Binary Samples Research Articles

Hydration kinetics of clinoptilolite zeolite blended ternary cementitious materials with fly ash and metakaolin

The typical characteristics of hydration kinetics for the natural zeolite blended cementitious system may be impacted due to the varied sources and compositions of the zeolite particles. Previous research reported that the substitution of portland cement with natural clinoptilolite zeolite substantially minimized the tricalcium aluminate (C3A) peak heat of hydration apart from the regular matrix of the hydration kinetics, an indication of the potential interaction of zeolite particles in the blended system. Therefore, the present study investigated the suitable reasons for minimizing C3A peak heat of hydration in the blended system replacing the portland cement with clinoptilolite zeolite up to 20% by mass. Similarly, class C fly ash and metakaolin were utilized up to 20% by mass to observe the hydration kinetics of the zeolite blended ternary cementitious system. Additional 5% gypsum replaced the portland cement in the zeolite mixed system to verify the undersulfation. The heat of hydration was observed via isothermal conduction calorimetry. Phase identification of hydration products was done by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis at an early age of 3 days. Results revealed that the minimized C3A peak heat of hydration was not due to the undersulfation. Results also revealed that the zeolite blended ternary samples (i.e., cement-zeolite-class C fly ash, and cement-zeolite-metakaolin) obtained a relatively higher C3A peak heat flow and an increased duration for the monosulfate formation compared to the binary (i.e., cement-zeolite) samples. Likely, zeolite particles had a relatively slow chemical dissolution compared to the class C fly ash and metakaolin particles which supplied comparatively reduced amounts of alumina in the system in the early ages. The XRD results indicate the potential formation of a new hydration product (calcium-aluminum–silicate-hydrate), which likely consumed a reasonable amount of aluminate leading to a minimized C3A peak heat of hydration in the clinoptilolite zeolite blended system.

Revising Properties of Planet–Host Binary Systems. III. There Is No Observed Radius Gap for Kepler Planets in Binary Star Systems* * Based on observations obtained with the Hobby–Eberly Telescope, which is a joint project of the University of Texas at Austin, the Pennsylvania State University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and Georg-August-Universität Göttingen.

Binary stars are ubiquitous; the majority of solar-type stars exist in binaries. Exoplanet occurrence rate is suppressed in binaries, but some multiples do still host planets. Binaries cause observational biases in planet parameters, with undetected multiplicity causing transiting planets to appear smaller than they truly are. We have analyzed the properties of a sample of 119 planet-host binary stars from the Kepler mission to study the underlying population of planets in binaries that fall in and around the radius valley, which is a demographic feature in period–radius space that marks the transition from predominantly rocky to predominantly gaseous planets. We found no statistically significant evidence for a radius gap for our sample of 122 planets in binaries when assuming that the primary stars are the planet hosts, with a low probability (p < 0.05) of the binary planet sample radius distribution being consistent with the single-star population of small planets via an Anderson–Darling test. These results reveal demographic differences in the planet size distribution between planets in binary and single stars for the first time, showing that stellar multiplicity may fundamentally alter the planet formation process. A larger sample and further assessment of circumprimary versus circumsecondary transits is needed to either validate this nondetection or explore other scenarios, such as a radius gap with a location that is dependent on binary separation.

The Variability and Radial Velocity of Planetary Nebula Central Stars

The extremely accurate estimates of stellar variability and radial velocity in the Gaia Data Release 3 (Gaia DR3) have enabled us to examine the close binarity and radial velocity (RV) of central stars (CSs) of planetary nebulae (PNe). This study is twofold: (1) searching for new close binary CS candidates to better understand how binarity affects the formation and evolution of PNe; and (2) extending the sample size of known RVs of PNe in order to understand their kinematics and the dynamics of the Milky Way. As a target sample, we used all true, possible, and likely PNe available in the literature. Then, we looked for their matched Gaia DR3 sources that provide measurements of variability and RV. As a result, we detected the first large collection of trustworthy photometric variability of 26 symbiotic stars and 82 CSs. In this CS group, there are 24 sources already classified as true close binary CSs in the literature. Hence, we discovered 58 new close binary CS candidates. This close binary (CB) sample represents more than half of what is currently available in the literature. In addition, we identified the radial velocities for 51 PNe. To our knowledge, 24 of these were measured for the first time. The RV measurements predicted by Gaia, based on the Doppler shift of the CS absorption lines, and those derived from nebular emission lines, show satisfactory agreement except for a few extremely high-velocity PNe.

