Binding Force Research Articles

Climate politics in global Hobbesian Jungle.

Climate change, largely triggered by human-induced greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions, seems unstoppable. There was a strong rebound of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, the preponderant GHG in terms of contribution to global warming, around the world after the COVID-19 lockdown. Also, there is still no widely accepted international treaty on curbing the anthropogenic emissions of CH 4 and N 2O, the second and third predominant GHG, respectively, so far. Thereby, prima facie, in respect to mitigating climate change, currently, humans have no aces up their sleeves. It seems that current temperature rise is not high enough to take alarm until the occurrence of tipping point. Climate-related international treaties, such as 2016 Paris agreement, are compromises among conflicting geopolitical pressures. However, currently, the climate treaties show little mandatory binding force on the signatories who are able to violate and then get off scot-free, thus may end up like a nostrum. Throughout the European history, I find that the only way, if at all, to achieve the peace or obedience of a treaty is via balancing powers, embodied in Bismarck's Realpolitik of Germany and Richelieu's Raison d'état of France. Similarly, the Chinese history in East Asia proved the significance of unadulterated ideological neutrality and Darwinian adaptability in the kaleidoscope of evolving circumstances in maintaining order and enforcement of international treaties through balancing the power of rivalries to constrain ever-recurring challengers for equilibrium. A successful policy needs to make a thorough analysis of all relevant factors to form a long-term strategic notion. Then, statesmen need to distill an array of nebulous, always contradictory options into a tenacious, controllable direction. Thereby, I suggest that, for better curbing global warming, climate agreements or climate club be incorporated into an overall geopolitical framework among the international communities.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Ti[sbnd]48Al alloy melted by double-scale yttrium oxide crucible

Ti-48Al-xY (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 at. %) alloys were prepared in a vacuum induction melting furnace using the micro-submicron double-scale yttrium oxide crucible. The microstructure and interfacial reaction between the melt and crucible were charactered, and the mechanical properties of the alloy after melting were tested. The results show that the purity of the double-scale yttrium oxide crucible prepared by the slip casting method is 99%, the linear shrinkage of the crucible is 31%, and the internal pores exist in the gain of the crucible after sintering. After melting, there are no new compounds are formed on the surface of the alloy ingots, which indicates that the crucible does not react with the alloy melt. A small part of Y2O3 is dissolved into the melt, resulting in the formation of Y and O. The active alloy melt absorbs O element, and Y element can contribute to reducing the dissolution of Y2O3. The formation heat and activity coefficient of each alloy element were calculated by the Miedema model. The formation heat of AlY and TiAl is negative, while the formation heat of TiY is positive. The activity coefficient of Y is the highest of all. As a result, as the Y content increases, the binding force of the Al atom increases, and the binding force of the Ti atom weakens, resulting in a decrease in the melt activity of Ti-48Al-xY alloys. The microhardness of Ti-48Al-xY alloys by the double-scale yttrium oxide crucible increases with the increase of Y content. The compressive strength of the Ti-48Al-xY alloys by the double-scale yttrium oxide crucible increases initially and decreases subsequently with the addition of Y. The total compressive strength is higher compared to the compressive strength of Ti-48Al-xY alloys by the water-cooled copper crucible. Therefore, the double-scale yttrium oxide crucible is suitable for the melting of TiAl alloys.

Revealing the potential effects of oil phase on the stability and bioavailability of astaxanthin contained in Pickering emulsions: In vivo, in vitro and molecular dynamics simulation analysis

This study investigated the effects of oil phases on the encapsulation rate, storage stability, and bioavailability of astaxanthin (ASTA) in Pickering emulsions (PEs). Results showed PEs of mixed oils (olive oil/edible tea oil) had excellent encapsulation efficiency (about 96.0%) and storage stability of ASTA. In vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion results showed the mixed oil PE with a smaller interfacial area and higher monounsaturated fatty acid content may play a better role in improving ASTA retention and bioaccessibility. In vivo absorption results confirmed the mixed oil PE with an olive oil/edible tea oil of 7:3 was more favorable for ASTA absorption. Molecular dynamics simulation showed ASTA bound more strongly and stably to fatty acid molecules in the system of olive oil/edible tea oil of 7:3; and van der Waals force was the main binding force. NMR further proved there really were interactions between ASTA and four main fatty acids.

