochar usually has a large specific surface area, developed pore structure, high cation exchange capacity and rich surface functional groups. With the advantage of stable physical/chemical properties and easy modification techniques, biochar posited as an ideal adsorption material. From the perspective of algal biomass utilization, this paper reviews the preparation and modification methods, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties and environmental implications of algal biochar. The adsorption effect and mechanisms of algal biochar on nutrients, heavy metals, and organic matter in water are introduced. In light of the current research status, the challenges faced in practical application of algae-derived biochar adsorption materials are pointed out, and a research direction for preparation and application is also developed, with a view to providing a reference for the further utilization of algae-derived biochar.

The fate and mobility of chromium, arsenic and zinc in municipal sewage sludge during the co-pyrolysis process with organic and inorganic chlorides

Co-pyrolysis is an efficient approach for municipal sewage sludge (SS) treatment, facilitating the production of biochar and promoting the stabilization and removal of heavy metals, particularly when combined with chlorinated materials. This study explores the impact of pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C and 600 °C) and chlorinated additives (polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as an organic chloride source and ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an inorganic chloride source) at 10% and 20% concentrations, on the yield, chemical speciation, leachability, and ecological risks of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) in biochar derived from SS. The results revealed that increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 600 °C significantly reduced biochar yield due to enhanced volatilization of organic components, as well as the removal of heavy metals in interaction with chlorinated materials. Chlorinated additives distinctly influenced heavy metal behavior. PVC treatments at 600 °C effectively reduced the total concentrations of As and Zn by 60% and 88.3%, respectively, while FeCl3 reduced Cr concentrations by up to 72.5%. Chemical speciation analysis showed that PVC treatments increased the residual fractions of As and Zn, reducing their bioavailability and environmental risk. In contrast, FeCl3 promoted the transformation of Cr into oxidizable fractions, enhancing its stability. TCLP results confirmed the effectiveness of both additives in reducing heavy metal leachability, with PVC at 600 °C demonstrating superior performance for As and Zn, and FeCl3 excelling in Cr stabilization. Ecological risk index assessments revealed that PVC treatments consistently resulted in lower RI values at both temperatures and concentrations, keeping them below the low-risk threshold. In contrast, FeCl3 treatments exhibited elevated risk levels, especially at higher concentrations and temperatures, reaching moderate to considerable risk categories. Overall, PVC treatment at 600 °C proved to be the most effective strategy for reducing As and Zn leachability and enhancing biochar stability. While FeCl3 demonstrated better performance in Cr stabilization, these findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate chlorinated additives based on the target heavy metal for optimizing biochar production and minimizing environmental impacts effectively.

Metabolomic Insights into the Potential of Chestnut Biochar as a Functional Feed Ingredient

Biochar is potentially a functional ingredient in animal nutrition that offers health benefits such as detoxification, while also promoting environmental sustainability through carbon sequestration, emission reduction, and its circular production. However, the heterogeneity of commercially available biochar products requires a detailed assessment of their functional properties for applications in animal feed. This study evaluates chestnut biochar from morphological, chemical, and metabolomic perspectives and assesses its functional properties. Metabolomic analysis of a water extract using QTOF HPLC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds, such as hydroxybenzoic and succinic acids, highlighting its potential as a functional feed ingredient. The chestnut biochar inhibited the growth of the pathogenic E. coli strains F18+ and F4+, with maximum inhibition rates of 15.8% and 28.6%, respectively, after three hours of incubation. The downregulation of genes associated with quorum sensing (MotA, FliA, FtsE, and HflX, involved in biofilm formation and cellular division) suggests that biochar interferes with several aspects of the pathogenic process. Importantly, biochar was not found to adversely affect beneficial probiotic bacteria, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Limosilactobacillus reuteri. These findings support the potential of chestnut biochar as a versatile ingredient for sustainable animal nutrition, thus promoting animal welfare while offering environmental benefits.