Reinforcing Data Integrity in Renewable Hybrid AC-DC Microgrids from Social-Economic Perspectives

The microgrid (MG) is a complicated cyber-physical system that operates based on interactions between physical processes and computational components, which make it vulnerable to varied cyber-attacks. In this article, the impact of data integrity attack (DIA) has been considered, as one of the most dangerous cyber threats to MGs, on the steady-state operation of hybrid microgrids (HMGs). Additionally, a novel method based on the sequential hypothesis testing approach is proposed to detect DIA on the renewable energy sources’ metering infrastructure and improve the data security within the HMGs. The proposed method generates a binary sample, which is used to compute a test statistic that is further used against two thresholds to decide among three alternatives. The performance of the suggested method is examined using an IEEE standard test system. The results illustrated the acceptable performance of the proposed methodology in detection of DIAs. In addition, to evaluate the effect of DIA on the operation of the HMGs, DIAs with different severities are launched on the measured power generation of renewable energy resources like wind turbines. The results showed that a successful DIA on renewable units can severely affect the operation of electric grids and cause serious damage.

Breastfeeding status and determinants of current breastfeeding of Syrian refugee children in Turkey

BackgroundTurkey hosts the highest number of refugees in the World including 65% of Syrian refugees who reside in Turkey. Mothers and children were the most negatively affected among the Syrian refugees who had to migrate from their countries as a result of the civil war in Syria. One of the most important issues in terms of child health is breastfeeding. Breastfeeding in migrants should be promoted worldwide to mitigate infant mortality and diseases. The aim of this study is to examine the association between breastfeeding status in Syrian refugee children under two years and socio-demographic characteristics of Syrian refugee mothers with further analysis of Turkey Demographic and Health Survey-Syrian Migrant-2018 (TDHS-SM-2018) data. MethodsThe data source is the TDHS-SM-2018. Data for the last-born children with a gestational duration greater than 32 weeks from the mothers’ singleton pregnancy, aged less than two years old and living with the mother were included (unweighted n = 744). The dependent variable was the breastfeeding status (breastfeeding in the last 24 h during the study period) in children under two years. Complex sample logistic regression evaluated the associations.ResultsThe percentage of breastfeeding in children under the age of two years was found to be 62.4%, and the total median breastfeeding duration was 14.6 months. Univariate analysis showed that the earlier mothers immigrated to Turkey, the higher the current breastfeeding rate. Breastfeeding rates were found to be higher among people living in the South and East regions (65.2% and 65.1% respectively). Multivariable binary complex sample logistic regression revealed that breastfeeding status at the study period was associated with long preceding birth interval; delivery in a public hospital; absence of prelacteal feeding; being non-pregnant; and the region and age of the child. No relationship for current breastfeeding was found with maternal activities, maternal life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and educational status.ConclusionCurrent breastfeeding in our sample was more likely among mothers with a longer birth interval who avoided prelacteal feeding. The Baby-Friendly approach and family planning services should be integrated into refugee health centers.

A Systematic Search for Short-period Close White Dwarf Binary Candidates Based on Gaia EDR3 Catalog and Zwicky Transient Facility Data

Galactic short-period close white dwarf binaries (CWDBs) are important objects for space-borne gravitational-wave (GW) detectors in the millihertz frequency bands. Due to the intrinsically low luminosity, only about 25 identified CWDBs are detectable by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), which are also known as verification binaries (VBs). The Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) provids a catalog containing a large number of CWDB candidates, which also includes parallax and photometry measurements. We crossmatch the Gaia EDR3 and Zwicky Transient Facility public data release 8, and apply period-finding algorithms to obtain a sample of periodic variables. The phase-folded light curves are inspected, and finally we obtain a binary sample containing 429 CWDB candidates. We further classify the samples into eclipsing binaries (including 58 HW Vir-type binaries, 65 EA-type binaries, 56 EB-type binaries, and 41 EW-type binaries) and ellipsoidal variations (209 ELL-type binaries). We discovered four ultrashort period binary candidates with unique light-curve shapes. We estimate the GW amplitude of all of our binary candidates, and calculate the corresponding signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) for TianQin and LISA. We find two (six) potential GW candidates with S/Ns greater than 5 in the nominal mission time of TianQin (LISA), which increases the total number of candidate VBs for TianQin (LISA) to 18 (31).