Ultra-Flexible, Breathable, and Robust PAN/MWCNTs/PANI Nanofiber Networks for High-Performance Wearable Gas Sensor Application.

Wearable gas sensors have drawn great attention for potential applications in health monitoring, minienvironment detection, and advanced soft electronic noses. However, it still remains a great challenge to simultaneously achieve excellent flexibility, high sensitivity, robustness, and gas permeability, because of the inherent limitation of widely used traditional organic flexible substrates. Herein, an electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber network was designed as a flexible substrate, on which an ultraflexible wearable gas sensor was prepared with in situ assembled polyaniline (PANI) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a sensitive layer. The unique nanofiber network and strong binding force between substrate and sensing materials endow the wearable gas sensor with excellent robustness, flexibility, and gas permeability. The wearable sensor can maintain stable NH3 sensing performance while sustaining extreme bending and stretching (50% of strain). The Young's modulus of wearable PAN/MWCNTs/PANI sensor is as low as 18.9 MPa, which is several orders of magnitude smaller than those of reported flexible sensors. The water vapor transmission rate of the sensor is 0.38 g/(cm2 24 h), which enables the wearing comfort of the sensor. Most importantly, due to the effective exposure of sensing sites as well as the heterostructure effect between MWCNTs and PANI, the sensor shows high sensitivity to NH3 at room temperature, and the theoretical limit of detection is as low as 300 ppb. This work provides a new avenue for the realization of reliable and high-performance wearable gas sensors.

Attribution clause as a tool for addressing contractual imbalances and applicability in civil contracts

Abstract* Attribution rules act as a tool to modify the terms of a contract by accepting pre-specified terms and conditions. This methodology ensures that the contractual relationship is protected while addressing potentially complex scenarios that may arise during contract execution due to evolving circumstances. To maintain the binding force of the contract, Parties expedite dispute resolution and protect the integrity of their contracts by choosing recourse and prior agreeing to remedies, which encourages continuity in enforcement. These clauses are intended to automatically amend the terms of the contract without requiring the parties to participate in the amendment process. These items adjust the amount of funds subject to the obligation according to changes observed by external indicators associated with the obligation. This is done by comparing the price of a particular currency with the price of a different commodity. In the case of payment in gold or foreign currency, it represents an assault on the binding legal force of the national currency by competing with it as a means of payment and considering it as one of them. Terms of payment in gold and foreign currency are excluded from the attribution requirement, which replaces legal means of payment with new means of payment. It does not constitute a basis for determining the extent of fulfillment of the obligation, and we conclude that the attribution clause is a distinct legal system that deals with amending contractual terms and the contractual imbalance they cause. Amendment is permitted in the event of circumstances occurring that would upset the balance throughout the contract implementation period, and we recommend adopting the attribution clause as an automatic adjustment tool.

Design on thermal-mechanism coordination for binding reinforcing mesh based on shape memory polymer

The traditional rebar binding devices require complex drive and transmission mechanisms, which leads to large volume and complex structure. In this paper, a cylindrical thermoplastic shape memory polymer (SMP) fixture is proposed to verify the rebar binding method of thermal-mechanism coordination. The SMP fixture is manufactured by the injection molding technology through selecting suitable-ratio Polylactic acid and Polycaprolactone (PCL) blend materials. Besides, an additional auxiliary device is presented to overcome the incomplete recovery disadvantage existing in the thermoplastic SMP and completely achieve binding the rebar. On this base, two different binding methods are proposed to compare the mechanical performance after fixing the rebar, and the external force/thermal contributions are tested and discussed in detail. The tested results show that the binding contribution of heat could reach 70% while the binding contribution of external force could reach 30% above the transition temperature (Tg ). The maximum tensile force that the binding rebar can withstand under the thermal-mechanism coordination action could reach up to 657.7 N, which is higher than the maximum tensile force of the wire binding. In addition, the maximum friction force between rebar and notches of fixture could reach up to 94.1 N, which further verifies the feasibility of thermal-mechanism coordination for binding reinforcing mesh based on SMP fixture.