Biochar in the Bioremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils

Biochar is produced from a wide variety of feedstocks (algal biomass, forest, agricultural and food residues, organic fraction of municipal waste, sewage sludge, manure) by thermochemical conversion. In general, it is a dark, porous material with a large surface area, low density, high cation exchange capacity, and alkaline pH. By reducing the content of harmful substances in the soil, the application of biochar increases the activity, number, and diversity of microorganisms and improves plant growth in contaminated areas. The aim of the review was to explore the advantages and drawbacks of biochar use in soil bioremediation. General issues such as methods of biochar production, its physical and chemical properties, and various applications are presented. As biochar is an efficient adsorbent of heavy metals, the review focused on its benefits in (I) soil bioremediation, (II) improvement of soil parameters, (III) reduction of metal toxicity and bioaccumulation, (IV) positive interaction with soil microorganisms and soil enzymatic activity, and (V) promotion of plant growth. On the other hand, the potential risks of biochar formulation and utilization were also discussed, mainly related to the presence of heavy metals in biochar, dust hazard, and greenhouse gases emission.

From waste to resource: A life cycle assessment of biochar from agricultural residue

AbstractIn recent years, biochar has emerged as a versatile product. Producing biochar from agricultural residue is an environmentally friendly alternative to in‐situ burning, reducing the requirement for chemical fertilizers. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the environmental impact of biochar production. Four feedstocks are compared – rice straw, palm shell, corn stover, and mixed crop residue. The cradle‐to‐gate system boundary comprises all stages of biochar production – feedstock acquisition, transport and pre‐treatment, and biochar production. Results show that the main hotspots are emissions and electricity consumption during production. The palm shell had the highest impact on human health (4.889 kg PM2.5 eq) and ecosystem quality due to high terrestrial and aquatic acidification potential (159.600 kg SO2 eq). Mixed crop residue had the greatest global warming potential (281.884 kg CO2 eq) and resource consumption. Corn stover and rice straw had moderate impacts, with corn stover contributing significantly to ecotoxicity (2.2E+04 kg TEG water) and rice straw impacting respiratory inorganics (3.545 kg PM2.5 eq), and causes severe depletion of resources, consuming 4339.672 MJ of non‐renewable energy. These findings emphasize the importance of selecting low‐impact feedstocks for biochar production. While corn stover has high impacts in midpoint categories like carcinogens, non‐carcinogens, ionizing radiation, aquatic and terrestrial toxicity, and eutrophication, it has the lowest GWP. Rice straw has the lowest impact on human health and resources. Finally, uncertainty analysis using Monte Carlo Simulation shows that the coefficient of variation for impact categories is within ±10%, indicating that the results are reliable.

Sugarcane biomass-derived biochar for soil quality enhancement in sugarcane-growing soil

This study explored the barrel technique for biochar production, comparing it with laboratory-prepared biochar by evaluating the effect on sugarcane-growing soil quality. Different sugarcane biomass (bagasse, trash, and mini mill waste) derived biochar was prepared using a muffle furnace at three different temperatures (300, 450, and 600 °C) and with the barrel technique. Biochar was characterized by yield, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), proximate and ultimate analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) characterization. A pot experiment was conducted with soil amendments with biochar (bagasse biochar pyrolyzed at 450 °C–BBC-450 and bagasse biochar prepared from barrel technique–BBC-BT) at a 2.5% (w/w) rate. The initial, 45-day, and 90-day soil samples were analyzed by selected soil chemical and physical parameters. The soil quality index of the 90-day soil samples was determined. Sugarcane biomass-derived biochar was rich in carbon content (64.68%–85.43%). Biochar amendment led to significant enhancements in soil pH, EC, organic carbon (OC), water holding capacity, total N, available P and Zn, and exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg. The results of the 90-day soil samples indicated an increase in soil OC by 1.22% due to both biochar amendments relative to the controls. Available P increased by 2.59% in BBC-BT amended soil and by 23.05% in BBC-450 amended soil. The EC increment due to soil amendments with BBC-BT and BBC-450 was 33.33% and 16.67%, respectively, in the 90-day soil samples. The highest soil quality index was observed in BBC-BT. It can be concluded that BBC-BT enhances the soil quality of sugarcane-growing soil, and the barrel technique could serve as a viable option for small-scale farmers and for domestic use in producing biochar.Graphical

Assessing biochar's impact on greenhouse gas emissions, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities in agricultural soils through meta-analysis and machine learning.

