Properties Of Binders Research Articles

Frequency Dependency and Constitutive Model of Dynamical Mechanical Properties of Cement Asphalt Binders

Frequency Dependency and Constitutive Model of Dynamical Mechanical Properties of Cement Asphalt Binders

Recycling Possibilities of Wood-Cement Particle Board Manufacturing Waste

Wood-cement particle boards are gaining popularity within construction materials as they combine natural fiber architectural value with Portland cement durability. The production of the material is associated with processing the produced fiberboards, which includes cutting, grinding, and polishing. The remaining wood-cement dust residues are classified as production waste, which is now deposited in the dump and gives extra expenditure for the enterprise. The utilization of wood-cement dust would also benefit the circular economy and reduce the environmental impact of the production process. Two scenarios are analyzed in this research, and the life cycle assessment (LCA) tool with SimaPro software is compared. The first scenario is associated with the partial replacement of Portland cement with wood-cement dust powder. The second scenario offers re-activation of the wood-cement dust at 450 °C to obtain binder properties. Both materials' mechanical strength is comparable, reaching 10 MPa after 28d curing. To maintain target strength, 70 % of Portland cement can be replaced. To produce 1 t of binder by heating at 450 °C, 1.2 t of wood-cement dust is needed as natural moisture evaporates, and wood dust particles go through pyrolysis, giving extra heat and CO2 emissions as well. LCA results indicate the 70% replacement of Portland cement reduces CO2 emissions from 597 kg of CO2/ton of CEM II/A-LL 42,5 to 179 kg of CO2/ton, while the second scenario is associated with high energy consumption during burning of the binder and increased CO2 value due to fossil fuel consumption and CO2 release from burning organic compounds in the material.

Formulation of geopolymer binder based on volcanic-scoria and clay brick wastes using rice husk ash-NaOH activator: Fresh and hardened properties

The present study investigated the influence of the replacement of waste clay bricks (WB) by volcanic scoria (Zg) on the fresh and hardened properties of geopolymer binders for potential construction applications at ambient temperature. Geopolymer paste samples were prepared using Zg as raw material blended with WB ranging from 0 to 50 wt% of total raw materials. Alternative alkaline activator used for the geopolymer synthesis was prepared by mixing rice husk ash (RHA) and 6 mol/L of NaOH solution. The geopolymers were cured at room temperature for 28 days, then subjected to mechanical property tests; microstructural and macrostructural characterization studies. Results showed that both flowability and setting time of geopolymer mixtures decreased with increases in WB content. The reduction in workability could be attributed to increase in the relatively rough surface of WB particles, which resulted in inter-particle friction. Flexural strength increased from 4 to 12 MPa while the compressive strength 24–52 MPa with the increase in WB up to 50%. The WB powders enriched Al content in mixtures, establishing the Si-O-Al bonds, confirmed by 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy exhibiting the more Al(IV) sites integrating the N-A-S-H network. Incorporating the WB powders contributed to the development of densified matrix.

МОДИФИЦИРОВАНИЕ СВОЙСТВ ГИДРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ БЕТОНОВ ДОБАВКАМИ НА ОСНОВЕ ВЫСОКОМОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ

Ensuring high water resistance, frost resistance and corrosion resistance of hydraulic structures is achieved by creating concrete with a dense structure that can absorb aggressive influences. This is possible by modifying the structure of concrete with polymer additives of new generation. The introduction of polymer additives has a plasticizing effect and contributes to the preservation of technological properties of the concrete mixture, modifies the pore structure of concrete and influences the formation of cement stone strength. The paper presents the results of research on the effect of polymer additive based on polyvinylpyrrolidone on the basic properties of Portland cement binder. It was found that the compressive strength at the age of 2 days increases by 7% at the content of polymer additive in the amount of 0.8%. Also, in-troduction of polymer additive increases the compressive strength at the age of 28 days at its content of 0.6 and 0.8% by 22 and 27%, respectively. The effect of polymer modifier on the formation of the initial structure, manifested in the increase in the time of the beginning and accel-eration of the end of setting has been established. The kinetics of heat release of cement dough in the presence of polymeric modifier in the amount of 0.6 % has been studied. The data on the phase composition of cement stone in the presence of polymer modifier are given. It is established by means of electron microscopic analysis that the introduction of polymeric admixture promotes modification of cement stone microstructure with formation of more dense homogeneous structure. The given research results are taken into account in the development of concrete compositions with a set of specified properties required for the construction of hydraulic structures.

