Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulation Research Articles

Performance Analysis of BPSK Modulation: A Theoretical Approach

Abstract: Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) represents a fundamental modulation technique extensively utilized within digital communication systems. The present study presents an analytical examination of BPSK modulation, with a specific focus on its theoretical aspects, MATLAB implementation, and performance analysis. The article commences by providing an introduction to modulation techniques and a concise overview of BPSK, emphasizing its significance and applications. Theoretical foundations encompassing the mathematical representation, key parameters, and characteristics of BPSK are thoroughly deliberated upon. Performance metrics, namely the bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), are scrutinized, incorporating theoretical derivations and analysis. Following this, the implementation of BPSK modulation and demodulation in MATLAB is expounded, supplemented by coding algorithms and code snippets. Empirical results acquired from the MATLAB implementation are presented and scrutinized, alongside a comparison to the theoretical analysis. The article concludes by summarizing the principal findings and contributions, accentuating the advantages and limitations associated with BPSK modulation, and suggesting potential avenues for future research within this domain. By concentrating on the theoretical aspects and providing comprehensive derivations and mathematical analysis, this research enhances our understanding and exploration of BPSK modulation, thereby circumventing the reliance on simulation-based methodologies

Analysis of Rateless Multiple Access Scheme With Maximum Likelihood Decoding in an AWGN Channel

The rateless multiple access (RMA) scheme is a promising distributed multiple access scheme to achieve simultaneous high reliability, low latency and massive connectivity. In this paper, we investigate the maximum likelihood (ML) decoding performance of the RMA scheme in an Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation. For the first time, this paper derives the ensemble weight distribution of the RMA scheme. We derive an upper bound on the decoding error performance of the RMA scheme under ML decoding in an AWGN channel with BPSK modulation. Using the derived bound as the fitness function, we adopt the continuous genetic algorithm to optimize the parameters of the RMA scheme. Simulation results show the tightness of the derived bound and the superiority of the optimized degree distribution over the conventional degree distributions.

BER Analysis of BPSK Modulation Scheme for Multiple Combining Schemes over Flat Fading Channel


 Focus of the study was to provide error-free communication in mobile communication with higher data rates, spectral efficiency, and energy efficient. Basically, work was done to investigate the performance of the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation technique for multiple combining schemes and the behavior of signal in wireless communication where multipath propagation and uncertainty in the system. We use the Multiple-input Multiple-output (MIMO) and antenna diversity to get many copies of the same signal; some of them were faded, but some had sufficient information. Then the next step was to combine or select the best signal to achieve the optimum results from them. Moreover, the Bit Error Rate (BER) of multiple combining schemes for 2*1 and 2*2 were found and the results of each combining scheme were compared. Later on, the comparison of these combining schemes was collectively represented; it is very important because getting the required data from the received copies of the same signal is not easy.

All-optical matching structure for multi-order modulation formats

With the development and popularity of the Internet, network security has become a popular topic. The traditional solution for screening the security of network information is to convert the signal transmitted in the optical fiber into an electrical signal through an optical conversion. Then we perform symbol matching within the electronic firewall to determine whether the signal is a risk. However, due to the limitation of carrier recovery time in the semiconductor, the photoelectric converter cannot handle signals with too high rate, and it also causes a large power consumption. To improve the efficiency and scalability of signal matching, we propose an all-optical matching structure. This structure can identify the position of the target sequence in the input data sequence in the all-optical environment, and the structure is suitable for any amplitude and phase modulation format. The matching result of each bit of the target sequence and input data sequence is obtained by phase delay and interference. Then the matching result of each bit of the target sequence and input data sequence is integrated by logic AND gate, regenerator, and delay line. Finally, the matching result between the whole target sequence and the input data sequence is obtained. This structure can avoid photoelectric transformation and processes the signal directly at the optical domain, which greatly reduces the consumption of time and energy. We use VPItransmissionMaker software to simulate and verify the structure. The length of the input signal during the simulation is 8 bits, the length of the target signal is 4 bits, and the transmission rate of the signal is 100 GBaud. We simulated the binary phase shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 8-phase shift keying (8PSK), and 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) modulation formats and analyzed the noise performance of the system. The results show that the structure can achieve all-optical matching of high-speed optical signals in BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, and 16QAM modulation formats and has good anti-noise performance.