The role of biochar in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improving soil health is a topic of extensive research, yet its effects remain debated. Conflicting evidence exists regarding biochar's impact on soil microbial-mediated emissions with respect to different GHGs. This study systematically examines these divergent perspectives, aiming to investigate biochar's influence on GHG emissions and soil health in agricultural soils. The meta-analysis includes 2594 paired observations from 157 studies conducted between 2000 and 2024. It was found that biochar increased the presence of amoA and nosZ genes by 39.4% and 41.7%, respectively, while reducing the abundance of the nirS gene by 17.8%. This led to a 13.1% decrease in N2O emissions. Nitrous emissions were positively associated with mean annual temperature and biochar's pyrolysis temperature and dosage while inversely related to soil pH, nitrogen fertilisation rate, and biochar pH and carbon content. Biochar also regulated enzyme activity related to the nutrient cycle and increased microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus by 16.6%, 23.9%, and 50.2%, respectively, leading to changes in microbial community diversity. These changes contributed to a reduction in CO2 and CH4 emissions, particularly when biochar and nitrogen fertiliser were applied at doses below 21.4tha-1 and 242.5kgha-1, as predicted by machine learning models. This study offers an overview of the positive impact of biochar amendments on soil GHG emissions mitigation. The key predictive factors identified could help optimise biochar production and targeted amendments, potentially improving soil health and achieving carbon neutrality in agroecosystems.

Thermal Conversion of Microalgae into Biochar: A Review on Processes, Properties, and Applications

AbstractGlobal energy consumption has drastically increased over the years due to population growth and industrialization. This has prompted an exploration for clean and renewable energy alternatives. Microalgae are widely recognized as a promising third‐generation energy source because they have the capability to generate biofuels, including biochar. The utilization of microalgal biomass has been gaining traction because of their advantages, such as fast growth, a high rate of production, and high carbon‐fixing efficiency. Thermochemical methods like hydrothermal carbonization, torrefaction, and pyrolysis can be employed to harness energy from microalgae. The different thermochemical methods employed for converting microalgal biomass into biochar have been discussed, as well as the factors affecting these methods. In addition, a dedicated section covered the components and properties of the generated biochar, including its thermal and surface properties. Furthermore, the economic analysis of the production of biochar from microalgae as well as the applications of microalgae‐derived biochar were presented and discussed, along with suggestions for further research.

Advancing Energy Recovery: Evaluating Torrefaction Temperature Effects on Food Waste Properties from Fruit and Vegetable Processing

Most organic waste from food production is still not used for energy production. From the perspective of energy production, one option is to valorise the properties of organic waste. The fruit juice industry is growing rapidly and generates large amounts of waste. One of the main wastes in food and fruit juice processing is peach pits and apple peels. The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of torrefaction temperature on the properties of food waste, namely apple peels, peach pits and pea shells, in order to improve their energy value and determine their potential for further use and valorisation as a renewable energy source. The aim was to analyse the influence of different torrefaction temperatures on the heating value (HHV), mass yield (MY) and energy yield (EY) in order to better understand the behavior of the thermal properties of individual selected samples. The torrefaction process was carried out at temperatures of 250 °C, 350 °C and 450 °C. The obtained biomass was compared with dried biomass. For apple peels, HHV after torrefaction was (28 kJ/kg), MY decreased by (66–34%), while EY fell by (97–83%). Peach pits, despite a higher HHV after torrefaction (18 kJ/kg), achieved low MY (38–89%) and EY (59–99%), which reduces their efficiency in biochar production. Pea peels had EY (82–97%) and a lower HHV after torrefaction (11 kJ/kg), but their high ash content limits their wider use. The results confirm that, with increasing temperature, MY and EY for all selected biomasses decrease, which is a consequence of the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose and the loss of volatile compounds. In most cases, increasing the torrefaction temperature improved the resistance to moisture adsorption, as this is related to the thermal process that causes structural changes. The results showed that the torrefaction process improved the hydrophobic properties of the biomass samples. Temperature was seen to have a great impact on mass energy efficiency. Apple peels generally had the highest mass and energy yield.