Identification and molecular docking of xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitors in Opuntia ficus-indica fruit.

Opuntia ficus-indica fruit (OFI) is rich in bioactive compounds, which can promote human health. In this work, the purified OFI extract was prepared from OFI and its bioactivities were investigated. Xanthine oxidase (XOD) and α-glucosidase (α-Glu) inhibitors of the purified OFI extract were screened and identified by bio-affinity ultrafiltration combined with UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS technology. The inhibitory effect of these inhibitors on enzymes were verified, and the potential mechanism of action and binding sites of inhibitors with enzymes were revealed based on molecular docking. The results showed that the total phenolic content of the purified OFI extract was 355.03mg GAE/g DW, which had excellent antioxidant activity. Additionally, the extract had a certain inhibitory effect on XOD (IC50=199.00±0.14µg/mL) and α-Glu (IC50=159.67±0.01µg/mL). Seven XOD inhibitors and eight α-Glu inhibitors were identified. Furthermore, XOD and α-Glu inhibition experiments in vitro confirmed that inhibitors such as chlorogenic acid, taxifolin, and naringenin had significant inhibitory effects on XOD and α-Glu. The molecular docking results indicated that inhibitors could bind to the corresponding enzymes and had strong binding force. These findings demonstratethat OFI contains potential substances for the treatment of hyperuricemia and hyperglycemia.

Provisions for nullification of conservation and management measures in RFMO objection procedures

In order to successfully exercise their mandate to adopt binding conservation and management measures (CMMs) for straddling and highly migratory fish stocks, regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs) and arrangements (RFMAs) need effective decision-making procedures. The constitutive instruments of a considerable number of such bodies contain objection procedures which allow individual members to unilaterally opt-out of an adopted CMM. Most scholars and RFMO performance review panels consider that unconstrained unilateral objection procedures undermine the decision-making procedures of both RFMOs and RFMAs. This article examines the phenomenon of CMM nullification provisions, which are present in five RFMOs. Such provisions deprive adopted CMMs of their binding force for all members if a certain number of members of the RFMO object to the CMM. This article argues that there is a case for a phase-out of CMM nullification provisions together with the unilateral objection procedures to which they are closely tied. Compared to unilateral objections more generally, CMM nullification provisions raise additional legitimacy questions given that they result in the nullification of CMMs that have been democratically adopted in conformity with the legitimate decision-making procedures of the respective RFMO. This article first provides a brief overview of the rationale for objection procedures by placing the concept of objections in the broader context of RFMO decision-making. Thereafter, this article briefly examines the requirements and legal effects of individual objections of RFMO members to CMMs. The final substantive section analyzes and compares existing CMM nullification provisions, focusing on the requirements for their activation, the nature of their legal effects and the legitimacy of such procedures considering the broader decision-making procedures of individual RFMOs.

The UN Security Council and Its Decision-Making Mechanism

Protecting international peace and security is the primary goal of establishing the United Nations. To achieve this goal, the organization has established, since its founding, the International Security Council. The International Security Council is one of the most important main bodies of the United Nations and is primarily responsible for maintaining international peace and security. The Council also With the tasks entrusted to it under Article (24) of the Charter, after the members of the organization, pursuant to this article, entrusted the Council to carry out on behalf of the countries of the organization the task of maintaining international peace and security, which is represented by major and important duties, and because achieving this goal is entrusted to the Security Council, the Charter of Nations granted it the United Nations has many powers and powers that the General Assembly does not have. We find the basis of these powers in Chapters (6-7-8-12). The Council’s decisions also have binding force, as member states are committed to implementing its decisions, based on what is stated in Article (25) of the United Nations Charter, all of this comes in order to protect international peace and security. Article 23 of the United Nations Charter came as the basis for the establishment of this important body, after Chapter Five of the United Nations Charter regulated the work of the Security Council, including the functions and powers, formation and management of the Council’s meetings, and the work of its affiliated bodies. The composition of this Security Council has a characteristic that differs from the rest of the United Nations bodies, as the five major member states enjoy an advantage that the rest of the Council’s member states do not enjoy, and this advantage is evident in the right to permanent membership and the right to veto any decision issued by the Council. Finally, we conclude that the UN Security Council is the real institution that it dominates not only the United Nations, but the entire world. In view of the fundamental goal of the United Nations, which is to protect international peace and security.