Solving Ambiguity in Target Detection for BPSK-Based MIMO FMCW Radar System

In a binary phase shift keying (BPSK)-based multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system, real and ghost targets are detected simultaneously, causing ambiguity in target detection. In this paper, we define the targets that are inevitably generated by the BPSK modulation as ghost targets and propose a method for suppressing them. The proposed ghost target suppression method consists of two main steps. First, at the receiving end, a received signal is demodulated using a specific code orthogonal to binary codes used to modulate transmitted signals. With the orthogonality between the codes, only ghost targets remain in the demodulated received signal. Then, by subtracting the demodulated signal including the ghost targets from the initially received signal, only the information of the actual targets can be restored. We verify the performance of the proposed method through simulations and actual signal measurements. In addition, the target estimation performance of the proposed method is compared with that of the time-division multiplexing MIMO FMCW radar system.

Accurate Phase Detection for ZigBee Using Artificial Neural Network

The IEEE802.15.4 standard has been widely used in modern industry due to its several benefits for stability, scalability, and enhancement of wireless mesh networking. This standard uses a physical layer of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation and can be operated with two frequency bands, 868 and 915 MHz. The frequency noise could interfere with the BPSK signal, which causes distortion to the signal before its arrival at receiver. Therefore, filtering the BPSK signal from noise is essential to ensure carrying the signal from the sender to the receiver with less error. Therefore, removing signal noise in the BPSK signal is necessary to mitigate its negative sequences and increase its capability in industrial wireless sensor networks. Moreover, researchers have reported a positive impact of utilizing the Kalmen filter in detecting the modulated signal at the receiver side in different communication systems, including ZigBee. Meanwhile, artificial neural network (ANN) and machine learning (ML) models outperformed results for predicting signals for detection and classification purposes. This paper develops a neural network predictive detection method to enhance the performance of BPSK modulation. First, a simulation-based model is used to generate the modulated signal of BPSK in the IEEE802.15.4 wireless personal area network (WPAN) standard. Then, Gaussian noise was injected into the BPSK simulation model. To reduce the noise of BPSK phase signals, a recurrent neural networks (RNN) model is implemented and integrated at the receiver side to estimate the BPSK’s phase signal. We evaluated our predictive-detection RNN model using mean square error (MSE), correlation coefficient, recall, and F1-score metrics. The result shows that our predictive-detection method is superior to the existing model due to the low MSE and correlation coefficient (R-value) metric for different signal-to-noise (SNR) values. In addition, our RNN-based model scored 98.71% and 96.34% based on recall and F1-score, respectively.

Design of an efficient binary phase-shift keying based IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver architecture and its performance analysis

<span lang="EN-US">The IEEE 802.15.4 <a name="_Hlk109306810"></a>physical layer (PHY) standard is one of the communication standards with wireless features by providing low-power and low-data rates in wireless personal area network (WPAN) applications. In this paper, an efficient IEEE 802.15.4 digital transceiver hardware architecture is designed using the binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) technique. The transceiver mainly has transmitter and receiver modules along with the error calculation unit. The BPSK modulation and demodulation are designed using a digital frequency synthesizer (DFS). The DFS is used to generate the in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) signals and also provides better system performance than the conventional voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and look up table (LUT) based memory methods. The differential encoding-decoding mechanism is incorporated to recover the bits effectively and to reduce the hardware complexity. The simulation results are illustrated and used to find the error bits. The design utilizes less chip area, works at 268.2 MHz, and consumes 108 mW of total power. The IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver provides a latency of 3.5 clock cycles and works with a throughput of 76.62 Mbps. The bit error rate (BER) of 2×10-5 is achieved by the proposed digital transceiver and is suitable for real-time applications. The work is compared with existing similar approaches with better improvement in performance parameters.</span>