Hybrid Analysis of Biochar Production from Pyrolysis of Agriculture Waste Using Statistical and Artificial Intelligent-Based Modeling Techniques

Biochar is gaining recognition as a sustainable material, with several applications in soil amendment, carbon sequestration, nutrient dynamics, the remediation of organic contaminants from soil, and water filtration. However, understanding its characteristics is limited due to its intricate structure. This study used response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) to optimize and predict the production of biochar from the pyrolysis of palm kernel shells. To determine how residence time, nitrogen flow rate, and pyrolysis temperature affected biochar production, a Box–Behnken experimental design was employed. The prediction of the biochar yield was modeled using four different models of ANNs: narrow, medium, wide, and optimum. The physicochemical properties of the biochar produced at pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 400 to 800 °C were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), nitrogen (N2) physisorption analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). With a p-value significantly lower than 0.05, the response surface quadratic model was found to be the most suitable to optimize the biochar yield obtained from the PKS pyrolysis. Biochar production was very sensitive to the three operating parameters: pyrolysis temperature, nitrogen flow rate, and pyrolysis time. With a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.900, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.936, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.743, the optimized ANN outperformed the other three ANN models tested. When compared to the optimized ANN, the response surface quadratic model with an R2 of 0.989 had better prediction of biochar yield. At optimized experimental conditions for nitrogen flow rate (150.01 mL/min), temperature (799.71 °C), and pyrolysis time (107.61 min), a biochar yield of 37.87% was obtained at a desirability function of 1.

Unlocking biochar impacts on abiotic stress dynamics: a systematic review of soil quality and crop improvement.

Global agricultural challenges, especially soil degradation caused by abiotic stresses, significantly reduce crop productivity and require innovative solutions. Biochar (BC), a biodegradable product derived from agricultural and forestry residues, has been proven to significantly enhance soil quality. Although its benefits for improving soil properties are well-documented, the potential of BC to mitigate various abiotic stresses-such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity-and its effect on plant traits need further exploration. This review aims to elucidate BC production by highlighting primary feedstock's and synthesis techniques, and examining its role in boosting soil decomposition efficiency and fertility, which are pivotal for sustainable crop growth. This review also discuss how BC can enhance the nutritional and chemical properties of soil under different abiotic stress conditions, emphasizing its capacity to foster crop growth and development in adverse environments. Furthermore, this article serves as a comprehensive resource for agricultural researchers in understanding the importance of BC in promoting sustainable agriculture, and addressing environmental challenges. Ultimately, this review highlights critical knowledge gaps and proposes future research avenues on the bio-protective properties of BC against various abiotic stresses, paving the way for the commercialization of BC applications on a large scale with cutting-edge technologies.

Implications of Pyrolytic Gas Dynamic Evolution on Dissolved Black Carbon Formed During Production of Biochar from Nitrogen-Rich Feedstock.

Gases and dissolved black carbon (DBC) formed during pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich feedstock would affect atmospheric and aquatic environments. Yet, the mechanisms driving biomass gas evolution and DBC formation are poorly understood. Using thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, we correlated the temperature-dependent primary noncondensable gas release sequence (H2O → CO2 → HCN, NH3 → CH4 → CO) with specific defunctionalization stages in the order: dehydration, decarboxylation, denitrogenation, demethylation, and decarbonylation. Our results revealed that proteins in feedstock mainly contributed to gas releases, and low-volatile pyrolytic products contributed to DBC. Combining mass difference analysis with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we showed that 44-60% of DBC molecular compositions were correlated with primary gas-releasing reactions. Dehydration (-H2O), with lower reaction energy barrier, contributed to DBC formation most at 350 and 450 °C, whereas decarboxylation (-CO2) and deamidization (-HCNO) prevailed in contributing to DBC formation at 550 °C. The aromaticity changes of DBC products formed via gas emissions were deduced. Compared to their precursors, dehydration increased DBC aromaticity, while deamidization reduced the aromaticity of DBC products. These insights on pyrolytic byproducts help predict and tune DBC properties via changing gas formed during biochar production, minimizing their negative environmental impacts.

