Binary Extraction Research Articles

Novel strategies for the determination of plastic additives derived from agricultural plastics in soil using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)

Certain agricultural plastics, i.e., mulching films, are generally considered as potent sources of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), due to their direct application on soil and waste mishandling. During the synthesis and fabrication of such agricultural plastics, it is necessary to use chemicals, the so-called plastic additives (PAs), improving the physicochemical properties of the final polymeric product. However, since PAs are loosely bound on the polymer matrix, they can potentially leach into the soil environment with unidentified effects. Clearly, to monitor the fate of PAs in the terrestrial ecosystem, it is necessary to develop accurate, sensitive and robust analytical methods. To this end, a comprehensive analytical strategy was developed for monitoring 16 PAs with diverse physicochemical properties (partition coefficient; −3 < logP<19) in soil samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). For this purpose, two different extraction procedures were developed, namely, a single step ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using ethyl acetate or an aqueous solution of methanol and a binary extraction, combining Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) and UAE principles with n-hexane as the extractant. Interestingly, within the sample preparation investigation, we identified in-lab contamination sources of PAs, e.g., centrifuge tubes or microfilters. Such consumables are made of plastic contaminating the procedural blanks and omitting their use was necessary to acquire satisfactory analytical performance. In detail, method validation was performed for 16 compounds achieving recoveries mainly in the range 70–120 %, repeatability (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD %) < 20 % and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging between 0.2 and 20 ng/g dry weight (dw). Importantly, the presented strategies are added to the very limited available for PA determination in soil, a topical issue with a significant and rather understudied impact on agriculture.

Identification of Signature Authenticity Using Binary Extraction and K-nearest Neighbor Feature Methods

This research focuses on identifying the authenticity of signatures, which is an important part of the field of biometrics. Identification of signature authenticity has wide applications, including in document security, financial transactions, and identity verification in general. The problem to be resolved is the lack of an effective and efficient method for identifying signature authenticity. The method used is the binary extraction method and the K-nearest Neighbor feature. The main contribution of this research is to propose a new approach in identifying signature authenticity by combining binary extraction methods and K-nearest Neighbor features. This approach is expected to increase the accuracy and efficiency of the signature authenticity identification process. The results of this research are the development of a new model or algorithm for identifying the authenticity of signatures. After testing and validation, the accuracy level of the results of identifying the authenticity of this signature is 75%.

Efficacy of binary mixtures and antagonistic effect of Azadirachta indica on Afranamum melegueta against helminth parasites of fish in Epe lagoon

This research aims to investigate the efficacy of binary mixtures and interaction of extracts of Azadirachta indica and Afranamum melegueta in reference with praziquantel at Fish Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) on classes of fish parasite species. An in-vitro study was conducted using binary extract mixtures of A.melegueta and A.indica (ratios 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1) respectively on each of the classes of fish helminth parasites and saline solution was used as the control. Average Survival Time (AST) and percentage Reduction in Survival Time (%RST) as measure of sensitivity were estimated for the parasites at varying toxicities (fish 96 h LC5, LC10, LC50) with reference to praziquantel. Saponin and Terpenoid had the highest presence in ethanol mix (water) in A.indica and A.melegueta. The sensitivities of the parasites to the extracts and praziquantel in decreasing order is; A.melegueta (singly) > Praziquantel > 3:1 mix > 1:1 mix > 1:3 mix > A.indica (singly). Increase in the proportion of A. indica decreases the combined effect of the mixtures on the parasites, thereby, decreasing the effect of A. melegueta when acting singly. Tenuisentis sp, an acanthocephalan showed sensitivity of RST >80 % against A. melegueta (singly) similar to praziquantel, the sensitivity was reduced to RST <80 % with 3:1 mix, and significantly reduced to RST close to 60 % with 1:3 mix. Other parasite species had similar trend. There was significant correlation (r > 0.70) between parasite sensitivities to praziquantel and A.melegueta (singly) as well as its binary mixtures at the fish Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC). This indicates that the binary extract mixtures could serve as potential alternatives to the use of chemotherapy considering their potency and wide margin of fish host safety.