Molecular recognition mechanisms of vanillin and high-throughput screening of its analogs based on olfactory receptors

The interaction mechanisms between vanillin and olfactory receptors were studied by computational chemistry approaches. Results showed that 10 receptors exhibited different affinities for vanillin (−4.992∼-6.518 kcal/mol). Residues Arg286 (81%, OR2G2), His154 (78%, OR10G4; 62%, OR10G7), His104 (72%, OR10G4), Gly203 (57%, OR1L3), Val182 (58%, OR2J2), and Glu182 (51%, OR5AC2) with high frequencies particularly contributed to vanillin recognition. Hydrogen bonding coupled with hydrophobic interactions were the key forces of binding, and the hydroxyl group of vanillin was essential for its stability in olfactory receptors. Odorants 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylphenol (2#), vanillyl alcohol (9#), 1-(5-methyl-2-thienyl)ethan-1-one (29#), and 3-acetylpyridine (37#) were identified as vanillin analogs based on comparative molecular field analysis, among them, 9# matched well (0.80–0.91, overall similarity) with the molecular fields of the nine template ligands. Sensory analysis showed that the addition of 2#, 9#, and 37# effectively increased the correct detection probability of vanillin at low concentrations and decreased the vanillin detection threshold. The obtained results contribute to better understanding of vanillin perception and screening of its analogs.

Microstructure and magnetic properties of the FeSiBCuNb nanocrystalline soft magnetic composites coated with oil-phase single Fe3O4 nanoparticles by thermal decomposition method

Here, the core-shell structured FeSiBCuNb/Fe3O4 soft magnetic composites (SMCs) were successfully designed and fabricated by coating Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles on the surface of phosphorylated FeSiBCuNb powder. The effects of Fe3O4 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) contents on the micromorphology, interface structure, and soft magnetic properties of SMCs were systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that the Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the surface of magnetic powders, which fill up the air gap in-between the magnetic powder and increase the resistivity. It shows that the permeability gradually decreases with the increase of Fe3O4 from 0 wt% to 1 wt%, while the loss decreases first and then increases. The loss separation of SMCs indicates that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles effectively reduce the hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. Furthermore, the FeSiBCuNb/Fe3O4 SMCs with the addition of PVP as a binder enhance the binding force between Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the powder matrix, which facilitates the formation of a uniform and dense interface structure. When adding 0.3 wt% PVP + Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the FeSiBCuNb/Fe3O4 SMCs exhibit excellent soft magnetic properties with ultra-low loss of 138.5 kW/m3 (100 mT/50 kHz), high permeability of 54, and good frequency stability. The presented results provide a new strategy for synthesizing ultra-low core loss and frequency stability of core-shell structured SMCs, which has great potential for applications at high frequencies.

A novel bio-photocatalytic system for efficient degradation of indole by Bi2WO6-Ni-DA@HRP photoperoxidase microspheres

The photoperoxidase microspheres Bi2WO6-Ni-DA@HRP were prepared by covalent binding under the action of electrostatic adsorption for the first time. It was achieved that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was immobilized on the Bi2WO6via the self-polymerization of dopamine (DA). In this bio-photocatalytic system, the free radicals produced in situ on the surface of Bi2WO6 can activate HRP and induce the photo-enzyme synergistic catalysis function. The interfacial binding force between HRP and the photocatalyst significantly enhanced the electron conduction effect, which improved the separation efficiency and mobility of photogenerated electron-holes, and thus the catalytic effect was improved successfully. Compared with Bi2WO6 and free HRP, Bi2WO6-Ni-DA@HRP under no-added H2O2 have exhibited excellent catalytic activity for indole. The degradation efficiency reached 99.9 % for 20 mg·L−1 indole solution treated with Bi2WO6-Ni-DA@HRP for 210 min under visible light initiation. The free radical trapping experiment showed that holes (h+) and ·OH were the main active substances in the catalytic process. The photoperoxidase catalyst constructed in this study proposed a novel practical approach for the degradation of indole in water and significantly improved the application of HRP in water treatment.

