Properties Of Binders Research Articles

Micromechanical mapping of polycrystalline cubic boron nitride composites by means of high-speed nanoindentation: Assessment of microstructural assemblage effects

Polycrystalline cubic boron nitrides (PcBNs) are composites widely used as cutting tool materials due to their exceptional high hardness and wear resistance. Investigation of their micromechanical properties is key for optimizing PcBN’s performance through microstructural design. Within this context, high-speed nanoindentation is proposed and implemented, for three different PcBN grades, to correlate microstructure with local mechanical properties. A total of 40,000 imprints were performed in each grade. The obtained mechanical maps and data sets are statistically treated following two deconvolution approaches: 1D and 2D Gaussian fitting. The use of high-speed nanoindentation is validated not only by the reliable assessment of the intrinsic mechanical properties of cBN particles, binder and interphase region, but also by the successful mirroring of microstructural assemblage within the mechanical maps attained. Comparison of the results determined from 1D and 2D gaussian representations are in satisfactory agreement. Nevertheless, some difficulties and disparity between them arises when involving fine-grained microstructures. • Mechanical property maps replicate the microstructure assemblage of PcBN grades. • 1D and 2D representations also depict multiphase material microstructure. • Nanoindentation is validated for assessing H and E of PcBN constitutive phases. • Good agreement is generally found between 1D and 2D statistical analysis results. • Demonstration of the presence of a third composite-like/interface-related phase.

The Application of Bio-Emulsion from Soybean Oil Partially Epoxidized as a Maintenance Technique for Flexible Pavements

Abstract An increase in the use of biomaterials has been noted in recent years because of several impacts caused by human activities, especially for engineering and paving industry benefits. Several renewable resources, such as a nonfood source of soybean oil, have been successfully tested on modification of asphalt binders. However, their impact on the pavement life cycle is still unknown. Thereby, the objective of this research was to investigate soybean oil as a new, green supply for the maintenance of flexible pavements. The experimental plan consisted of the construction of field test sections through the application of sub-epoxidized soybean oil (SESO) over a flexible pavement surface. Rates of 0.1 and 0.3 L/m2 were chosen, and the main tests intended for study were functional procedures including the British pendulum and sand patch tests on the pavement surface, which were complemented with the indirect tensile strength test for mechanical analysis. The change in the chemical composition of the recovered binder was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The rheological properties were analyzed by frequency sweep, linear amplitude sweep, and multiple stress creep and recovery, and the tests were carried out with a dynamic shear rheometer. The effects of the SESO bio-emulsion demonstrated a rejuvenating activity on the properties of the aged binder, with mechanical and rheological improvements for both analyzed rates. A further investigation is indicated to evaluate the influence of time on the modification studied in this work. Such testing could ensure the use of SESO bio-emulsion as an environmentally friendly alternative for the maintenance of flexible pavements.

Experimental study on the effects of modification with nanoclay on the properties of an SMA mixture

The modification of bitumens with NM has shown results in the improvement of binder properties, in particular thermal susceptibility. This article aims to present a study to demonstrate the effects of modifying a bituminous mixture (BM) of the Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) type with nanoclay. The nanoclay used was of the hydrophilic bentonite type. The modification of the bitumen was carried out by introducing and dispersing in conventional bitumen a 35/50 amount of nanoclay corresponding to 4% of the weight of the modified binder. The bitumens, conventional and nanomodified, were characterized by determining penetration, ring and ball softening temperature and viscosity. In the subsequent BM, to investigate the influence of the nanomodification, tests of permanent deformation (PD), modulus of deformability, resistance to fatigue and sensitivity to water were carried out. The results obtained showed that the nanomodified SMA mixture showed better resistance to fatigue, increase in indirect tensile strength (ITS), less sensitivity to and better resistance to PD.