Optimising the dosage of bio-rejuvenators in asphalt recycling: A rejuvenation index based approach

While significant research efforts have been devoted to the rejuvenation of aged bitumen using bio-rejuvenators, a universally recognised approach for dosage optimisation is still yet to be established. Aiming to develop standardised methods to determine the optimal dosages of six types of bio-rejuvenators, this study validated the use of a rheology-based rejuvenation index as a potential universal method. Rheological properties of rejuvenated binders, determined through frequency sweep tests, multiple stress creep and recovery tests, linear amplitude sweep tests, and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests were carried out with the properties of virgin binder as reference targets. The results indicated that the applied rheology-based rejuvenation index is a feasible approach. This index can ensure improved low- and intermediate-temperature (fatigue) performance of aged bitumen while maintaining high-temperature performance within acceptable limits. Further characterisation of the binders by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis suggested that the bio-rejuvenation processes will commonly only involve physical softening rather than a chemical reversal of ageing. Therefore, the use of chemistry-based indices is likely not feasible.

Low-flammability carbon fiber reinforced composites based on low-viscosity phosphorus-containing epoxy binders for transfer molding methods

This study is the first investigation into the possibility of low viscosity phosphorus-containing epoxy binders using triglycidyl phosphate for carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs) production by resin transfer molding (RTM). Rheological studies and flammability evaluations were carried out to determine the optimum concentrations of triglycidyl phosphate in the epoxy binder. The introduction of triglycidyl phosphate into the epoxy composition was shown to produce self-extinguishing epoxy polymers. In addition, the curing kinetics of the phosphorus-containing epoxy binder was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to optimize the curing process. The impregnation process of the product in the PAM-RTM software package was modeled to evaluate the possibility of obtaining large-size CFRP parts based on the developed binder by transfer molding methods. The physical-mechanical and fire-resistant tests of CFRPs showed significant improvement in flame-retardant properties in the modified samples, while maintaining high values of strength and elastic modulus. The study concluded that the introduced triglycidyl phosphate significantly affects the binder properties by reducing the viscosity, and increasing the flame retardancy, thus opening a promising direction for developing advanced composite materials.

ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА ПОЛИМЕРНО-БИТУМНЫХ ВЯЖУЩИХ, МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫХ ШУНГИТОМ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЙ КАРЕЛИИ

The use of polymer-bitumen binders as part of an asphalt concrete mixture allows to improve the quality of road surfaces. The most commonly used polymer is styrene and butadiene copolymer, however, it does not provide sufficient durability of asphalt concrete and has a high cost. There is a positive experience in solving these problems through the use of polymer composites filled with fine powders. One of the promising polymer fillers is shungite. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of shungite from various deposits of Karelia on the structure and properties of polymer-bitumen binder. It was found that the introduction of shungite in the amount of 5 wt.% changes the physico-chemical characteristics of polymer-bitumen binders: the viscosity and softening temperature increase markedly, the temperature of brittleness, as well as extensibility and elasticity change to a lesser extent. Changes in these properties indicate the structuring of the binder by finely dispersed shungite. This phenomenon may be associated with the transfer of bitumen from a volumetric to a structured state due to its interaction with the surface of the shungite powder, as well as due to the diffusion of low-molecular components of the binder into the pores of the filler. Moreover, shungite samples from different deposits do not affect the studied characteristics in the same way. The explanation for this may lie in the different content of active adsorption centers on the surface of shungite, which is in a linear relationship with the main characteristics of the polymer-bitumen binder modified with shungite.