Network pharmacology and experimental verification to explore the effect of Hedyotis diffusa on Alzheimer's disease.

This study aimed to explore the active components and the effect of Hedyotis diffusa (HD) against Alzheimer's disease (AD) via network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental evaluations. We conducted a comprehensive screening process using the TCMSP, Swiss Target Prediction, and PharmMapper databases to identify the active components and their related targets in HD. In addition, we collected potential therapeutic targets of AD from the Gene Cards, Drugbank, and OMIM databases. Afterward, we utilized Cytoscape to establish both protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and compound-target (C-T) networks. To gain further insights into the functional aspect, we performed GO and KEGG pathway analyses using the David database. Next, we employed Autodock vina to estimate the binding force between the components and the hub genes. To validate our network pharmacology findings, we conducted relevant experiments on Caenorhabditis elegans, further confirming the reliability of our results. Then a total of six active compounds and 149 therapeutic targets were detected. Through the analysis of the association between active compounds, therapeutic targets, and signaling pathways, it was observed that the therapeutic effect of HD primarily encompassed the inhibition of Aβ, suppression of AChE activity, and mitigating oxidative stress. Additionally, our investigation revealed that the key active compounds in HD primarily consisted of iridoids, which exhibited resistance against AD by acting on the Alzheimer's disease pathway and the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications.

Anti-inflammatory effect and its mechanism of Saracae Cortex based on zebrafish model and network pharmacology

This paper aims to explore the anti-inflammatory mechanism of Saracae Cortex by using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods and verify it through the inflammation model of zebrafish. The effective components, potential core targets, and signaling pathways of Saracae Cortex were obtained by using network pharmacology. A lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation model of zebrafish was established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract and 70% ethanol extract of Saracae Cortex with cell apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species(ROS) production rate as indicators. q PCR was performed to verify the main targets predicted by network pharmacology. The prediction found that there were 121 potential anti-inflammatory targets in Saracae Cortex. Protein-protein interaction(PPI) analysis showed that Saracae Cortex mainly acted on signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3), vascular endothelial growth factor A( VEGFA), epidermal growth factor( EGF), tumor necrosis factor( TNF),tumor protein p53(TP53), matrix metalloprotein 9(MMP9), c-fos proto-oncogene protein(FOS), estrogen receptor 1(ESR1), cx-c motif chemokine ligand 8(CXCL8), cluster of differentiation 8(CD8), and other targets. Gene Ontology(GO) analysis showed the biological process mainly acted on the inhibition of apoptosis, the positive regulation of gene expression, and the positive regulation of cell proliferation. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) analysis showed that the mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1) signaling pathway may play a key role in anti-inflammation of Saracae Cortex. Molecular docking verified that five key compounds had a strong binding force with their corresponding core target. Zebrafish animal experiments showed that Saracae Cortex could significantly inhibit ROS formation and reduce cell apoptosis in juvenile fish caused by inflammation and inhibit the further enhancement of inflammatory response in tissue. In addition, compared with the blank group, the transcription levels of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB), TP53, FOS, adaptor protein complex-1(AP-1), and mitogen-activated protein kinases P38(P38) were significantly up-regulated in the model group. Compared with the model group, the m RNA expression of NF-κB, TP53, FOS, AP-1, and P38 was significantly down-regulated in zebrafish tissue treated with aqueous extract and 70% ethanol extract of Saracae Cortex. Saracae Cortex plays an anti-inflammatory role through multiple components and targets, and its anti-inflammatory effect may be related to the inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway.

