Binding Ingredients Research Articles

Strength Properties Evaluation of Composite Blocks Incorporated With Acacia Nilotica Ash

<p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""><span style="font-size:10.0pt">Owing to the order of the day, we are searching for an eco-friendly binding ingredient instead of cement, which is now universally used in concrete. Almost everyone extensively exploits construction materials due to their good durability and compressive characteristics. The present study examines the use of acacia nilotica ash as a cement substitute. It is known that acacia nilotica`s aggressive roots are extremely presumptuous and invasive and spoil the foundation of buildings. By gripping water from adjoining areas, they change soil nitrogen and are a major source of affecting plant growth. In this work, the M<sub>35</sub>-grade geocomposite was investigated by incorporating acacia nilotica ash at 0%, 2.5, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15% for fly ash. Mechanical and durability studies were carried out by changing the magnitude of acacia nilotica ash and evaluating it with the standard composite samples.</span></span></span></p>

Karakteristik Kimia dan Organoleptik Nugget Ikan Tuna (Thunnus sp.) dengan Penambahan Pasta Kenari (Canarium indicum L.)

Fish nuggets are one of the diversified fishery products. Groundfish meat is added with binding ingredients and seasonings, then steamed and molded. Tuna (Thunnus sp.) is a fish with high economic value and is relatively abundant in Indonesian seas. Walnuts (Canarium indicum L.) are one of the native Indonesian plants which are widely used as food. This study aimed to determine tuna nuggets' chemical and organoleptic characteristics by adding walnut paste. This study used a one-factor complete randomized design: walnut paste concentration with four treatment levels of 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% with tri repeats. Observed variables include water, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate content, hedonic tests, and hedonic quality of color, taste, aroma, and texture. The results showed that giving walnut paste affected fish nuggets' chemical and organoleptic properties. The water content of fish nuggets decreases, while the ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate content increases with the addition of walnut paste concentration from the beginning of treatment, influencing the hedonic assessment and hedonic quality.

To Study the Strength Characteristics of Concrete Using Mineral Admixture

Aside from the combustion of fossil fuels, the cement making business emits carbon dioxide. The global cement industry accounts for around 7% of greenhouse gas emissions into the earth's atmosphere. To address the environmental impacts connected with cement manufacturing, alternative concrete binders must be developed. Another important environmental concern is the extraction of natural resources such as sand from river bottoms. As a result, substantial study into the use of cement substitutes, including several waste materials and industrial byproducts, is continuing. Bamboo leaf ash was utilised as a partial replacement for cement and fenugreek as an addition in this study, and it was compared to standard concrete. The considered bamboo leaf ash was 5%, 10%, 15% by weight of cement for M25 grade concrete and 5% of fenugreek powder as additive for every mix [1]. Additionally, an experimental investigation of the effects of using bamboo leaf ash in place of some of the cement and fenugreek powder as an additive on the performance of concrete in terms of compressive strength and flexure strength. Concrete is cast for the experimental study, and cement is partially substituted with bamboo leaf ash by weight of cement and fenugreek powder as an addition. Because the inclusion of bamboo leaf ash and fenugreek powder works as a binding ingredient in the concrete, the compressive and flexural strength increases. Finally, the compressive and flexural strengths for the combination of bamboo leaf ash as a partial replacement and fenugreek powder as an addition powder in concrete are investigated for the best results obtained from the aforementioned experiment.

Effective utilization of waste paper sludge ash as a supplementary material for cement

One of the main causes of carbon dioxide emissions, along with deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels, is the manufacture of cement. Another significant user of natural, untapped resources is the manufacture of concrete. About 7% of the planet's greenhouse gas emissions come from the cement industry. To address the environmental effects of cement manufacturing and the continued loss of natural resources, finding an alternative binding ingredient is vital to establish a sustainable concrete industry. This study shows how to combine waste paper sludge ash with various cement ratios to produce low-cost concrete. Waste paper sludge ash was used as an extra cementitious ingredient as a novel replacement for traditional concrete. In the current experiment, waste paper sludge ash was used as partial replacement of different proportions of (2.5%,5% and 7.5 %) to cement in concrete of M25 grade to test and study its durability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength at 28 days. Using the results as a guide, it was found that waste paper sludge ash can replace cement up to 5% by weight. Test results show that adding waste paper sludge as a partial replacement of cement in concrete improved the performance of concrete in terms of strength.