Modeling suction of unsaturated granular soil treated with biochar in plant microbial fuel cell bioelectricity system

There is an initiative driven by the carbon-neutrality nature of biochar in recent times, where various countries across Europe and North America have introduced perks to encourage the production of biochar for construction purposes. This objective aligns with the zero greenhouse emission targets set by COP27 for 2050. This research work seeks to assess the effectiveness of biochar in soils with varying grain size distributions in enhancing the soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC). This work further explores the effect of different combinations of biochar content (0 to 15 mass %) on the bioelectricity generation from biochar-improved plant microbial fuel cells (BPMFC). Additionally, different machine learning models such as the “Gradient Boosting (GB)”, “CN2 Rule Induction (CN2)”, “Naive Bayes (NB)”, “Support vector machine (SVM), “Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)”, “K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)”, “Tree Decision (Tree)”, “Random Forest (RF)”, and “Response Surface Methodology” (RSM), have been developed to predict SWCC based on soil suction, electric current, electrical potential, volumetric water content, temperature, and bulk density. The newly established model demonstrates a reasonable ability to predict SWCC and a cheaper technology in predicting the suction of unsaturated soils in relation to the studied bioelectric factors of the BPMFC. Overall, in this research paper, the GB, SVM and CN2 outclassed the other regression techniques in this order thereby proposing the cheapest technology with the highest performance index to predict the SWCC behavior of unsaturated soils in a BPMFC system.

Adsorption of Tetracycline in Composite-polluted Water by Biochar from Industrial Production

Compared to the laboratory preparation of biochar, there is less research on the adsorption of antibiotics by industrial production of biochar in water. In this study, three types of industrial production biochar （peanut shell biochar, sludge biochar, and perishable waste biochar） were selected, and their adsorption performance for tetracycline in composite-polluted water was systematically studied. The results indicated that the Freundlich equation could well fit the adsorption isotherms of the three types of biochar for tetracycline. At medium to high concentrations （>10 mg·L-1）, the order of adsorption capacity of biochar for tetracycline was： perishable waste biochar > sludge biochar > peanut shell biochar. The aromaticity, hydrophobicity, and specific surface area of peanut shell biochar had important effects on its adsorption of tetracycline. The possible main adsorption mechanisms were π-π interaction, hydrophobicity, and pore filling. The specific surface area and pore volume of sludge biochar had a significant impact on its adsorption of tetracycline, and its possible main mechanisms included pore filling, surface complexation, and hydrogen bonding. The soluble organic carbon components and ash content of perishable waste biochar played a dominant role in its adsorption, with distribution being the main adsorption mechanism, followed by cation-π interaction and surface complexation. The effect of coexisting pollutants on the adsorption of tetracycline by biochar varied with the type of biochar. With the increase in ion strength and ammonia nitrogen concentration in the water, the adsorption capacity of peanut shell biochar for tetracycline showed a slight upward trend overall, whereas sludge biochar showed a slight downward trend. The adsorption of tetracycline on perishable waste biochar was not affected by ionic strength and ammonia nitrogen. Coexisting phosphates significantly reduced the adsorption efficiency of biochar for tetracycline, while coexisting aerobic organic compounds had no significant effect on the adsorption. The adsorption of tetracycline in water by sludge biochar and perishable waste biochar had good recyclable regeneration ability. The results of this study provide a reliable scientific basis and theoretical support for the engineering application of biochar in removing antibiotics from water.

Combination of anaerobic digestion and sludge biochar for bioenergy conversion: Estimation and evaluation of energy production, CO2 emission, and cost analysis.

Waste-to-energy technologies involve the conversion of several wastes to useful energy forms like biogas and biochar, which include biological and thermochemical processes, as well as the combination of both systems. Assessing the economic and environmental impacts is an important step to integrate sustainability and economic viability at anaerobic digestion systems and its waste management. Energy production, CO2 emissions, cost analysis, and an overall process evaluation were conducted, relying on findings from both laboratory and pilot-scale experiments. The digestate generated during anaerobic digestion proved to be an effective approach for mitigating some CO2 emissions while managing sludge waste within the anaerobic digestion and CHP system. Incorporating biochar production and application in soil into the process led to a 3.5 % reduction in CO2 emissions, which contributed to a more sustainable form of energy production while offering the potential for the generation of carbon credits through a carbon-negative process. The employment of digestate biochar for energy production seems a feasible way to reduce the amount of residue to final disposal in landfill with a minimal reduction of profit per GWh and a slight increase in the CO2 emissions by 2.7 %.