Run length limited CCSDS convolutional codes for optical communications

Abstract This paper presents the construction of RLL-ECCs (run length limited error control codes) from three selected ECCs specified by Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) for optical communications. The RLL-ECCs obtained present a practical alternative to CCSDS codes with pseudo-randomizers. Their advantage is that the maximal run lengths of equal symbols in their codeword sequences are guaranteed, which is not the case if the common approach with pseudo-randomizers is used. The other advantages are that no additional redundancy is introduced into encoded codewords and that the encoding and decoding procedures of the original error control CCSDS codes do not have to be modified in the following cases: Firstly, if hard decoding is used and the transmission channel can be modeled as a BSC (binary symmetric channel) and secondly, if soft decoding and coherent BPSK (binary phase shift keying) modulation is used and the appropriate transmission channel model is an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel.

High Resolution Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar Incorporating Phase-Shift Keying

A coherent Doppler wind lidar (CDWL) with spatial/temporal resolution of meter and sub-second scale is reported. Phase-shift keying (PSK) is introduced into the pulse pair to enhance the measurement efficiency, and the pulse shaping and perfect binary PSK modulation are both realized by a single Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). The identical intensity envelope of the paired pulses reduces the influence of amplifier's gain profile and provides a monitoring parameter for bias control, which improves the system stability in practice. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are conducted to illustrate the principle of the proposed method. In experiments, the bias drift of the MZM is monitored in real time. Continuous radial wind profile measurement over 800 m is demonstrated with spatial and temporal resolution of 3 m and 0.1 s, respectively.

QPSK to BPSK modulation format conversion byphase-sensitive parametric amplification inmulti-slot waveguides.

The optical modulation conversion of a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) signal to two binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) signals is theoretically realized in a phase-sensitive amplification (PSA) conversion system. We propose a multi-slot silicon-carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane hybrid waveguide to achieve high nonlinearity of 108 W -1 m -1 for improving PSA performance. Constellation diagrams, error vector magnitude, and bit error rate (BER) are used to investigate and measure the performance of the output. The results show that the converted BPSK signal has more than a 10dB higher signal-to-noise ratio than the QPSK signal with a BER threshold of 10-3. Furthermore, the system has great potential for hierarchical modulation of advanced format signals and long-distance transmission.

Simulation Analysis of 4G/5G OFDM Systems by Optimal Wavelets with BPSK Modulator

LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is one of the appropriate technologies to sever the requirement of the IoT (Internet of Things) together with mobile UE (User Equipment), because of priority services, high data rate, low latency, etc. LTE has received OFDM for the transmission because it meets the necessity of LTE-like range flexibility and empowers the cost gainful responses for the wide carriers. LTE offers big-data values, allows spectrum reframing, reduces cost, etc. We proposed a 4G/5G adopted OFDM based on the multi-equalizer and BPSK (Binary-Phase Shift Keying). The BER (Bit Error Rate) of the system is reduced through the optimal wavelet coefficient at the transmitter side. This optimal wavelet coefficient is obtained by applying a DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform) to the input signal through a BFF (Binary Firefly) algorithm. The serial to parallel process is carried out through the BPSK modulation. At last, the multi-equalizer like MMSE (Minimized Mean Square Error) and MLE (Maximum Likelihood) is applied to the OFDM model to reduce the BER. The system is analyzed using the parameter like SER (Symbol Error Rate), spectral efficiency, MSE (Mean Square Error), and BER. The proposed methodology provides a better outcome than the other existing approaches.

Photonic-aid dual-formats LFM signals generator for joint radar-communication system

(Objective) A photonic-aid approach to generate dual-formats linearly frequency modulation (LFM) signals for a joint radar-communication (JRC) system is proposed and verified by simulation. (Methods)In this scheme, a polarization division integrated modulator is employed to perform double sideband modulation to a driving RF signal with both sub-MZMs biased at the maximum transmission point. A driving LFM signal is applied to a followed Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) to achieve frequency multiplication. Then, the generated optical signal is fed to a polarization modulator (PolM) to perform data modulation. By changing the passband of the optical filter (OF) and polarization rotation of the polarization controller (PC), frequency quadrupled chirp polarity modulated or binary phase shift keying (BPSK) LFM signals of each format can be obtained. (Results) A simulation is carried out, and dual-formats LFM waveforms with chirp ranges of 16–24 GHz, 20–26 GHz, and 32–36 GHz are generated. Applications on both radar and communication are demonstrated, and the range resolution of the generated signal is improved by 3 times. By using chirp polarity modulation, triangular wave frequency modulation (FM) signal is produced to achieve moving target detection. The efficiency of anti-jamming communication is also verified. For BPSK-LFM waveforms, optical de-chirping operation and coherent demodulation are successfully performed. The trade-off between radar and communication performance is also studied. A BPSK-LFM signal with its communication rate improved by over 28 times while SSR of optical de-chirping only descended by 6.52 dB is obtained via intra-pulse coding, a minor phase difference of BPSK modulation and DSSS technology.