Ecological impact assessment of sustainable concrete paver blocks based on endpoint damage categories

Cement concrete is said to be a versatile material but its sustainability is always questioned. There exists a huge scope to improve the sustainability of traditional concrete as its primary binding ingredient i.e., cement is responsible for a huge amount of carbon dioxide production. Since now-a-day footpaths, roads and parking etc. places are being renovated and constructed with concrete paver blocks instead of traditional methods like flexible pavements this also has increased concrete usage. Paver block making concrete is very different from structural concrete owing to the ratio of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate as per Indian code’s provisions and since there is a difference in composition, there will be difference in ecological impacts. In India, various industrial by-products are being generated out of which fly ash and bagasse ash are two of many, which are produced during the electricity generation in the plants. There exists a perennial problem associated with the disposal issue of these materials. Life cycle assessment is a method that is used to evaluate the ecological impacts of the materials where impacts can be evaluated at midpoint levels as well as endpoint levels. In this study, four types of concretes e.g., traditional concrete, fly ash-based blended concrete and two geopolymer concretes (one with only fly ash as precursor, second with binary blend of fly ash and sugarcane bagasse as precursor) were prepared for the production of paver blocks and comparison of their ecological impacts thereof which was studied at the endpoint damage categories. Results from this study showed that cement-based traditional concrete blocks were much more harmful as compared to other concrete blocks in all the damage categories.

Combined effect of silica fume and fly ash as cementitious material on strength characteristics, embodied carbon, and cost of autoclave aerated concrete.

Aerated concrete (AAC) or lightweight concrete is primarily used for non-load bearing structures in construction work. Generally, it is produced with cement as a main binding ingredient, and the production of cement is blamed to contribute 7 to 8% of CO2 emission in the environment. In addition, the dumping of industrial wastes is also a great environmental concern. This research is an attempt to produce low-cost and sustainable aerated concrete utilizing silica fume and fly ash as partial substitution to cement without compromising the fundamental properties of aerated concrete. The current study was divided into two phases: in the first phase, the silica fume was substituted up to 20% with a variation of 5% in each mix. In the second phase, the fly ash was replaced with cement in three variations, i.e., 10%, 20%, and 30% containing an optimum proportion of silica fume obtained in phase 1. The aluminum powder was added at 0.4% by weight of binder to introduce aeration in concrete. Before testing, samples of aerated concrete were cured with steam in an autoclaving machine for 9h at a pressure and temperature of 1.5 bars and 127°C respectively and oven-dried at a temperature of 105°C for 24h after steam curing. From the experimental results, the highest compressive and split tensile strength of AAC was recorded when 15% of the cement was replaced with silica fume and 30% of the cement was replaced with fly ash combined. At this proportion the least density was also recorded which showed the lightweight of AAC without compromising the strength characteristics. In addition, the reduction of 42.64% and 32.4% of embodied carbon and cost was observed respectively.

Engineered geopolymer composites: A state-of-the-art review

Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) featuring extraordinary tensile ductility is a promising option for many structural applications but its large-scale manufacture is not eco-friendly due to its binding ingredient, Portland cement. One of the potential alternatives to ECC is engineered geopolymer composites (EGC) that have been increasingly studied in recent years. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of EGC in terms of design theory, mix design, fabrication process, engineering properties, durability and environmental benefit, with special focus on the effects of different material composition factors including precursor, activator, aggregate, additive and fibre on the critical material properties of EGC especially uniaxial tensile properties. The correlations between essential mechanical properties are discussed in depth. The unique tensile behaviour of EGC can be tailored by modifying the material composition that would change its internal microstructure and in turn alter the matrix properties and fibre-matrix interfacial behaviour. Compared to typical ECC, around 64% of EGC mixtures have higher tensile strain capacity (over 2.49%) and about 27% of mixtures exhibit larger tensile strength (over 4.86 MPa). Through adjusting the mix design of EGC, it holds promises as a cost-effective and sustainable material for applications against dynamic loadings, fire and chemical attacks, as well as 3D concrete printing. This review summarises the recent advances in EGC and identifies the remaining challenges in development of EGC with desired properties for practical applications.