Experimental Investigation of LDPE and EVA on Asphalt Binder

Abstract: This research study aims to investigate the impact of incorporating Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on the properties of asphalt binder. The use of polymer-modified asphalt binders has gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to improve the performance and durability of asphalt pavements. EVA and LDPE are two commonly used polymers that have shown promise in enhancing the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binders. The experimental investigation involved the preparation of asphalt binder samples with varying percentages of EVA and LDPE, ranging from 0% to 8% by weight. A series of laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of polymer modification on the fundamental properties of asphalt binder. These tests included penetration, softening point, ductility, viscosity, and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests.The results of the study indicated that the addition of EVA and LDPE led to notable improvements in the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binder. Increased polymer content resulted in reduced penetration values, higher softening points, and improved resistance to rutting and deformation. Additionally, the modified binders exhibited enhanced viscosity and elastic behavior, as indicated by the DSR tests. The study also investigated the compatibility between EVA/LDPE and asphalt binder through microscopy and chemical analysis techniques. The findings of this experimental investigation contribute to the understanding of the effects of EVA and LDPE on asphalt binder performance. The results highlight the potential of these polymers in enhancing the resistance to rutting and deformation of asphalt pavements. This research can serve as a basis for further studies on polymer modification of asphalt binders and aid in the development of improved asphalt pavement materials with enhanced durability and longevity.

Characterization of the fatigue behavior of asphalt binders, FAMs, and AC mixtures based on multiscale approaches and the S-VECD model

Although investigations on upscaling methodologies across binder, Fine Aggregate Matrix (FAM), and Asphalt Concrete (AC) have been reported in the literature, additional evaluations should be performed considering the characteristics of the materials. This study investigates the relationship between the fatigue damage behavior of asphaltic material constituents based on a correlational assessment, as well as on experimental and analytical approaches. For that, rheological properties of asphalt binders were determined and AC and FAM were characterized by uniaxial tests. The fatigue parameters presented strong correlations across the scales and upscaling experimental equations were obtained from experimental data with good and promising results.

High and intermediate temperature performance of warm asphalt rubber containing conventional warm mix additives and novel chemical surfactant

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology is widely used to address the workability concerns of rubberized asphalt paving materials. In this study, a novel chemical surfactant – alube– is proposed for the production of warm asphalt rubber (WAR) binders. To assess its suitability, the high and intermediate temperature performances of the resultant alube-WAR binder (AWAR) was compared with those of two conventionally produced WAR binders, namely sasobit-WAR binder (SWAR) and rediset-WAR binder (RWAR). An economic evaluation of the WAR binders was also done in order to assess their cost-competitiveness. For the high-temperature performance study, the high-temperature viscosity, viscosity-temperature susceptibility (VTS), rutting resistance, and stress sensitivity were investigated, while for the intermediate-temperature performance, the fatigue resistance factor was evaluated. Different findings were obtained from the performance and cost investigation. Alube was found to successfully lower the high temperature viscosity of AR binder but not as effective as the two conventional WMA additives. The VTS property of AR binder was only improved by the organic WMA additive (sasobit), while the chemical additives (rediset and alube) showed negative effects. In terms of rutting resistance, AWAR was superior to RWAR and AR, but was outperformed by SWAR. Also, SWAR was the least susceptible to stress changes, while AWAR and RWAR showed comparable performance. Based on the G*sin δ test, the fatigue resistance of the AR binder improved after the incorporation of the chemical additives and deteriorated after sasobit was added, and the performance ranking was determined as RWAR > AWAR > AR > SWAR. Overall, only SWAR had a better high-temperature performance than AWAR, whereas for intermediate temperature performance, only RWAR was better. Furthermore, economic analysis showed that AWAR is the most cost effective of the three WAR binders. The findings of this study indicate that alube has the potential of being utilized as a WMA additive for AR binders and can be utilized in wide range of road projects due to its cost-effectiveness.

Evaluation of Aging Evolution of Olive Pomace–Modified Asphalt Binders under Natural Weather Aging Conditions

Abstract The natural weather aging test (NWAT) for asphalt binders is an essential benchmark aging test used to investigate the aging evolution of asphalt binders under actual weather conditions. This study assessed the aging rates of olive pomace–modified asphalt binders and the control neat binder under NWAT. Instead of aging days, weather factors were proposed as metrics to correlate with the aging evolution of the rheological properties of asphalt binders. The test results showed that the olive pulp–rich fraction-modified asphalt binders after the rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) test had lower aging susceptibility than the RTFO-aged control binder. The RTFO-aged binders exhibited lower aging rates than the corresponding unaged asphalt binders under NWAT. The sums of weather indexes such as the sum of the daily maximum ultraviolet index are rational field metrics to correlate with the rheological aging properties of natural weather–aged asphalt binders. Caution shall be taken when using aging days to interpret the aging rates of asphalt binders under NWAT.