Designing starch-based fenofibrate formulations using the melting method

Fenofibrate (FNF) is used to treat hyperlipidemia. However, FNF is a poorly water-soluble drug, and the dosage of commercial products is relatively high at 160 mg in a Lipidil® tablet. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an FNF-solid dispersion (SD) that solubilizes and stabilizes FNF. The melting method that uses the low melting point of FNF was employed. The dissolution percentage of FNF in the optimal formulation (SD2) increased by 1.2-, 1.3-, and 1.3-fold at 5 min compared to that of Lipidil® and increased by 2.0-, 2.1-, and 2.0-fold compared to the pure FNF in pH 1.2 media, distilled water, and pH 6.8 buffer, which included 0.025 M sodium lauryl sulfate, respectively. The SD2 formulation showed a dissolution percentage of nearly 100 % in all dissolution media after 60 min. The physicochemical properties of the SD2 formulation exhibited slight changes in the melting point and crystallinity of FNF. Moreover, the stability of the SD2 formulation was maintained for six months. In particular, it was challenging to secure stability when starch#1500 was excluded from the SD2 formulation. In conclusion, the dissolution percentage of FNF in the SD2 formulation was improved owing to the weak binding force between FNF and the excipients, stability was secured, and favorable results are expected in future animal experiments.

Tailoring hydrogen storage performance in γ-graphyne through valence band modulation of adsorbed Li via doping and strain

Hydrogen storage is indeed fundamental to utilizing H2 effectively, and porous carbon materials have emerged as highly promising supports for this purpose. γ-Graphyne (γGy) possesses abundant chemical bonds, considerable porosity, and exceptional chemical stability, positioning it as a promising candidate for hydrogen storage and transport applications. In this study, we conducted density functional theory calculations to investigate the potential of Li- and Na-loaded γGy as hydrogen storage materials. Our findings reveal that the hydrogen storage capacity (HSC) of Na-loaded γGy falls significantly short of expectations, whereas Li-loaded γGy demonstrates a notably higher HSC. Subsequently, our calculations indicate that B-doping of γGy does not promote favorable HSC, whereas N-doping exhibits a beneficial effect. Furthermore, we observed that tensile strain favors the hydrogen storage properties of 4Li@γGy and 4Li@N-γGy, while compressive strain enhances the hydrogen storage characteristics of 4Li@B-γGy. Notably, we discovered the capacity to adjust the valence band center of Li (ɛVB), consequently influencing the hydrogen storage performance of γGy. Our investigation suggests that increased overlap between ɛVB in Li-loaded graphyne and the effective alignment of H2 and the supporting structure augments the binding force between Li and H2, thereby amplifying the HSC.

국민참여재판 활성화를 위한 실무적 제안

The current public participation trial system is facing a crisis due to poor performance. If looking at detailed indicators, the situation is serious. This is because the number of applications for public participation trials themselves is being maintained, but the number of enforcement cases is decreasing due to an increase in courts’ exclusion decisions and defendants’ early withdrawals. This can be seen as proof that public participation trials are not easily accepted within the criminal justice process. Since public participation trials are alien to our criminal justice system, we are bound to face many difficulties until this system is fully established. Various methods have been proposed so far to overcome these and activate public participation trials. These include abolition of the defendant application principle, introduction of the mandatory public participation trial principle, restriction on prosecutorial appeals against unanimous acquittal verdicts, and granting of binding forces to jury verdicts. In this paper, the above suggestions, which have already been studied a lot, are not mentioned again. Rather, very microscopic and technical methods are proposed. Above all, constant communication and explanation are needed to relieve the defendant's vague anxiety about the participatory trial. Legally, it is possible to consider continuing the participatory trial even after the defendant withdraws the application. When an application for a participatory trial is filed, the court should not exclude it based on vague provisions. When making an inevitable decision to exclude, it should specify as detailed reasons as possible. In addition, it is considered necessary to proceed with the trial as quickly as possible to reduce the fatigue and burden of courts and jurors performing participatory trials. Therefore, the jury selection method should be unified in a way that allows quick jury selection. Most important of all, it is to efficiently conduct a written investigation by the prosecutor, which takes a very long time in a participatory trial. It is necessary to prepare active alternatives, such as issuing records to the jury in the form of electronic records. This can be said to be a kind of emergency prescription, not a fundamental solution. Nevertheless, the reason for making some suggestions in this paper is because I think an immediate response to recent public participation trials is required. If the current downturn continues, it is difficult to rule out the risk that the public participation trial will go to the process of factual abolition. I hope that the public participation trial will soon be activated above a certain level, and that it will be reborn as a more advanced system beyond normalization.