Effect of coarse and fine GGBS in mechanical properties of concrete

Cement production industries consumes huge quantity of energy and yield a sum of unwanted produces (CO2), which harmfully disturb the exhaustion and environmental of natural assets. This delicacy to natural balance has to use manufacturing industrials by-products as supplemental cementitious substantial in making of concrete. Strained out for substituting cement partly in concrete short of negotiating on its strength parameters. Also decrease conservatory gases and ecological way of supervision of waste. A different ultra-fine substantial materialized in market place is termed alccofine. Hence, this study used alccofine as a binding ingredient for cement replacement. Subsequently this an innovative material, this research work is tried out with the mixture of Ground granulated Blast furnace slag (GGBS) and Fine GGBS. The specimens tested consists of OPC 53 grade and M20 grade concrete with 0 %, 30 % and 60 % GGBS and fluctuating quantities of fine GGBS 0 % and 10 % used. Totally 54 cubes, 18 cylinder and 18 Prisms were cast and tested in the workshop with six altered proportion mixture of cement, GGBS and fine GGBS. (C100G0FG0, C70G30FG0, C60G30FG10, C40G60FG0, C30G60FG10, C90G0FG10). This investigation is carried out Compressive Strength (CS) at 7,14 and 28 days, Elastic modulus (EM) and Flexural Strength (FS) at 28 days mature. The maximum CS of concrete is attained by consuming GGBS 30 % and fine GGBS 10 % is 39.42 N/mm2. C60G30FG10 is 18.5 % greater than the normal mix. Results displays that concrete add in coarse and fine GGBS have greater CS and Fine GGBS developed the strength properties of concrete as well.

Performance of slag-fly ash based alkali activated concrete for paver applications utilizing powdered waste glass as a binding ingredient

In the present scenario, there is a huge requirement of quality concrete for paver applications. The production of green and sustainable concrete has become a must to substitute the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. It is an eminent fact that the manufacture of OPC requires the burning of its raw materials which lead to a huge amount of carbon dioxide liberation; also, it requires a large amount of energy dissipation. The concrete produced using alkali activation has become renowned methods to replace the conventional OPC, which gives an answer to find a way to generate environmentally friendly concrete. In the current study, pavement quality concrete (PQC) is produced using alkali activation. The main focus of the work is to study the effect of powdered glass as a binding ingredient in Alkali-Activated Concrete (AAC) mixes. The alkaline activator used to activate the binder was sodium hydroxide solution dispersed in liquid sodium silicate. The utilization of industrial dissipate materials such as Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), fly ash, and waste glass powder was used as the binding ingredients, and stone crusher dust was used as fine aggregates. The experimental investigation showed that a PQC can be easily produced using alkali activation of industrial wastes satisfying its strength requirements. It was behaving better under fatigue, showing its relevance in usage as a pavement construction material.