Synergistic effect of binary metal doping and nanotechnology to boost the light-harvesting properties of rare earth metal oxide

Material scientists are currently focusing on employing photocatalytic materials to detoxify household and industrial waste to tackle rising water pollution problems. Narrow-bandgap materials are more valuable than other photocatalysts due to their visible light-harvesting characteristics. In this research, binary metal-doped cerium oxide (3 mol % Cd, 5 mol % Zn–CeO2 = CZC-1 and 5 mol % Cd, 3 mol % Zn–CeO2 = CZC-2) photocatalysts were successfully prepared through the facile and affordable co-precipitation method. The crystal structure, chemical functionality, morphology, composition, and optical behavior of the as-prepared binary metal-doped cerium oxide samples were explored via advanced physiochemical techniques. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed that the CZC-2 photocatalyst possessed a relatively lower bandgap (2.15 eV) than the counterpart (CZC-1); hence it could be used as a visible-light triggered catalyst. The binary metal-doped photocatalyst's dye and microbe degradation efficacies were compared using methylene blue and P. Vulgaris, respectively. The CZC-2 photocatalyst showed superior dye degradation activity and mineralized almost 97% dye after 60 min irradiation time. Even after five reuse cycles, the recyclability tests showed that the catalytic efficiency of CZC-2 NPs only dropped by 4.5%. The CZC-2 photocatalyst's high photocatalytic activity and long-term stability show that the CZC-2 nanoarchitecture can be used in practical ways to clean up the environment.

The Effects of the Particle Size Ratio on the Behaviors of Binary Granular Materials

The particle size ratio (PSR) is an important parameter for binary granular materials, which may affect the microstructure and macro behaviors of granular materials. However, the effect of particle ratio on granular assemblies with different arrangements is still unclear. To explore and further clarify the effect of PSR in different packing structures, three types of numerical samples with regular, layered, and random packing are designed. Numerical results show that PSR has significant effects on binary granular samples with regular packing. The larger the PSR, the stronger the strength, the larger the modulus, and the smaller the angle between the shear band and the load direction. And a theoretical solution of the peak stress ratio vs. PSR is obtained for regular packing, and the results by DEM are in good agreement with the theoretical solution. Under layered packing, PSR has little effect on peak stress ratio due to similar microstructure obtained with the changing of PSR. The modulus slightly increased with the increase of PSR. Under random packing with small grain content of 50%, PSR has little effect in the range of 0.5–0.9, but in a larger range, larger PSR leads to greater modulus.

Digital twin application for attach detection and mitigation of PV-based smart systems using fast and accurate hybrid machine learning algorithm

Microgrids (MG) is originally designed to make Smart Grids more energy-efficient and reliable. The MG represents a complex cyber-physical system whose functioning is driven by the interaction of physical actions and computational elements, making it vulnerable to many forms of malicious cyber-attack. This study considers the effect of data integrity attack (DIA) on the performance of hybrid MGs, an important cyber threat to microgrids (MGs). Further, this paper develops a new process using sequential hypothesis testing (SHT) for detecting DIA on renewable energy resources and improving the security of information in hybrid MGs. By using a binary sample generated from the suggested approach, an analysis statistic is computed and afterward compared to 2 thresholds for deciding between the 3 options. On the measured energy production of renewable energy sources such as wind turbines, DIAs of various severity levels have been conducted for assessing the impact of DIAs on hybrid MG security. A standard IEEE test system has been used to evaluate the efficiency of the suggested process.

Fullerene-Liquid-Crystal-Induced Micrometer-Scale Charge-Carrier Diffusion in Organic Bulk Heterojunction.