Exploring an eco-friendly approach to improve soil tensile behavior and cracking resistance

Soil tensile strength is a critical parameter governing the initiation and propagation of tensile cracking. This study proposes an eco-friendly approach to improve the tensile behavior and crack resistance of clayey soils. To validate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed approach, direct tensile tests were employed to determine the tensile strength of the compacted soil with different W-OH treatment concentrations and water contents. Desiccation tests were also performed to evaluate the effectiveness of W-OH treatment in enhancing soil tensile cracking resistance. During this period, the effects of W-OH treatment concentration and water content on tensile properties, soil suction and microstructure were investigated. The tensile tests reveal that W-OH treatment has a significant impact on the tensile strength and failure mode of the soil, which not only effectively enhances the tensile strength and failure displacement, but also changes the brittle failure behavior into a more ductile quasi-brittle failure behavior. The suction measurements and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests show that W-OH treatment can slightly reduce soil suction by affecting skeleton structure and increasing macropores. Combined with the microstructural analysis, it becomes evident that the significant improvement in soil tensile behavior through W-OH treatment is mainly attributed to the W-OH gel's ability to provide additional binding force for bridging and encapsulating the soil particles. Moreover, desiccation tests demonstrate that W-OH treatment can significantly reduce or even inhibit the formation of soil tensile cracking. With the increase of W-OH treatment concentration, the surface crack ratio and total crack length are significantly reduced. This study enhances a fundamental understanding of eco-polymer impacts on soil mechanical properties and provides valuable insight into their potential application for improving soil crack resistance.

Study on the molecular interactions between givosiran and theophylline by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, biolayer interferometry, and visible/fluorescence spectroscopy

Givosiran is a small-interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) drug used to treat acute hepatic porphyria. As an exogenous double-stranded RNA, givosiran has a specific spatial conformation. When they coexist, givosiran and small-molecule drugs may interact through non-covalent bonds, which may affect their efficacies. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular interaction between givosiran and three structurally-related small-molecule drugs. We combined surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, biolayer interferometry, and visible/fluorescence spectroscopy with a methylene blue probe to study the molecular interaction between givosiran and theophylline, caffeine, and theobromine. Molecular interactions were observed only between theophylline and givosiran, with an affinity constant (KD) of 64.2 μM. The main binding forces were hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, and the equilibrium binding constant (KA) was 1.855 × 104 L·mol−1. This study focused on the 5 W (Whether, Where, Why, hoW about the tendency, hoW strong) issues of the molecular interaction between givosiran and small-molecule chemical drugs. Our findings contradict the previous perception that the probability of drug–drug interactions (DDI) between nucleic acid and small-molecular drugs is low. Our study illustrates that a combination of direct and indirect analytical methods will pave a new way for future siRNA-related unknown interactions studies.

Towards a World of Peace and Development: Expansion and Inclusion

This paper analyzes the problems existing in the current UN Security Council mechanism: the mechanism is rigid, the binding force is limited, and the representative is lacking. The authors propose corresponding reforms to better constrain the use of force between states: increase the membership of the Security Council within the existing framework, create new permanent seats, and devolve some of the Council's powers to UN trusteeship bodies. As the topic of our paper says: "Expansion and inclusion" is the core of the whole article and the value we want to convey. After combining the innovative membership expansion proposals put forward by regional powers such as Germany, Italy, Japan and India, we put forward a new set of proposals with our own views. Based on the legal provisions put forward by these countries, we add a point of view: We will give full play to the functions of the Trusteeship Council so that this body will no longer be idle. The successful implementation of these ideas will do more good than harm for countries to restrain the use of force. Countries will be more effectively restrained in the use of force, and the tragedies of Ukraine and Syria will not be repeated again. In the context of globalization, the effective implementation of these proposals will lead the world to peace and development.