Makanan Tambahan untuk Balita dari Variasi Kacang Kedelai (Glycinemax (L) Merril) dan Kacang Merah (Vigna Angularis)

Malnutrition is a health problem that is a problem that must be resolved and needs special treatment. Handling malnutrition cases one which is by providing additional food in the form soy oat snack bars and kidney beans. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of developing soybean and red bean oat snack bar. This research is an experimental research that is research with the substitution of soybeans and kidney beans then the effect is seen on the organoleptic quality with the SPSS test anova and seen its nutrient content in the laboratory of Unand. Research Results: 1) The highest organoleptic test is treatment A. 2) The oat snack bar produced the highest carbohydrate content in treatment A as much as 58.48%, protein content 5.8%, and calories 38.98 kcal, the highest fat content in treatment B is 22.75%, the highest water content in treatment C is 32.9%. 3) The best formulation on oat soybean and red bean oat snack bars with several binding ingredients for color, taste, aroma, and texture as well as nutrients is treatment A (30 g soybeans: 50 g kidney beans). Development of Snack Bar Oat soybeans and kidney beans at Treatment A is an Oat Snack Bar has a high nutrient content and good color, taste, aroma, and texture.

Effects of processing method and nonmeat binding ingredients on batter stability, yield and texture of frankfurters

Effects of processing method and nonmeat binding ingredients on batter stability, yield and texture of frankfurters

Multivariate statistical analysis of the mixing process in the preparation of feed additives based on beet pulp

Beet pulp is the main by-product of the sugar industry, obtained by the traditional technology of sugar production. Pulp is used for livestock feed in fresh, sour and dry form. Molasses is the second by-product. It is a dark brown viscous liquid. It thickens and loses fluidity at low temperatures (below 10 ° C). Its viscosity depends on the heating temperature to a large extent. Caramelization of sugars occurs with increasing temperature in molasses, i.e., their transformation into a solid crystalline mass takes place. Molasses is used in the feed industry for granulating and briquetting feeds as a binding ingredient. When molasses is introduced into dried beet pulp, the mixture becomes very viscous, which complicates mixing. High demands are made on the mixing of the components of feed briquettes, since upon obtaining such products this process should ensure its high uniformity and stability. In the technological processes for the manufacture of feed mixtures, the initial task is the operation of the components mixing, the results of which affect the eatability and digestibility of feed. The task of mixing is to obtain the best mixture uniformity. This process takes a lot of time and therefore has a large energy consumption. To solve this problem, we offer a mixer with 3 chambers with different working elements, each of which has different elementary mixing processes: convective mixing, diffusion mixing and segregation. The choice of rational parameters of the mixing process will ensure the high quality product with minimal energy costs..

Development of Fly ash-GGBS based Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete: a Review

Concrete is the most used construction material in construction Industries all over the world. The main binding ingredient of concrete that is ordinary Portland cement is a major contributor of global warming. The cement industry is the second largest producer of the green house gas. The total world production of cement is expected to be around 4800 Mt by 2030, which clearly indicates the like impact on global warming indicates. In this regard, Utilization of industrial by-products from various industries as supplementary cementations material in concrete along with cement has been well recognized for its enhanced properties and potential to reduce environmental impacts. Self compacting Geopolymer concrete is a relatively new concrete, which can be a sustainable and Economical construction material as it is produced from combination of industrial by-products such as Fly ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag replacing 100% of cement in concrete. Self compacting Geopolymer concrete is a special type of concrete which can be placed and consolidated under its own weight without any vibration and which at the same time is cohesive enough to be handled without segregation or bleeding. The self compacting geopolymer concrete such as filing ability passing ability and segregation resistance are estimated by using slump flow, V-Funnel, L-Box and J-ring test method for fresh state concrete. Hence Self-compacting Geopolymer concrete is the sustainable construction material in the modern world by solving current issues of pollution.

Research on Eco-friendly Alkali Activated Concrete Incorporating Industrial Wastes

In the present scenario, the production of green and sustainable concrete has become a must to substitute the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. It is an eminent fact that the manufacture of OPC requires burning of its raw materials which lead to a huge amount of carbon dioxide liberation; thus it requires a large amount of energy dissipation. The concrete produced using alkali activation has become renowned methods to replace the conventional OPC, which gives an answer to find a way to produce environmentally friendly concrete. In the current study, the alkaline activator used to activate the binder was sodium hydroxide solution dispersed in liquid sodium silicate. The utilization of industrial dissipate materials such as GGBS, fly ash, and waste glass powder was used as the binding ingredients, and stone crusher dust was used as fine aggregates. The experimental investigation showed that a quality concrete can be easily produced using alkali activation of industrial wastes satisfying its strength requirements. The statistical models developed shown that there is a significant relationship between various cube and cylinder strengths. Thus alkali-activated concrete(AAC) can effectively reduce the environmental hazards associated with OPC concrete, which also provides an effective way of utilizing major industrial byproducts

Effects of Calcium Powder Mixtures and Binding Ingredients as Substitutes for Synthetic Phosphate on the Quality Properties of Ground Pork Products.