Multifunctional Signal Design for Measurement, Navigation and Communication Based on BOC and BPSK Modulation

In a multi-node spacecraft or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) group, a multifunctional signal containing measurement, navigation, and communication functions is required to simplify the receiver structure, and to increase spectrum utilization. The paper proposes a multifunctional signal based on a binary offset carrier (BOC) and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. The signals which carry different functions are orthogonal in the frequency domain, which causes the data transmission signal to not be affected by BOC signal. In addition, in the high carrier to noise ratio (C/N0), the spreading gain of the BOC signal ensures that the communication signal has a slight influence on navigation signals. Moreover, the multifunctional signal can achieve communication and measurement functions at the same frequency point and fast switching in multinodes. These advantages can simplify the receiver design and improve the frequency band utilization. Finally, in this study we completed the design and verification of the hardware system.

Blind Separation for Wireless Communication Convolutive Mixtures Based on Denoising IVA

In wireless communication systems, signal transmission through a channel can not avoid the influence of noise. When it reaches the receiver, it is accompanied by time delay and attenuation. Therefore, the observed mixture signals at the receiver are convolutional mixed signals with noise contamination. To solve the problem of traditional frequency-domain based convolutive blind signal separation methods have poor separation performance for convolutional mixed signals with noise, this paper propose a denoise-FastIVA method to separate convolutional mixed signals with noise. The basic principle is to use a wavelet transform to denoise the observation signal, reduce the effect of noise on the separation effect of the algorithm, and enhance the robustness of the fast fixed-point independent vector analysis (FastIVA) separation algorithm to noise. Simulation experiments show the effectiveness of a denoise-FastIVA, under the condition that the baseband signal of binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and binary frequency shift keying (2FSK) signal modulation signal is 10 bits respectively,the separation accuracy of linear frequency modulization (LFM) has increased from 87% to more than 94%; BPSK has risen from 83% to over 97%; 2FSK has improved from 81% to over 95%. When the SNR is greater than 10 dB, the separation similarity of denoise-FastIVA for the communication mixed signals is more than 90%, and the demixing signal can demodulate the baseband signal completely and correctly. Baseband signals of experimental BPSK and 2FSK signal modulation signals are 100 bits respectively. When the signal-to-noise ratio is greater than 5dB, the signal separated by denoise-FastIVA method has the highest similarity coefficient with the source signal, and the bit error rate (BER) of the separated BPSK signal and the separated 2FSK signal are the lowest, compared with the traditional frequency domain demixing method and FastIVA algorithm.

Implementation of Digital Communication System using Weil Sequence for Efficient Information Transmission

This paper deals with the implementation of a digital communication system using the software LabVIEW, wherein Weil sequences are used for encrypting the information signal and then BPSK (Binary phase shift keying) modulation technique is applied. A real time implementation is also developed using Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP 2930). The two Pseudo Random noise sequences namely Legendre and Weil sequences are discussed in this paper. These PN sequences find applications in satellite route frameworks, for example, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) and Global Positioning System (GPS). When the PRN sequences are utilized for transmission in GPS satellites, they assist in recognizing various satellites which operate at equivalent frequencies.