Comprehensive study on the degradation progress of crumb tire rubber during the preparation of terminal blended rubberized asphalt binder

Terminal blended rubberized asphalt binder (TB) technology, which blends crumb tire rubber (CR) with asphalt under high interaction conditions, offers a promising waste tire recycling solution for pavement construction. By precisely controlling the degradation progress of CR, it is possible to prepare TB with specific property requirements. However, the degradation progress of CR and its impact on TB property during the TB preparation process remain ambiguous. This hinders the potential for efficient preparation of TB with specific property requirements. This study aims to understand the degradation progress of TB by analyzing binders, soluble fractions, and insoluble fractions obtained at various interaction durations. Microscopic analysis characterizes the chemical composition, morphology, and molecular weight distribution of insoluble and soluble fractions, while macroscopic analysis evaluates the solubility, viscosity, compatibility, and mechanical properties of binders. The results reveal that the degradation of CR during the preparation of TB consists of a desulfurization reaction, depolymerization reaction, and release behavior (carbon black and fillers). Depending on the degradation progress of CR, the interaction process can be classified into three stages: initial (desulfurization reaction dominant stage), middle (depolymerization reaction dominant stage), and last (release behavior dominant stage). The desulfurization reaction of CR is almost completed in the initial stage. The depolymerization reactions and release behavior occur throughout the process. The most pronounced depolymerization reactions occur in the initial stage for natural rubber and in the middle stage for synthetic rubber, while the most significant release behavior occurs in the last stage. Accordingly, in the initial stage, TB shows a rapid evolution in macro properties due to the significant development of degradation reactions, specifically, the notable improvement in viscosity, compatibility, and low-temperature properties, as well as the substantial deterioration in high-temperature properties. In the middle stage, the degradation reaction develops further but slower, with TB exhibits a further but slower evolution in macro properties. In the last stage, the degradation reaction is almost completed, and TB shows a gradual stabilization of macro properties. The findings are expected to achieve precise control of CR degradation progression, which offers the possibility of efficient preparation of TB with specific properties, thus advancing the application of CR in pavement engineering.

MODIFIED COMPOSITE CEMENTS IN THE SYSTEM СаО–Al2O3–SO3–H2O

Problem statement. One of the most important issues today is the reconstruction, reinforcement of buildings and structures, as well as the creation of new construction materials with the required physical and mechanical properties. The solution to this problem is possible through controlling and regulating the properties of the initial components of the concrete mixture, increasing the amount of surface components at the interface. To control the properties of construction materials, and thus to obtain the cement stone with the specified physical and mechanical properties is possible by means of using various mineral and surface-active additives in the composition of hardened cement stone. Development of sulfoaluminate compositions based on calcium sulfates, alumina cement and surface-active substances (surfactants) makes it possible to significantly expand the raw material base and the scope of application. The purpose of article – obtaining a composite binder with increased density, water resistance and improved technological factors. Conclusions. Alumina cement G-40, 50 and gypsum G-5-II in the ratio of 30−70 % (with hemihydrate gypsum being its main material) have been used in the research to achieve the set purpose. Their properties have been determined as well as the optimal ratio of components for obtaining a specific mineralogical composition with the maximum content of chemically bound water is carried out. Studies have shown that increased content of calcium sulfate has a positive effect on the amount of ettringite and that the optimal value is in the range of 30−40 % by weight of the composition. The exact ratio of components can be determined based on their mineralogical compositions and hydration process conditions. At the ratio of AC-40/G % – 70/30 % a considerable amount of calcium hydroaluminates remain; compressive and flexural strength is 14 and 10 MPa, respectively. When conducting research, the effect of plasticizers on the main technological and physical and mechanical properties of composite binders has been established: the Sika Viscocrete G additive has the greatest plasticizing effect. The composite binders presented above can be used for the manufacture of dangerous structures.