Linking Chemical Structure to the Linear and Nonlinear Properties of Asphalt Binders

The study described in this paper aims to establish the relationship between the chemical composition and rheological properties of asphalt binders in both the linear viscoelastic (LVE) and nonlinear viscoelastic (NLVE) domains. Two asphalt binders with different penetration grades were subjected to four distinct aging treatments of varying severity, resulting in changes in their chemical fingerprints. Chemical characteristics of the asphalt binders were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Frequency sweep tests were conducted to evaluate the LVE behavior of the asphalt binders, while multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests were employed to assess their NLVE properties. With regard to the LVE properties, rheological index ( R) and zero shear viscosity (ZSV) derived from the Christensen-Anderson-Marasteanu (CAM) model exhibited high correlations with FTIR and molecular weight distribution (MWD) parameters. Additionally, the polydispersity index (PDI) displayed a stronger correlation with LVE-based parameters. Findings from the MSCR tests revealed that the sensitivity of the percentage recovery ( %R) to chemical composition, as opposed to nonrecoverable creep compliance ( Jnr), can be largely attributed to the degree of nonlinearity. Furthermore, it was observed that lower molecular weight molecules exert a greater influence on %R in the nonlinear domain. Finally, it was found that Jnrslope is a more reliable parameter than Jnrdiff for assessing the effects of chemical makeup on stress and temperature sensitivity.

Synthesis of rice husk ash based alkaline activators for geopolymer binder systems: A review

At present, geopolymer binders have been considered to be one of the most promising low-carbon building materials. Apart from low carbon emissions, the production of geopolymer materials also helps in mitigating several industrial solid waste management problems. The geopolymer binder can be produced using any aluminosilicate waste material followed by mixing with an alkaline activator. However, the major limitation associated with geopolymers is their production cost which is slightly higher than traditional cement-based binders. Out of all the ingredients, sodium silicate is found to be the most expensive and least environment friendly material. Several researchers have therefore utilized many silica-rich waste products such as rice husk ash (RHA) based silicate solution as a low-cost alternative to commercial sodium silicate solution. In this regard, this paper provides an in-depth review of the past literature to understand the properties of geopolymer binders produced using RHA-derived alkaline activator. The production process, and the factors affecting dissolution of RHA have been elaborated. Further, the properties such as compressive strength, and microstructure have been detailed. Lastly, the sustainability and lifecycle assessment of geopolymers synthesized using RHA-based sodium silicate solution are presented. The information provided in this study shall encourage the scientific community to adopt RHA-based sodium silicate as a cost-effective, and environment friendly activator to produce geopolymers.

A study on mechanical properties of inorganic binders used in textile reinforced concrete using artificial neural network

A study on mechanical properties of inorganic binders used in textile reinforced concrete using artificial neural network

Synthesis of Room Temperature Curable Polymer Binder Mixed with Polymethyl Methacrylate and Urethane Acrylate for High-Strength and Improved Transparency.

Urethane acrylate (UA) was synthesized from various di-polyols, such as poly(tetrahydrofuran) (PTMG, Mn = 1000), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, Mn = 1000), and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG, Mn = 1000), for use as a polymer binder for paint. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and UA were blended to form an acrylic resin with high transmittance and stress-strain curve. When PMMA was blended with UA, a network structure was formed due to physical entanglement between the two polymers, increasing the mechanical properties. UA was synthesized by forming a prepolymer using di-polyol and hexamethylene diisocyanate, which were chain structure monomers, and capping them with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate to provide an acryl group. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to observe the changes in functional groups, and gel permeation chromatography was used to confirm that the three series showed similar molecular weight and PDI values. The yellowing phenomenon that appears mainly in the curing reaction of the polymer binder was solved, and the mechanical properties according to the effects of the polyol used in the main chain were compared. The content of the blended UA was quantified using ultravioletvisible spectroscopy at a wavelength of 370 nm based on 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%, and the shear strength and tensile strength were evaluated using specimens in a suitable mode. The ratio for producing the polymer binder was optimized. The mechanical properties of the polymer binder with 5-10 wt% UA were improved in all series.