Separation and Recovery of Copper and Nickel in the Leachate of a Waste IC Lead Frame through Synergistic Solvent Extraction Using a Binary Extractant Containing LIX984N and Cyanex302 Followed by Selective Stripping

The IC lead frame is an essential component in semiconductor packaging, primarily composed of a nickel (Ni)–copper (Cu) alloy in which Ni is electroplated onto a Cu substrate. In this study, synergistic solvent extraction using a binary extractant containing LIX984N and Cyanex302, followed by two-stage selective stripping using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) as the stripping agent, was employed to separate and recover Cu and Ni from the leachate of an IC lead frame. The results indicated that under the optimal conditions of synergistic solvent extraction with an extraction pH value of 1, an extractant concentration of 0.015 M LIX984N + 0.0375 M Cyanex302, an extraction aqueous/organic (A/O) ratio of 1:1, and an extraction time of 5 min, the extraction efficiencies for Cu and Ni were 99.8% and 1.17%, respectively. The distribution ratios were DCu 999 and DNi 0.012, resulting in a separation factor of 83,250. In addition, the separation factor was much higher than that of using individual extractant of LIX984N (6208.3) or Cyanex302 (22,185.2). Subsequently, under optimal first-stage stripping conditions, using 0.05 M H2SO4 at a stripping organic/aqueous (O/A) ratio of 1:1, and with a stripping time of 3 min, a stripping efficiency of 99.9% for Ni was achieved. Next, under optimal second-stage stripping conditions, using 5 M HNO3 at a stripping O/A ratio of 2:1, and with a striping time of 3 min, a stripping efficiency of 99.9% for Cu was achieved. Finally, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was added to the respective stripping solutions to precipitate Ni and Cu ions, followed by calcination treatment for the precipitates to obtain NiO and CuO, respectively. The purity of the former was 99.74% and that of the latter was 99.82%. The results demonstrate that synergistic solvent extraction using a binary extractant containing LIX984N and Cyanex302 can almost entirely extract Cu in the leachate of an IC lead frame at a lower extraction pH and a lower extractant concentration, thus reducing the co-extraction of Ni. In addition, less co-extracted Ni in the organic phase can be selectively stripped using dilute H2SO4, thus reducing the co-stripping of Cu. Hence, the effective separation and recovery of Cu and Ni in IC lead frame leachate can be achieved, which contributes to improving the sustainability of natural resources.

Use of Ionic Liquids and Binary Extractants in Extraction

Use of Ionic Liquids and Binary Extractants in Extraction

Complex extraction of rare earth elements from nitrate solutions with a tri-n-octylamine-octanoic acid bifunctional ionic liquid

In this work, a new hydrophobic bifunctional ionic liquid based on tri-n-octylamine and octanoic acid was synthesised and a physicochemical characterisation was performed on it. The extraction of a series of rare earth elements (Y, Eu, Gd, Tb) (REEs) from aqueous nitrate solutions in a system containing the resulting ionic liquid was studied. Extraction isotherms were obtained and regularities of the interphase distribution of REEs were determined as a function of extraction process time, NaNO3 concentration, the pH of the aqueous phase, the concentration of the ionic liquid in the system, the volume ratio, and temperature of the process. It was shown that the extraction of REEs nitrates by the ionic liquid based on tri-n-octylamine and octanoic acid occurred in accordance with the mechanism of binary extraction of salts with the formation of two extractable compounds in the organic phase. In addition, this IL has been shown to exhibit excellent reusability.

Изучение экстракции титана и ниобия из сернокислых растворов с использованием бинарных экстрагентов

The extraction of titanium and niobium from sulfuric acid solutions obtained after the perovskite concentrate processing has been studied. Extraction has been performed using a number of binary extractants, and distribution data have been estimated. The possibility of separation of titanium and niobium from sulfuric acid solutions has been demonstrated.

Validation and green profile assessment of a binary solvent liquid phase microextraction method for the determination of chlorbenside and fenobucarb in lake and wastewater samples by GC-MS.

This study reports a liquid phase microextraction method based on binary extraction solvents, which were used to preconcentrate chlorbenside and fenobucarb from aqueous samples for determination by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Parameters including the type, ratio, and volume of binary solvents, disperser solvent type and volume, and vortex period were optimized systematically to achieve high enrichment for the analytes. The optimum conditions obtained were used to validate the method, and the detection limits calculated for chlorbenside (0.71ng/mL) and fenobucarb (0.33ng/mL) correlated to enrichment factors of 399- and 912-folds, respectively. The optimum method was applied to lake water and wastewater samples in spike recovery experiments, and the results obtained (96-104%) verified the method as accurate and applicable to the aqueous sample matrices. Matrix matching calibration method was used to boost the accuracy of quantifying the two analytes in the wastewater sample, which presented interference effects. Assessment of the method's green profile based on penalty points confirmed the method's compliance with green analytical chemistry.