Use of Random Forest to Predict Intermediate Temperature SCB Jc Parameter of Long-Term Aged Asphalt Mixtures

With the growing use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), recycled asphalt shingles (RAS), and other innovative additives in asphalt mixtures, there are concerns about the accuracy of Superpave volumetric-based mixture design. Performance tests in mix design procedures are needed to ensure desirable pavement performance. The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) has adopted the semi-circular bend (SCB) critical strain energy release rate parameter, Jc, to evaluate the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. To address practical shortcomings, this study aims to develop a predictive model to estimate SCB Jc at intermediate temperature of long-term aged (LTA) asphalt specimens from volumetric properties of plant-produced asphalt mixtures, and rheological and chemical properties of unaged asphalt binder by using a machine-learning model, random forest. Asphalt mixture SCB test and asphalt binder rheological and chemical properties tests were conducted. Stepwise correlation analysis was used to determine the most influential variables to SCB Jc. Random forest model was optimized using grid search with hyperparameter combinations. Results show that the developed random forest model was able to predict the SCB Jc fracture parameter of asphalt mixtures and a good agreement was observed between predicted and measured SCB Jc values. Variable importance scores based on mean decrease in impurity (MDI) showed that the Δ Tc had the most influence on SCB Jc prediction accuracy, and other inputs such as coarse aggregate type, LTA days, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test carbonyl index, and linear amplitude sweep test ALas also had significant effects on SCB Jc.

Rheological analyses of binders modified with triple combinations of Crumb-Rubber, Sasobit and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene

The development of polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) has been a widely used technique by many researchers. Moreover, further modification of PMA binders has generated interest due to possible improvements in performance and cost. In this regard, Sasobit wax has been an alternative to reduce costs in Crumb-Rubber (CR) and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer (SBS) binders. However, there is little detail on the rheological behaviour of CR-SBS-Sasobit triple-modified samples for failure and damage resistance properties. Therefore, this study shows various properties of binders with triple modification of CR-SBS-Sasobit at different dosages. For this purpose, the development of single, double and triple modifications has been proposed to be tested by Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) for permanent deformation. In the case of radial cracking and thermal cracking, it is evaluated by linear amplitude sweep test (LAS) and binder creep energy test (BYET). The results indicate that a CR-SBS combination in single or double addition achieves good thermal stability and behaviour. However, a higher elasticity is achieved in the case of a triple modification with CR-SBS-Sasobit. Specifically, Sasobit achieves 67% and 28% reduction in the cumulative deformation of MSCR for a variation of 40–80 °C, respectively. Concerning fatigue life (Nf), it is shown that CR-SBS modifications do not always acquire higher Nf than single modifications. However, adding Sasobit in triple modifications increases these values, generating bitumen with higher strength. It is also shown that adding Sasobit is a viable modifier in yield, even increasing the yield energy (Er) for samples with equal CR-SBS and reducing the percentage of SBS in the sample.

Utilization of Rice Husk Ash and Waste Engine Oil as Sustainable Modifiers for Asphalt Binder

Improper disposal of significant quantities of waste materials, such as Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Waste Engine Oil (WEO), poses a significant environmental risk through water and air pollution. Moreover, the limited availability of disposal space adds to the concerns surrounding their safe management. However, an alternative approach involves incorporating these waste materials as additives in asphalt binder, offering not only improved binder properties but also a means to address environmental issues. This study focuses on the modification of the binder by introducing different proportions (2%, 4%, and 6%) of Rice Husk Ash with Waste Engine Oil (2% and 4%). Through a range of tests, including conventional tests, the Bitumen Bond Strength test, Rolling Bottle test, and multiple stress creep recovery test, the modified binder specimens were evaluated for adhesion, moisture susceptibility, and elastic recovery. The experimental findings highlight that a bitumen mixture consisting of 6% Rice Husk Ash and 2% Waste Engine Oil, relative to the binder's weight, demonstrates superior adhesion, moisture susceptibility, and elastic recovery compared to the original binder. This innovative approach offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for reusing Rice Husk Ash and Waste Engine Oil.