The short charge-carrier diffusion length (LD ) (100-300nm) in organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) impedes the further improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs), especially for thick-film (>400nm) devices matching with industrial solution processing. Here a facile method is developed to efficiently increase LD and then improve PCEs of OSCs via introducing a fullerene liquid crystal, F1, into the active layer. F1 combines the inherent high electron mobility of fullerene and strong self-assembly capacity of liquid crystal, providing a fast channel for charge-carrier transportand reducing energetic disorder and trap density in BHJ film via enhancing crystallization. Typically, in PM6:Y6:F1 BHJ, the enhanced charge-carrier mobility (>10-2 cm-2 V-1 s-1 ) and prolonged charge-carrier lifetime (55.3 µs) are acquired to realize the record LD of 1.6 or 2.4µm for electron or hole, respectively, which are much higher than those of the PM6:Y6 binary sample and comparable to or even better than those values reported for some inorganic/hybrid materials, such as CuInx Ga(1- x ) Se2 (CIGS) and perovskite thin films. Benefitting from the micrometer-scale LD , the PM6:Y6:F1 ternary OSCs sustain a remarkable PCE of 15.23% with the active layer thickness approaching 500nm.

Integration of Non-targeted Proteomics Mass Spectrometry with Machine Learning for Screening Cooked Beef Adulterated Samples

The degradation of ingredients in heat-processed meat products makes their authentication challenging. In this study, protein profiles of raw beef, chicken, duck, pork, and binary simulated adulterated beef samples (chicken-beef, duck-beef, and pork-beef) and their heat-processed samples were obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Heat-stable characteristic proteins were found by screening the overlapping characteristic protein ion peaks of the raw and corresponding heat-processed samples, which were discovered by partial least-squares discriminant analysis. Based on the 36 heat-stable characteristic proteins, qualitative classification for the raw and heat-processed meats was achieved by extreme gradient boosting. Moreover, quantitative analysis via partial least squares regression was applied to determine the adulteration ratio of the simulated adulterated beef samples. The validity of the approach was confirmed by a blind test with the mean accuracy of 97.4%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification of this method were determined to be 5 and 8%, respectively, showing its practical aspect for the beef authentication.

Broadening Color Shade Range of Rubia tinctorum L. Natural Colorants on Wool Fibers via Combination of Metal Mordants: Color Characteristics and Fastness Studies

ABSTRACT This study aims to extend color shade range of Rubia tinctorum L. (Dyer’s madder) natural dye on wool textiles via binary combination of Al, Sn, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn mordants. Wool yarns were premordanted, dyed with 75.0%owf madder dye, and characterized for their color strength, colorimetric parameters, and color fastness. Nature of single and binary metal cations substantially affected color shades, color strength, and fastness properties due to different interactions of dye, metal mordants, and wool polymer chains. This resulted in the development of novel color shades having different lightness, enhanced color strength, and color fastness properties. Combination of mordants had a synergistic effect on dye uptake which enhanced color strength values. Moreover, with the aid of binary metal mordants, colors of some legally restricted mordants like chromium can be reproduced which is important from ecological viewpoint. Binary mordanted samples exhibited superior color fastness. Results represent that this viable method can extend the color gamut of madder natural dye on wool with satisfactory color fastness and lessen the hazards associated with the use of some toxic metal mordants.

Facile synthesize of PANI/GO/CuFe2O4 nanocomposite material with synergistic effect for superb performance supercapacitor

Storage of energy and the pollution of the environment are two of the world's primary challenges currently. As a consequence of the diminishing supply of fossil fuels, renewable energy production has become of great significance. As a result of the high energy/power density and extended life cycle of hybrid supercapacitors, these have recently attracted the attention of energy experts. As new hybrid supercapacitor electrodes, a straightforward two-step technique was developed and constructed a ternary PANI/GO/CuFe2O4 nanocomposite. The copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles were disseminated on graphene oxide (GO) sheets, utilizing a hydrothermal approach, followed by an in situ polymerization procedure for a coating with polyaniline (PANI). Various electrochemical techniques were utilized to evaluate the instances' electrochemical characteristics, and the ternary system's linked topology enabled an array of electrochemical characterizations.In comparison to studies of single and binary samples, the ternary PANI/GO/CuFe2O4 electrode had the highest specific capacitance (SC) of 614.76 F/g at 1 A/g and the best cycle stability (remaining at 88% after 3,500 cycles) while exhibiting the lowest resistance in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A constructed asymmetric supercapacitor that utilized hybrid PANI/GO/CuFe2O4//GO electrodes indicated an SC of 124 F/g at 1 A/g. The asymmetric supercapacitor provided 49.72 Wh/kg and 923 W/kg energy density and specific power, respectively. These findings indicate that the ternary PANI/GO/CuFe2O4 composite material has the capability to be employed as unique electrode material in supercapacitor applications to produce high-efficiency and reliable energy storage devices.