Upcycling Waste Biomass to Biochar: Feedstocks, Catalytic Mechanisms, and Applications in Advanced Oxidation for Wastewater Decontamination.

Advanced oxidation technology plays an important role in wastewater treatment due to active substances with high redox potential. Biochar is a versatile and functional biomass material. It can be used for resource management of various waste biomasses. In addition, carbonaceous materials are commonly used to enhance the synergistic mechanisms of advanced oxidation processes, because of their good electrical conductivity and metal-free leaching. Biochar produced from waste biomass through pyrolysis has catalytic potential, is cost-effective, and is environmentally friendly. It is commonly used to activate hydrogen peroxide, persulfate, ozone, photocatalysis, and other systems for degrading organic pollutants in water. This review provides a summary of the feedstocks, pyrolysis conditions, and modification methods used in biochar production. It also described the effects of these factors on the yield, structure, and active sites of the biochar. The review summarized the mechanisms of various catalytic systems and their applications in wastewater decontamination, as well as their potential for practical application. Eventually, the limitations of this current technique and the outlook for future research were noted.

Sustainable utilization of plastic-derived graphene for tetracycline wastewater treatment and its recycling for biogas and biochar production

While several studies have used plastic-derived graphene (PDG) for antibiotics adsorption from wastewater, there is a research gap in finding an environmental-friendly and technically feasible approach for the recycling of exhausted adsorbent. Hence, this study focuses on the utilization of PDG as an adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aqueous solutions, followed by the valorization of spent PDG for dual biogas and biochar production. In the first experiment, a tetracycline removal efficiency of 75.61 % was obtained under the optimum condition of PDG dosage = 0.03 mg/mL, initial concentration = 5.20 ppm, 77.0 min-adsorption time, and acidic pH. Supplementing the regenerated PDG to the anaerobic digestion of sludge and ethanol exhibited bio-CH4 yield and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 200.60±9.40 mL/g COD and 57.11±3.01 %, respectively. The recycling of anaerobic digestate by pyrolysis showed a biochar yield of 0.58±0.09 g/g, with a high carbon content of 55.34 % w/w. The scalability of this adsorption/digestion/pyrolysis approach for managing 1 kg PDG could be economically feasible with a payback period of 5.02 years, NPV = 297.62 USD, and internal rate of return = 10 %. This project showed less detrimental impacts on the environment, regarding the life cycle assessment (LCA) impact categories related to terrestrial ecosystem and resource recovery.

Valorization of Waste Biomass Towards Biochar Production - Characterization and Perspectives for Sustainable Applications in Serbia

Valorization of Waste Biomass Towards Biochar Production - Characterization and Perspectives for Sustainable Applications in Serbia

Recent advances in valorization of lignocellulosic waste into biochar and its functionalization for the removal of chromium ions.

Lignocellulosic waste is a prevalent byproduct of agricultural and forestry activities which is an excellent feedstock for the preparation of biochar. This research area is of interest to the scientific community due to its potential in environmental remediation. In this regard, this review examines the latest advancements in transforming lignocellulosic waste into biochar and explores recent innovations in enhancing its functionality for chromium ion removal. It gives analysis on current methods for biochar production from lignocellulosic materials such as pyrolysis. Additionally focusing on improvements in production efficiency, structural properties, and surface modifications. The review also highlights various functionalization techniques, such as chemical activation and impregnation with metal oxides, that were innovated to improve adsorptive nature of biochar for chromium ions. While progress has been made, achieving scalability in lignocellulosic biochar production presents challenges, such as the high energy demands of pyrolysis, inconsistencies in feedstock quality, and the need for cost-effective functionalization methods. By summarizing recent research and technological progress, this paper aims to offer a clear perspective on the effectiveness of biochar derived from lignocellulosic waste in addressing contamination. Additionally, it discusses the ongoing challenges and future research directions needed to optimize biochar applications in environmental cleanup.

Valorization of poultry manure into biochar, bio-oil and gas product by co-pyrolysis with residual biomass and the effects analysis of the feedstock on products yield and their characteristics

Valorization of poultry manure into biochar, bio-oil and gas product by co-pyrolysis with residual biomass and the effects analysis of the feedstock on products yield and their characteristics