Plant Waste-Based Bioadditive as an Antioxidant Agent and Rheological Modifier of Bitumen.

In recent times, circular economy initiatives in addition to the need for sustainable biomaterials have brought about several attempts at the eco-friendly, eco-sustainable and cost-effective production of asphalt pavements. It is an increasingly common practice in the asphalt industry to improve road pavement performance using additives to enhance the physico-chemical properties of bitumen, which performs the role of the binder in the asphalt mix. This paper evaluated the potential of a bio-based additive derived from olive leaf residue as a modifier and antioxidant agent for bitumen. Samples of neat, aged and doped aged bitumen were analyzed. In this study, the two bio-based additives were characterized in terms of phenol, chlorophyll, lignin and cellulose content, which was correlated with the mechanical properties of the tested samples. The mechanical properties of the neat, modified, aged and unaged samples were evaluated via Dynamic Shear Rheology. The bio-based additives proved to be promising and can improve the properties of bitumen binder and the performance of asphalt pavements in general.

Soft computing techniques for analysing the mechanical properties of egg shell powder-based concrete

The construction industry is increasingly focused on sustainability to reduce environmental impact. Researchers are actively exploring alternative materials to replace clinker-based binders. This study specifically investigates the use of eggshell powder (ESP) as a sustainable substitute in construction. Portland slag cement (PSC) is partially replaced by ESP in concrete production for this purpose. To assess the effectiveness of ESP in enhancing binder properties, the study analyses experimental data for compressive and flexural strength. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modelling is employed for this analysis to predict material performance. The model undergoes training and testing using input data to ensure accuracy and reliability. The success of the study is demonstrated by high R2 values, with 0,9915 for compressive strength and 0,9921 for flexural strength, indicating that the ANN model closely matches actual material performance. Additionally, error analysis confirms the model's remarkable accuracy in predicting real-world results. Furthermore, the research highlights the exceptional potential of the developed ANN model, which can effectively predict the mechanical properties of construction materials containing ESP.

Fabrication and characterization of in-situ Ti(C, N) – CoCrFeNi cermets via mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering

Ti(C, N) cermets were prepared by adding CoCrFeNiTi to g-C3N4 and using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering techniques. The evolution of microstructure and the systematic analysis of the influence of different binder content on mechanical properties were investigated. This result demonstrates that with an increase in binder content, the grain size of Ti(C, N) in the cermets decreases, and the formation of spheroidal small grains becomes more prominent while the occurrence of large grains decreases. Additionally, the relative density and hardness of Ti(C, N) metal ceramics have slightly decreased. The fracture toughness of Ti(C, N)/HEA cermet is codetermined by the intrinsic sintering property and deformability of HEA binders. The Ti(C, N) cermets (CH3) exhibits excellently bending strength and fracture toughness，which are 1941 MPa and 11.2 MPa m1/2 respectively. The study aims to enhance the mechanical properties and toughness of Ti(C, N) and proposes a novel approach for the synthesis of Ti(C, N) cermet.

Investigation of Surface Modification of Bagasse Fibers: Performance of Asphalt Binders/Mixtures with Bagasse Fibers

The influence of surface modification on the properties of bagasse fibers and asphalt binders/mixtures was investigated. Bagasse fibers were modified by single, binary, and ternary methods with hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chlorite, respectively. The physical and chemical properties of bagasse fibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and an adsorption test, respectively. The rheological properties of asphalt binders with bagasse fibers or lignin fibers were analyzed by the dynamic shear rheometer test and bending beam rheometer test. In addition, the performance of asphalt mixtures with bagasse fibers or lignin fibers were evaluated by a wheel rutting test, bending test at a low temperature, and water stability test, respectively. In conclusion, the hydrophilic functional groups on the fiber surface were partially eliminated by modification, facilitating the degradation of different fiber components. Furthermore, the degree of fibrillation was improved, and more interfaces with asphalt components were formed, thus enhancing the high-temperature deformation resistance of asphalt binders, but slightly impairing its low-temperature performance. Among all modification methods, the ternary composite modification exerted important influences on fiber structure, oil absorption, and rheological properties of asphalt binders, significantly enhancing the performance of asphalt mixtures. Combined with surface modification methods, bagasse fibers would be promising reinforced pavement materials.