Structural, dielectric and electrical properties of Se96−xSn4Sbx(x = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) glassy alloys

Structural, dielectric and electrical properties of the Se96−xSn4Sbx (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8) glassy alloys, which were prepared by conventional melt quench technique were investigated. The binary sample (x = 0) is polycrystalline, consisting of nanorods stuck with nanoparticles, while the ternary samples (x = 2, 4, 6, and 8) are amorphous. Measured properties, such as the dielectric constant, loss, and conductivity, are found to be functions of temperature and frequency. Dielectric constant and loss are maximum for x = 0 composition and decreased significantly on the inclusion of Sb (ternary compositions). DC and AC conductivities are thermally activated processes for all compositions. With the addition of Sb in place of Se in the studied system, both conductivities have been reduced by several orders of magnitude, accompanied by a change in the conduction mechanism from the CBH model with NVAP to the CBH with IVPA.

Theoretical and experimental study of the drying process of mulberry fruits by infrared radiation

In this study, drying time, drying rate and applicability of some existing drying models of mulberry fruits white mulberry (M.Alba) and black mulberry (M.Nigra) dried at different temperatures and infrared power were investigated. A laboratory-type infrared dryer was used in the study, and mulberry fruit samples were dried at 70 and 75 °C and at 180 and 210 W. Page, Modified Page, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, Binary and Binary Exponential samples were used to determine the drying kinetics. When the characteristics of these models were evaluated on the basis of statistical parameters and the Page model proved to be the best model to describe the whole behaviour of mulberry fruits during infrared drying.

A Z-scheme CdS/Ag3PO4 catalyst: Characterization, experimental design and mechanism consideration for methylene blue

Due to the explosive use of Azo dyes in various industries such as textiles, discharging these industrial effluents into the environment critically polluted water supplies. Accordingly, constructing/developing novel binary catalysts to diminish the pollution extent of such effluents before discharging into environment is an excellent issue in environmental chemistry. Here, a binary CdS/ Ag3PO4 was constructed, and its boosted photocatalytic activity was proven against methylene blue (MB), as a model dye pollutant. The Wurtzite CdS and Ag3PO4 cubic crystal nanoparticles were synthesized and coupled mechanically. The binary sample's lowest photoluminescence (PL) results confirm a higher e/h separation. DRS results confirmed a decreased energy gap for the coupled system. The semiconductors’ VB and CV potentials were calculated and used for constructing of Z-scheme mechanism. The photocatalytic activity was followed via an experimental design approach. The model F-value of 89.75 > F0.05,14,13 = 2.42 and LOF F-value of 6.57 < F0.05,10, 3 = 8.79 reveal that the model well processed data. The optimal run conditions were CMB: 5 ppm, Catalyst dose: 1 g/L, pH: 3.25, and irradiation time: 139 min, at which 85% of MB molecules were degraded. Based on the trend of ascorbic acid > isopropanol > formic acid ≈ nitrate obtained for the scavengers' importance in decreasing the photocatalyst activity, superoxide radicals had the highest effect in MB degradation and then •OH. The results showed the direct Z-scheme has the main effect on MB degradation by the binary sample.