EXTRACTION OF LIGHT GROUP LANTHANIDE NITRATES BY A BINARY EXTRACTANT BASED ON DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHOSPHORIC ACID AND TRIOCTYLAMINE

The process of extracting the light group lanthanide nitrates from neutral aqueous solutions with a binary extractant based on di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HA), tri-n-octylamine (NR3) and solvating additive of tri-n-octylamine nitrate in a non-polar organic diluent was investigated in this study. Using neodymium nitrate as an example, it was shown that this extractant (NR3HA+NR3HNO3) extracts Ln(NO3)3 according to the laws of binary extraction. The cation and anion of the inorganic salt pass into the organic phase in a stoichiometric ratio. The extraction isotherms of lanthanide nitrates are S shape, and only slight variation of pH is observed during the extraction. Based on the study of the absorption spectra of Nd complexes in the organic phase, it was found that at low concentration the Nd form a complex (NdA3)•NR3HNO3, and at a high concentration of Nd (when the extraction is saturated), a compound of the composition (NdA2NO3)•NR3HNO3 is formed. The introduction of salting-out agents in the aqueous phase or the organic phase makes it possible to vary the distribution coefficients (DNd). With an increase in the concentration of sodium nitrate in the aqueous phase, DNd increases, and with an increase in the concentration of NR3HNO3, it correspondingly decreases. The introduction of the salting-out and solvating agent NR3HNO3 into the organic phase eliminates the formation of precipitation in the organic phase during the extraction of lanthanide nitrates. Quantitatively, the Nd extraction process in a wide range of Nd(NO3)3 concentrations and extractant compositions can be described on the basis of two coupled binary extraction equations and the corresponding concentration constants. It has been established that the proposed extractant provides high separation factors for neodymium and other light group lanthanides.

Digital Forensic Analysis of Ransomwares for Identification and Binary Extraction of Cryptographic Keys

This article aims to show the use of digital forensic to recover the cryptographic key of files encrypted by ransomwares through identification, extraction and binary analysis of memory dumps

Recovery of Uranium, Thorium, and Other Rare Metals from Eudialyte Concentrate by a Binary Extractant Based on 1,5-bis[2-(hydroxyethoxyphosphoryl)-4-ethylphenoxy]-3-oxapentane and Methyl Trioctylammonium Nitrate

Eudialyte-group minerals are of scientific interest as important concentrators of rare elements (mainly Zr and REE) in agpaitic alkaline rocks and a potential source of REE, Zr, Hf, Nb, and Ta for industrial use. Extraction of uranium(VI), thorium(IV), zirconium(IV), hafnium(IV), titanium(IV), and scandium(III) by a binary extractant based on 1,5-bis[2-(hydroxyethoxyphosphoryl)-4-ethylphenoxy]-3-oxapentane and methyl trioctylammonium nitrate from eudialyte breakdown solutions is studied. Extraction isotherms were obtained and exhaustive extraction was investigated. It is shown that uranium, thorium, hafnium, zirconium, scandium, and titanium are almost completely recovered in two-stage extraction by a mixture of 1,5-bis[2-(hydroxyethoxyphosphoryl)-4-ethylphenoxy]-3-oxapentane and methyltrioctylammonium nitrate in 1,2-dichloroethane. Quantitative characteristics were compared for uranium(VI), thorium(IV), zirconium(IV), hafnium(IV), titanium(IV), and scandium(III). It was shown that the extraction efficiency of the metals by the binary extractant based on 1,5-bis[2-(hydroxyethoxyphosphoryl)-4-ethylphenoxy]-3-oxapentane and methyltrioctylammonium nitrate in 1,2-dichloroethane is much higher in comparison with the commercially available tributyl phosphate.

Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba L. and Derris trifoliata binary extract combinations against aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Combinations of Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba) extract (active ingredient ginkgolic acid (GA)) and Derris trifoliata (D. trifoliata) extract (active ingredient rotenone (R)) were evaluated through bioassays and field trials to develop botanical insecticides as alternatives to chemical pesticides for aphid control. The bioassay results showed that the G. biloba extract exhibited high insecticidal activity against Acyrthosiphon pisum, Myzus persicae, and Aphis spiraecola adults, with LC50 values of 333.89 μg/mL, 282.52 μg/mL, and 250.41 μg/mL, respectively. D. trifoliata extract exhibited better insecticidal activity against A. pisum, M. persicae, and A. spiraecola adults, with LC50 values of 19.22 μg/mL, 12.70 μg/mL, and 3.99 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the extract combination of G. biloba and D. trifoliata at a ratio of 84:16 exhibited significant synergy against A. pisum, with a cotoxicity coefficient of 219.01. Additionally, two insecticidal formulations of 23% GA soluble liquid (SL) and 11.5% GA-R SL were developed using G. biloba extract (GA) and G. biloba with D. trifoliata extract (GA-R) combinations as the active substances. Field trials in 2020 and 2021 indicated that 11.5% GA-R SL had efficacies of 84.38% and 85.19%, respectively, against A. spiraecola seven days after a 721.28 a.i. g/hm2 application; 23% GA SL had 65.33% and 66.09% efficacies, respectively, against A. spiraecola seven days after a 1442.56 a.i. g/hm2 application. Based on these results, 11.5% GA-R SL has potential as a botanical pesticide for aphid control.