This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of using natural calcium mixtures and various binding ingredients as replacers for synthetic phosphate in ground pork products. We performed seven treatments: control (0.3% phosphate blend), treatment 1 (0.5% natural calcium mixtures [NCM, which comprised 0.2% oyster shell calcium and 0.3% egg shell calcium powder] and 0.25% egg white powder), treatment 2 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% whey protein concentrate), treatment 3 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% concentrated soybean protein), treatment 4 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% isolated soybean protein), treatment 5 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% carrageenan), and treatment 6 (0.5% NCM and 0.25% collagen powder). All the treatment mixtures had higher pH and lower cooking loss than the control, which was treated with phosphate. We found that NCM and binding ingredients had no negative effects on the moisture content, lightness, and yellowness of the cooked ground pork products. Treatments 3 and 4 showed significantly lower CIE a* values than the control. Treatments 2 and 6 improved the textural properties of the products. In conclusion, the combination of NCM with whey protein concentrate or collagen powder could be suitable for producing phosphate-free meat products.

Capture of anti-coagulant active ingredients from Moutan Cortex by platelet immobilized chromatography and evaluation of anticoagulant activity in rats

Moutan Cortex (MC) is a well-known Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation and relieving blood stasis. The intent of this study was to evaluate the anticoagulant activity of MC and capture the bioactive compounds by platelet immobilized chromatography. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the control group, aspirin group and MC group (1.25, 2.5, 5g/kg/d). Coagulation system and platelet activity were investigated to evaluate the anti-coagulation effect of MC. The effective components of MC were captured by platelet immobilized chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI–MS/MS) analysis were used to identify the binding ingredients. Meanwhile, the efficacy of active ingredients was assessed through inhibiting platelet adhesion and regulating the expression of platelet related proteins. Principal findings showed that 2.5g/kg/d MC significantly prolonged thrombin time (TT) and 5g/kg/d MC significantly prolonged TT and prothrombin time (PT). MC exhibited an inhibitory potency on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation. Four active compounds were found by platelet immobilized chromatography including oxypaeoniflorin, tetragalloylglucose, pentagalloyl glucose and benzoylpaeoniflorin; these active ingredients significantly up-regulated the expression of hsp-70 and coronin-1B, reduced the ratio of adhesion platelets. These results suggest that MC markedly promoted blood circulation and relieved blood stasis by inhibiting platelet activation, as an anti-coagulant, elucidating its potential capacity to treat cardiovascular diseases.

Extrusion Processing of Amaranth and Quinoa into Gluten-Free Snack Foods for Celiac and Gluten-Free Diets

Because of the growth of gluten intolerance and Celiac disease, there is growing interest in development of gluten-free foods. Beyond just being gluten-free, such foods can also have other positive nutritional benefits to human health. Extrusion processing is commonly used to produce a wide variety of human food products. Gluten-free grains can be a processing challenge, however, due to lack of proper binding, which can lead to poor quality food products. This research explores how extrusion parameters impacted the quality of amaranth- and quinoa-based extrudates. The specific objectives of this project included extruding each of the grains, then measuring extrudate properties, such as color, unit density, expansion ratio, and durability. Both the quinoa and amaranth were extruded as raw grain, as well as ground to 2mm and 1mm particle sizes. Other experimental conditions included moisture contents of 20% and 40% (d.b.), and extruder screw speeds of 50 rpm and 100 rpm. All treatments were successfully extruded, and all extrudates had high quality attributes, making this the first time either quinoa or amaranth was extruded without any binding ingredients. This study provides information useful for commercial scale-up.