Robust clay binder for earth-based concrete

The use of excavated earth is a circular and carbon neutral solution gaining growing interest. However, its high variability in properties makes it difficult to master as raw materials for construction. The objective of this paper is to highlight the key parameters allowing overcoming the influence of the variability of soil composition on the earth-based concrete properties. We show that the solid volume fraction of clay paste is the key parameter allowing predicting the fresh state properties of the clay binder, whatever the constitutive clay type, whereas the clay activity and the dry density of the material control the compressive strength of the material. These promising results, validated on sludge, pave the way to optimized mix design strategies for robust earth concrete products.

Effect of chemical warm-mix additives on asphalt binder rheological and chemical properties in the context of aging

Warm-Mix Asphalt (WMA) has achieved gradually increasing popularity among researchers and agencies because of the environmental and economic benefits associated with lower production temperatures. An ongoing research study sponsored by the Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) is focusing on evaluating how different chemical WMA additives and the associated lower production temperatures impact asphalt binder and mixture properties and exploring potential relationships between asphalt rheology and chemistry in the context of chemical WMA and various aging conditions. This manuscript presents partial findings from this study that involved testing of two binder types (modified and unmodified binder) and four different WMA additives (chemical additives). Different aging conditions were simulated by changing the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) temperature, and by subjecting the binder to different cycles of Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) aging. Frequency and Temperature Sweep tests by a Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) and Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) tests were performed for rheological characterization, while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) test was conducted for chemical characterization. Analysis of the test results indicated that while all the WMA additives can improve the rheological and chemical properties of control binders at original and RTFO conditions, two additives cause inferior properties after 20 h, 40 h, and 60 h of PAV aging, indicating possible higher aging susceptibility and long-term performance concerns. Good correlations (R2 greater than 0.8) observed between binder rheological parameters and chemical indices indicate the existence of fundamental relationships between asphalt binder’s engineering properties and chemical make-up, which also supports the possibility of using FTIR as a quick screen or fingerprint tool for binder selection and comparison. Two new rheological parameters have been proposed for evaluation of the polymer-modified binder in this study. This was important to address the presence of multi-transition behavior in modified binders. These two parameters show consistent trends with increasing aging conditions.

Characterization of Sustainable Asphalt Binders Modified with Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene (SIS) and Processed Oil

The current study aims to evaluate the viscosity and rheological properties of PG 64-22 modified with Styrene–Isoprene–Styrene (SIS) and Processed Oil (PO) to enhance asphalt binder properties. Performance properties were measured at high, intermediate, and low temperatures. PG 64-22 was blended with SIS and Processed Oil at three levels (5%, 10%, and 15% by weight of binder) and two concentrations (6% and 12% by weight of binder), respectively. Modified binders underwent two short and long artificial aging processes, through the spinning of the thin film in an RTFO oven and a pressure aging vessel (PAV). The Superpave binder evaluations were carried out using a rotational viscometer (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR). According to the findings of the research, the addition of SIS caused higher values of viscosity, but when co-modified with processed oil, there was a substantial decrease in viscosity values. As a result, workability was improved. (1) It was observed that a greater reduction in viscosity was achieved when the processed oil was present at a higher concentration at 135 °C compared to a lower concentration. (2) The study showed that the incorporation of processed oil led to a reduction in rutting performance of the asphalt binder. However, the addition of SIS resulted in a notable enhancement of rutting resistance. (3) The role of processed oil as co-modifier at concentrations of 6% and 12% caused significant decreases in G*sin δ, based on the susceptibility of asphalt molecules to accept oil molecules in their network links. (4) The extracted measurements from the BBR tests indicated that modification with SIS and PO improved the low-temperature cracking resistance significantly. Comparison of asphalt binders modified with 6% and 12% PO and the same SIS content showed significant changes in modification with 12% PO rather than 6%.