Separation of rare earth metals in countercurrent extraction cascades using binary extractants

The use of binary extractants (BE) in schemes of countercurrent extraction cascades designed for the separation of rare earth metals (REMs) has been studied. It has been shown that the main difference between the use of BE and cation-exchange extracts (CE) is the possibility of using deionized water in the re-extraction cascades, rather than solutions of mineral acids. When optimizing the REM separation scheme, a mathematical model was used to dynamically calculate the distribution of separated metals over the stages of counterflow extraction cascades. The modeling of cascades was carried out on the basis of the physicochemical description previously obtained by the authors of the processes of extraction of REM nitrates with various BE compositions prepared on the basis of industrial cation- and anion-exchange extractants. Calculation of the balance of lanthanides during successive separation by stages of cascades was performed for the initial mixture of REM nitrates with the ratio of elements corresponding to the composition of the ore of the Chuktukonskoe rare metal deposit. A scheme of cascades is proposed for isolating in pure form the five REMs of light and light/medium groups (Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) most demanded by the industry, concentrate of La, Ce, and concentrate of REM of medium/heavy and heavy groups. The scheme includes 10 countercurrent extraction cascades with a total number of extraction stages of 390. The scheme uses BE based on di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid, synthetic fatty acids, tri-n-octylamine, and an industrial diluent. For the proposed scheme, mineral acid is used only at the stage of obtaining REM nitrates from the initial oxides; 1.8 kg (65%) of nitric acid is consumed per 1 kg of REM oxides. For the precipitation of REM carbonates from re-extracts, the consumption of sodium carbonate is approximately 1 kg per 1 kg of the initial REM oxides. The use of BE in comparison with CE makes it possible to significantly reduce the consumption of mineral acids and bases during the separation and production of individual REMs. The work was carried out within the framework of the state task of the Institute&nbsp;of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of the&nbsp;Russian Academy of Sciences (project 0287-2021-0014) using the equipment&nbsp;of the Kranoyarsk Regional Center for Collective Use of the Federal&nbsp;Research Center of the KSC of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy&nbsp;of Sciences.

OPTIMASI PROSES EKSTRAKSI MINYAK DAN RESIN NYAMPUNG DENGAN PELARUT BINER MENGGUNAKAN RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD

Calophyllum seeds are potential to be used as raw material for vegetable oil production due to their high oil content. In addition, Calophyllum seeds contain resin consisting of beneficial phenolic compounds for health. The objective of this research was to optimize the oil and resin extraction from Calophyllum seeds on a pilot scale using binary solvent. The analyses of temperature, extraction time and stirring speed effects on the oil and resin yields were carried out using the central composite design, and the variables were optimized using the response surface method. The result of oil yield optimization showed that the best model was the quadratic model. The optimum oil yield (59%) was obtained at temperature of 49.4 oC, extraction time of 5.3 h, and stirring speed of 385 rpm. The result of resin yield optimization showed that the best model was the mean model with average value of 15% for all extraction conditions tested. Model validation at this extraction condition resulted actual oil (60%) and resin (13%) yields conformed passably to their prediction. In addition, the oil and resin obtained from this model validation had good characteristics, and matched the predicted results. Keywords: binary extraction, Calophyllum, oil, optimization, resin, response surface method

Pengenalan Logo Kendaraan Menggunakan Metode Local Binary Pattern dan Random Forest

The vehicle logo is one of the features that can be used to identify a vehicle. Even so, a lot of Intelligent Transport System which are developed nowadays has yet to use a vehicle logo recognition system as one of its vehicle identification tools. Hence there are still cases of traffic crimes that haven't been able to be examined by the system, such as cases of counterfeiting vehicle license plates. Vehicle logo recognition itself could be done by using various feature extraction and classification methods. This research project uses the Local Binary Pattern feature extraction method which is often used for many kinds of image recognition systems. Then, the classification method used is Random Forest which is known to be effective and accurate for various classification problems. The data used for this study were as many as 2000 vehicle logo images consisting of 5 brand classes, namely Honda, Kia, Mazda, Mitsubishi, and Toyota. The results of the tests carried out obtained the best accuracy value of 88.89% for the front view logo image dataset, 77.03% for the side view logo image dataset, and 83% for the dataset with both types of images.