Multiple adulterants detection in turmeric powder using Vis-SWNIR hyperspectral imaging followed by multivariate curve resolution and classification techniques

In the present contribution, visible and short wavelengths of near infrared hyperspectral imaging (Vis-SWNIR-HSI) combined with different chemometric techniques is proposed as a novel technique for turmeric authentication and multiple adulterants (corn flour, rice flour, starch, wheat flour, and zedoary) detection. In this regard, twenty-three samples of turmeric were collected as whole rhizomes or powdered from seven countries and then their VIS-SWNIR hyperspectral images were obtained in 400–1000 nm using SPECIM IQ HSI device. Two multivariate resolution techniques of multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) and mean-field independent component analysis (MF-ICA) were used to extract pure spatial and spectral profiles of the components, and their results were compared by projecting their solutions in the area of feasible solutions (AFSs). Then, the distribution maps of turmeric component obtained using MCR-ALS and MF-ICA were used for authentication. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to find the pattern of authentic samples using their distribution maps. Additionally, data-driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA) was employed to find boundary between authentic and adulterated turmeric samples. On this matter, good class modelling results with sensitivity of 95 % and specificity of 100 % were obtained. Finally, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was utilized for discrimination of the of adulternats and their in binary and multi-class classification modes. On this matter, PLS-DA accuracies were acceptable for binary and mixed samples which confirmed the validity of the proposed method.

Correlation between J enhancement and phase homogeneity in Sn-Ge co-doped Nb3Al superconducting wires

In response to the growing demand for critical current density (Jc) in superconducting wires, Sn-Ge co-doped Nb3Al wires were fabricated by the rapid-heating, quenching and transformation (RHQT) method. Physical Property Measurement System-Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (PPMS-VSM) was used to perform magnetic measurements at low-temperature and external field to estimate Jc and superconducting transition temperature (Tc). Backscattered electron (BSE) image acquisition and EDS analysis of the polished surface by FESEM were used to determine phase homogeneity and elemental distribution. A significant positive correlation was found between Jc (up to 7 T at 8 K) and ΔTc. Compared with binary sample, doubled Jc was obtained in the low-dose Sn-Ge co-doped Nb3Al wire, reaching 3.01 × 103 A/mm2, 1.46 × 103 A/mm2 and 0.39 × 103 A/mm2 at 5 T and 8 K, 10 K and 12 K, respectively. The increase in Jc can be attributed to the enhancement of the homogeneity of the superconducting phase, especially the distribution of Al element therein.

A Bayesian Sample Size Estimation Procedure Based on a B-Splines Semiparametric Elicitation Method.

Sample size estimation is a fundamental element of a clinical trial, and a binomial experiment is the most common situation faced in clinical trial design. A Bayesian method to determine sample size is an alternative solution to a frequentist design, especially for studies conducted on small sample sizes. The Bayesian approach uses the available knowledge, which is translated into a prior distribution, instead of a point estimate, to perform the final inference. This procedure takes the uncertainty in data prediction entirely into account. When objective data, historical information, and literature data are not available, it may be indispensable to use expert opinion to derive the prior distribution by performing an elicitation process. Expert elicitation is the process of translating expert opinion into a prior probability distribution. We investigated the estimation of a binomial sample size providing a generalized version of the average length, coverage criteria, and worst outcome criterion. The original method was proposed by Joseph and is defined in a parametric framework based on a Beta-Binomial model. We propose a more flexible approach for binary data sample size estimation in this theoretical setting by considering parametric approaches (Beta priors) and semiparametric priors based on B-splines.

A quantitative evaluation method for granular skeleton state of binary soils at arbitrary relative density

The granular skeleton state relates closely to the mechanical behavior of granular soils but its characterization remains an open challenge. This study aims to develop a novel method to quantify the skeleton state of binary granular soils with arbitrary relative density Dr. Inspired by a linear correlation between the maximum and minimum void ratios, the dual-skeleton packing model was extended to incorporate the effect of Dr. A standard procedure of determining the dual-skeleton index ψ at arbitrary Dr was proposed. Furthermore, a series of numerical binary soil samples with 27 PSDs were simulated in multiple Dr via discrete element method (DEM). The results indicated that the granular skeleton state experienced a typical three-phase evolution pattern of “coarse-dominated → transitional → fine-dominated” with increasing fc. Through the calculated ψ value, critical fc values of phase transition in skeleton state evolution for samples with multiple Dr and the ratio of maximum to minimum particle diameter Rd were unveiled. The micro-mechanical behaviors were observed to be strongly related to the variation of ψ value. Furthermore, a quantitative correlation between ψ and the stress contribution of fine particles was revealed. The simulation results demonstrated the dual-skeleton index ψ can serve as an indicator to characterize the micromechanical behavior of granular media.