Graphene-based BPSK and QPSK modulators working at a very high bit rate (up Tbps range)

We are presenting graphene-based Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulators, which can operate in the range from the TeraHertz up to the infrared. It is noteworthy that these devices have huge advantages over the silicon Mach–Zehnder optical modulators (MZMs) with lateral PN-junction rib-waveguide phase shifters. Among the countless advantages, we can mention, for example, that these modulators consist of only one waveguide and have a much simpler application system of the modulator signal (gate voltage) than in silicon-based MZMs. Other huge advantages are greater efficiency, and yet, they are cheaper and have shorter lengths [and consequently, greater integration in photonic integrated circuit (PIC)]. The first step to present these modulators was to detail the graphene theory that is involved in this device. After this step, we show the project, numerical simulations, and analyses related to our graphene-based BPSK and QPSK modulators. We believe that these modulators will contribute to the generation of new devices made up of 2D materials, which should revolutionize this area of science.

Solving Doppler-Angle Ambiguity of BPSK-MIMO FMCW Radar System

In a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system, binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation is widely used to separate signals transmitted from multiple transmit (Tx) antennas. However, when the BPSK modulation is applied to the frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system, there is an occurrence of Doppler-angle ambiguity due to the properties of the modulation scheme. In other words, the maximum detectable velocity is reduced in proportion to the number of Tx antennas, and the angle estimation performance can be degraded when a moving target induces a Doppler phase shift. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method for solving the Doppler-angle ambiguity in the BPSK-MIMO FMCW radar system. The proposed method involves comparing and arranging the phases of signals corresponding to the same target in the range-velocity detection results. By arranging the phases to form an arithmetic sequence, the signals from each Tx antenna can be distinguished and the unambiguous velocity and angle of the target can be estimated. In addition, by using a general phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation scheme, the proposed method can be applied to an arbitrary MIMO system regardless of the number of Tx antennas.

Voltage mode ASK/BPSK modulator, its extended applications in precision rectifier and data communication using DXCCII

In this paper, two new modulator circuits are presented to realize two types of digital modulations, namely amplitude shift keying (ASK) and Binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The modulator circuits use one dual-X second-generation current conveyor (DXCCII), three MOS transistors, and one or two resistors. Since in data communication, there is a need for a demodulator and a modulator, a basic demodulator as an application of ASK modulator is presented using a rectifier, envelope detector, and comparator. Moreover, in an integrated circuit (IC), the modularity of sub-circuit is preferred, especially for the ease of fabrication. In maintaining the modularity, an attempt is made to design a precision rectifier, needed for demodulator, as an extension of the proposed modulator with little modifications. The proposed modulators possess the following important features: use all grounded passive components, ASK and BPSK obtain simultaneously, no need for matching passive components, circuits are fully cascadable and easily extendable to a precision rectifier. A non-ideal analysis is carried out. The proposed circuits are verified by PSPICE simulation with a supply voltage of ±0.9 V in 0.13 µm CMOS TSMC technology. Simulation results corroborate the theoretical proposition. Furthermore, the proposed ASK and BPSK modulator circuit is experimentally verified.

Retrieval of Ocean Surface Wind Speed Using Reflected BPSK/BOC Signals

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become a valuable resource as a remote sensing technique. In the past decade, the use of reflected GNSS signals for sensing the Earth, also known as GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R), has grown rapidly. On the other hand, with the continuous development of GNSS, multi-frequency multi-modulation signals have been used to enhance not only positioning performance, but also remote sensing applications. It is known that for some constellations, navigation satellites broadcast signals employing BPSK (binary phase-shift keying) modulation and BOC (binary offset carrier) modulation at the same frequency band. This paper proposes a new GNSS-R measurement, called a composite delay-Doppler map (cDDM), by utilizing the received reflected GNSS signals with different modulation techniques for the purpose of retrieving wind speed. The GNSS-R receiver can receive BPSK and BOC signals simultaneously at the same frequency band (e.g., GPS III L1 C/A and L1C or QZSS L1 C/A and L1C) and process the signals to generate GNSS-R measurements. Exploration of the observable features extracted from the composite DDM and the wind speed retrieval algorithm are also provided. The simulation verifies the proposed method under a configuration that is specified for the orbital and instrument specification of the upcoming TRITON mission.

Performance improvement of space diversity technique using space time block coding for time varying channels in wireless environment

Performance improvement of space diversity technique using space time block coding for time varying channels in wireless environment