Physical and chemical evaluation of adhesion recovery property of aged high-viscosity asphalt based on specialized composite rejuvenators

With the wide application of porous asphalt pavement, the techniques for recycling aged porous asphalt mixture have attracted more attention for facilitating its sustainable development. One of the most critical issues is how to recover the adhesion properties of aged high-viscosity asphalt (HVA). In this study, different specialized composite rejuvenators types on the adhesive properties of aged asphalt binder were designed and evaluated for the goal of adhesion recovery. A bond strength test was used to evaluate the macroscale adhesion properties between the regenerated asphalt and aggregate. Micro-scale chemical and physical tests were utilized to discover the regeneration mechanism of specialized composite rejuvenators on asphalt adhesion. The results showed that the proposed three kinds of composite rejuvenators can effectively restore and improve the adhesive properties of aged HVA. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) represented that recycled HVA with smaller Tg and total heat absorption showed better adhesion properties. The FT-IR and AFM test results showed that the adhesion of recycled HVA is highly correlated with the C–O functional group index and micro adhesion. In addition, the concave structure in the asphalt surface is more beneficial to improve the asphalt-aggregate interface bonding, and the scheme of adding 8% optimized rejuvenator based on graft co-polymerization had the best effect, which could be promoted for the future application in the recycling of HVA in porous asphalt pavement.

On the way to tempera grassa: Unraveling the properties of emulsion-based paint binders

Painting technique in Europe underwent a major change in the 15th century, when the use of egg yolk as a binder in tempera painting was gradually replaced by oil paint. This transitional period probably saw the occasional use of a mixed technique called tempera grassa, in which both types of binders, egg and oil, are mixed in the form of an emulsion. In order to better understand and document this historical painting practice, this article describes the physico-chemical aspects of emulsion-based binders, prepared with egg yolk and either raw linseed oil, or linseed oil partially saponified with lead oxide. Highly stable direct emulsions can be prepared with linseed oil (raw or lead-treated) and egg yolk. Remarkably, lead-treated oil also allows the formation of stable inverse emulsions. The rheological properties of direct emulsions are driven by the oil fraction: as this parameter increases from 0 to 70 wt% oil, the emulsion changes from a viscous liquid to a viscoelastic solid, which allows its flow to be easily tuned by the painter. The impact of egg yolk on the drying mechanism of the emulsion is elucidated thanks to the combined use of NMR relaxometry and FTIR spectroscopy.

A Study of the Rheological, Physicomechanical, and Thermomechanical Properties of Epoxy Binders with Various Curing Agents

A Study of the Rheological, Physicomechanical, and Thermomechanical Properties of Epoxy Binders with Various Curing Agents

Influence of rice husk ash on moisture susceptibility of warm mix asphalt using chemical based additive

Warm mix Asphalt (WMA) is produced at lower temperatures as compared to hot mix asphalt (HMA). It uses several techniques that influence the viscosity property of the bitumen binder, enhances the workability and is beneficial to produce mixes at lower mixing temperatures. In the present study, the chemical-based additive namely Zycotherm used to produce WMA. The effect of rice husk ash (RHA) which is an agricultural waste was varied from 0 to 100% for the replacements of the filler material. A huge amount of RHA is produced every year in the country and disposal is a big issue. Further, hydrated lime was added to check the ability for moisture resistance as an antistripping agent. The viscosity grade (VG 30) was used as the primary binding agent to the mix. The siliceous type of aggregate was used in the warm mix preparation. Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) of grade 2 was adopted as an aggregate gradation from the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH, 2013). The Marshall Stability (MS), Retained Marshall Stability (RMS), volumetric properties such as (air voids, voids in mineral aggregates and voids filled with bitumen), Marshall Quotient (MQ) and Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) test were used to check the strength performance. The durability was assessed by evaluating refusal density and the tensile strength ratio value as per AASHTO T 283. The results reported that the usage of RHA has shown significant improvement as compared to the control mix. The optimum content of RHA was found to be at 50% replacement of natural stone dust. Further increase in RHA content leads to a decrease in stability value. This might be due to the excess content of RHA absorbing more bitumen and insufficient bitumen has remained for coating the aggregate particles.

Investigation of Properties of Domestic Binders for Dust Suppression at Tailings Storage Facilities

Investigation of Properties of Domestic Binders for Dust Suppression at Tailings Storage Facilities