The effect of gelatin inclusion in high protein extruded pet food on kibble physical properties

Pet food is a $23 billion industry that continues to grow. Owners continue to humanize their pets and their dietary needs, thus the pet food industry tends to mirror human dietary trends. Currently, pet food is trending towards higher levels of protein, thus lower levels of starch. Decreasing starch, one of the main structure forming ingredients in extruded foods, creates issues of lower rates of expansion and decreased kibble durability. Consumers tend to dislike ingredients that do not serve a nutritional purpose; therefore, gelatin may be a plausible binding ingredient for high protein pet foods. Gelatin is a pure protein derived from collagen and is sold as a dry, odorless, tasteless powder. High-bloom gelatins find numerous uses in human food as a stabilizer, foaming agent, and capsule base among other uses. Low-bloom gelatin may find a value-added opportunity as a nutritional binder in pet food. Four extrusion experiments were performed to test this hypothesis. Experiment 1 compared gelatin at 0, 50, 100, and 150g/kg inclusion and 150g/kg gelatin at 3 different extruder screw speeds. Results showed a decrease in expansion but an increase in hardness and pellet durability index (PDI); however, there may have been inadequate preconditioning. It was unclear whether the decrease in expansion or presence of gelatin improved product durability. Experiment 2 analyzed two levels of gelatin, 0 and 100g/kg, under two extruder screw speeds, 300rpm and 500rpm, and two hydration ratios, 170 and 280g/kg. In this experiment, there were no differences in density, expansion, hardness, or PDI. This indicated preconditioning was more ideal and may indicate gelatin does not decrease product expansion. Experiment 3 analyzed two levels of gelatin, 0 and 100g/kg, at two target densities, low and high. Results indicated that gelatin created a more expanded product when processed under similar conditions as a control formula. Experiment 4 analyzed different strengths of gelatin to determine if the low-bloom gelatin experiments were repeatable with more conventional strength gelatins. Treatments were a control with no gelatin, and a 100, 175, and 250 bloom gelatins. Results showed increased gelatin strength increased product expansion, likely through a foaming effect. However, durability declined with mid- and high-bloom gelatins; thus, low-bloom gelatin may be the most promising to improve product characteristics and preserve durability. Based on these experiments, low-bloom gelatin may find use as a nutritional binder in high protein pet foods.

The Effect of High Temperature on Compression Strength of Geopolymer Paste

This research has a purpose to confirm the resistance of geopolymer concrete towards high temperature. This high temperature becomes the issues in material structure defense due to the danger of fire. Therefore, this research is done on geopolymer paste, the main binding ingredient from fly ash as local industry waste material. The method that is used in order to achieve the objective is done experimentally in laboratory with the geopolymer testing paste constructed of type C fly ash. Fly ash was obtained from PT. Petrokimia Gresik. The activator alkali sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was designed 6, 10, and 14 Molar. The dimension of specimen shape was cylinder 2.5 cm × 5 cm. The maintenance of specimen done in a room temperature (27±3°C) until testing period 28 days and proceeded by test item burning process on 200°C and 600°C for 4 hours. The testing of the test item that is done includes the pressure strength test according to SNI-1974-1990. The result of this research shows that the pressure strength of geopolymer paste with NaOH 6, 10, and 14 molar at 200°C temperature has a better pressure strength than room temperature geopolymer paste.

Coated Powder Based Additive Manufacturing using Inkjet Technique

A new binder jetting process for fabricating metal or ceramic parts has been developed by using coated powder and inkjet technique. In this study, we have developed metal and ceramic particles coated with 100 nanometer thickness of water soluble resin in conjunction with a new concept of ink which includes cross linking agent that acts on the coated resin but does not include any binding ingredients. In this paper, we present a methodology of our new binder jetting process and an overview of mechanical and physical properties of 316L stainless steel parts created by our process.