Laboratory assessment of the impact of modified asphalt binder on mechanical properties of grouted macadam mixtures under various performance conditions

ABSTRACT Grouted Macadam (GM) mixtures are used for pavement coatings due to their strong load-bearing capacity and rutting resistance. However, weak asphalt-cement interface bonding reduces crack resistance performance of these mixtures. This study aimed to enhance this adhesion through implementing TEGO Addibit L300 additive at concentrations of 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% by weight of asphalt binder. Various tests assessed additive’s impact on asphalt binder properties, including penetration, softening point, and kinematic viscosity. Adhesion properties were evaluated through sessile drop and semi-circular bending bonding strength tests. Additionally, GM mixture performance was assessed with mechanical tests such as 3-point bending strength, indirect tensile strength, and Marshall stability, considering two conditions: samples tested immediately after a 28-day curing period (non pre-conditioned samples), and samples tested after the same period followed by exposure to 60 ℃ for 16 h (pre-conditioned samples). Results revealed that the adhesion capacity of the asphalt binder significantly affected GM mixture performance in both conditions. Addition of TEGO Addibit L300 enhanced ductility and fracture energy by 53.9% and 45.2%, respectively, in non pre-conditioned samples. In pre-conditioned samples, the additive increased indirect tensile strength by up to 12.1%. The optimal dosage for improving GM materials performance was determined to be 0.3%.

ABCD method for determination of low-temperature properties of ordinary and modified binders

Introduction. The active introduction into practice of the system of volumetric and functional design (OFP) is aimed at the large-scale development by the Russian road construction industry of advanced foreign approaches to the technology of designing asphalt concrete pavements (Superpave). One of the fundamental differences between the OFP methodology and the previously established practice of evaluating technical, technological and operational indicators of road construction materials is the introduction of new methods that characterize quantitative indicators with a high degree of accuracy, based on the actual physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the components used. Thus, as methods for assessing the low-temperature properties of bitumen binders, it is proposed to use the bending beam method (BBR), which has proven itself quite well when working with traditional (ordinary) bitumen. However, the natural and climatic conditions of operation of highways in Russia clearly require the use of binders modified with high- and low-molecular compounds, including polymers. In this study, the task of applying the ABCD method to evaluate the low-temperature parameters of ordinary bitumen and polymer-bitumen binders was realized.Materials and methods. Samples of industrial batches of petroleum road viscous bitumen (GOST 33133-2014) and polymer-modified bitumen (GOST R 52056-2003) were used as objects of research. To determine the lowtemperature parameters, an ABCD 8.0 device and an air-cooled climate chamber were used. The study of bitumen binders according to the parameters laid down in the technical requirements of GOST R 58400.11–2019 ‘Automobile roads of general use. Petroleum-based bitumen binders. Method of determining the temperature of cracking using the device ABCD’ was carried out.Results. The values of the cracking temperature for ordinary and modified bitumen binders were determined. It is shown that the low-temperature parameters of polymer-bitumen binders significantly exceed similar properties of oxidized road bitumen.Discussion and conclusions. A comparative analysis of the low-temperature properties of ordinary and modified binders obtained during their determination by the direct method enables to confirm the effectiveness of the methodology developed in GOST R 58400.11-2019 for assessing the performance of binders of various component composition in difficult climatic conditions of Russia. The effectiveness of the domestic second-generation ABCD 8.0 device for direct assessment of the cracking temperature of bitumen binders of variable composition has been confirmed.

Nano-Additives in Asphalt Binder: Bridging the Gap between Traditional Materials and Modern Requirements

This research delves into the realm of asphalt technology, exploring the potential of nano-additives to enhance traditional asphalt binder properties. Focusing on Nano-Titanium Dioxide (NT), Nano-Aluminum Oxide (NA), and Nano-Silica Oxide (NS), this study investigates the effects of incorporating these nanomaterials at varying dosages, ranging from 0% to 8%, on the asphalt binder’s performance. This study employs a series of experimental tests, including consistency, storage stability, rotational viscosity, mass loss due to aging, and rheological properties, to assess the impact of nano-additives on asphalt binder characteristics. The findings indicate a substantial improvement in the consistency of the asphalt binder with the addition of nanomaterials, particularly NS, which shows a 41% reduction in penetration at an 8% content and a notable increase in the softening point. The storage stability tests reveal that NS-modified asphalt exhibits superior stability compared to NT and NA, with a significantly lower ΔT increase. Furthermore, the investigation into rotational viscosity suggests that NS, despite increasing the binder’s viscosity, does not exceed the AASHTO M320 threshold, ensuring the binder’s workability. Aging tests demonstrate that NT, at lower concentrations, acts as an effective anti-aging agent, whereas NA and NS tend to increase the mass loss, impacting thermal stability. This study concludes that while each nanomaterial uniquely influences the asphalt binder’s properties, NS stands out in terms of enhancing the high-temperature performance and storage stability. Optimal dosages of 6% for NT and NA and 4% for NS are recommended based on the Overall Desirability analysis. This research bridges the gap between traditional asphalt materials and modern requirements, highlighting the transformative impact of nano-additives in advancing asphalt pavement technology.

Investigating the influence of polyethylene terephthalate fibres with different lengths on the cracking resistance of high-performance asphalt concrete

High-performance asphalt concrete is an innovative paving material that typically relies on the properties of polymer-modified asphalt binders. However, the application is limited due to their high cost and phase separation issues. A solution is explored in the present study by blending 12% asphaltenes and a straight-run asphalt binder with a true performance grade of 70.2–25.9, resulting in a true performance grade of 82.9–21.8, which elevates the binder’s stiffness. Three lengths of polyethylene terephthalate fibres are used to improve the cracking resistance of these asphaltenes-modified mixes. An indirect tensile cracking test is conducted at 25 and 37 °C, revealing a significant improvement in cracking tolerance and failure energy, particularly at 37 °C. The cracking tolerance index value peaked at 105 for 12 mm polyethylene terephthalate fabricated sample, while control asphaltenes-modified, 6 mm, and 18 mm polyethylene terephthalate fabricated samples achieved 61, 87, and 99, respectively, with failure energy increasing with longer fibres.

Effects of surfactants on the physical properties of silicate binders and the mechanical properties of silicate-bonded foundry sand cores

In the foundry industry, casting sand cores require high and low peak and residual strengths, respectively, to achieve comprehensive optimal mechanical performance. The peak and residual strengths of sand cores are positively related, highlighting the criticality of balancing them. Thus, an innovative approach comprising the incorporation of anionic surfactants into the silicate binder was introduced to balance both factors. Additionally, the investigation of the effects of the anionic surfactants on the physical properties of the silicate binder, including its colloidal stability, surface tension and adhesion, revealed that four different anionic surfactants reduced the surface tension and adhesion of the silicate binders and reduced the residual strength of the silicate-bonded sand cores. Among them, 0.10 wt% lauryl ether phosphate reduced the surface tension and adhesion of the adhesive by 49.64 and 112 mN/m, respectively, and reduced the residual strength of the sand core by 0.035 MPa. However, increasing the dosage did not further reduce the residual strength of the sand core, although it continued to reduce its peak strength. Therefore, during silicate binder modification with anionic surfactants, the dosage of the anionic surfactant must be kept at ≤0.10 wt%, as this dosage exerted the most comprehensive optimal modification effect, which was attributable to the adsorption of anionic polymers onto the surface of the silicate aggregates. This adsorption weakened the network structure of the silicate aggregates and imparted the sand cores with appropriate mechanical properties during casting.