Разработка способа экстракции бета-каротина для его определения в комплексных пищевых добавках

Introduction. Natural dye beta-carotene E160a (pro-vitamin A) is part of many functional foods. Therefore, the total intake of beta-carotene must not exceed the tolerable upper intake level, i.e. 10 mg/day. E160a is also used in formulations of complex food additives. These products contain antioxidants, emulsifiers, preservatives, carriers, stabilizers, and thickeners, which makes it make difficult to isolate and determine the amount of beta-carotene. Complex food additives vary in composition, which, together with incomplete extraction and degradation of beta-carotene, results in inaccuracy of its determination. The present research reviewed various techniques of beta-carotene extraction from liquid and dry complex food additives.&#x0D; Study objects and methods. The study featured commercial samples of complex food additives containing beta-carotene. It was isolated from the samples by liquid extraction methods using organic solvents and their binary mixtures. The extraction was performed in a stirring device at 120 rpm and in a Bandelin Sonorex ultrasonic bath at 128 W and 35 kHz. The extraction continued until the samples were completely discolored. The list of solvents included chloroform, petroleum ether, hexane, acetone, ethanol, and their mixes. The experiment was based on high performance thin layer chromatography with Sorbfil sheet plates. The optical density was determined by spectrophotometry using a SHIMADZU UV-1800 device.&#x0D; Results and discussion. The extraction of beta-carotene from liquid samples with mechanical stirring at 120 rpm led to the formation of stable opaque emulsions, which made it difficult to determine the amount of beta-carotene. The emulsions were destroyed by ultrasound exposure for 30 min. The degree of extraction of beta-carotene from liquid emulsion systems (≥ 95%) was achieved by ultrasonic extraction with chloroform or a binary extractant based on mixes of acetone with chloroform, hexane, or petroleum ether in volumetric ratios of 1:1. When extracted from dry samples using chloroform or binary extractants, beta-carotene was not isolated or was not completely isolated. As a result, pre-dispersion of dry samples in water with stirring at 120 rpm was proposed. Ultrasonic treatment did not contribute to the dispersion of dry samples due to insufficient cavitation action. Ethanol, which is a solubilizer, increased the extractability of beta-carotene up to 98 %. The optimal results were achieved by adding a binary extractant (ethanol:chloroform in a 1:2 ratio) to an aqueous solution of the dry sample (1:3). The optimal elution systems were hexane:benzene (9.7:0.3), butanol:methyl ethyl ketone:ammonia 10 % (9:6:6), and petroleum ether:benzene:acetone:acetic acid (23.3:5.8:0.6:0.3).&#x0D; Conclusion. The article offers new methods of beta-carotene isolation from liquid and dry complex food additives of various composition and elution systems for carotene identification. The methods caused no degradation of beta-carotene during extraction and can be used to prepare samples of complex food additives for beta-carotene identification and quantitative analysis.

A novel technique for detecting repacked android applications using constant key point selection-based hashing and limited binary pattern texture feature extraction

The problem of malwares affecting Smartphones has been widely recognized by the researchers across the world. Majority of these malwares target Android OS. Studies have found that most of the Android malwares hide inside repackaged apps to get inside user devices. Repackaged apps are usually infected versions of popular apps. Adversaries download a popular Android app, and obtain the code using reverse engineering and then add their code (often malicious) to it and repackage and release the app. A number of techniques proposed in research and a number of commercial anti-virus products focus on detecting malwares. Repacked mobile apps constitute to about 78% of the all malwares of android and it greatly affects the technical ecosystem of Android. Although there are many methods exist for the repacked app detection, most of them suffer from performance issues. In this manuscript, a novel method using the Constant Key Point Selection and Limited Binary Pattern Feature extraction based Hashing is proposed for the identification of repacked android applications through the visual similarity which is a notable feature of repacked applications. The results from the experiment proves that the proposed method can effectively detect the apps that are similar visually even that are even under the double fold content manipulations. From the experimental analysis, it is proved that the proposed CKPS:LBP method has a better efficiency of detecting 1354 similar applications from a repository of 95,124 applications and also the computational time was 0.91 s within which a user could get decision of whether the app is repacked. The overall efficiency of the proposed algorithm is 41% greater than the average of other methods and the time complexity is found to have been reduced by 31%. The collision probability of the Hashes was 41% better than the average value of the other state of the art methods.

Tendencies in Application of Ionic Liquids and Binary Extractants in Extraction and Separation of Lanthanides and Actinides

Published data on the application of ionic liquids (ILs) and binary extractants in the extraction and separation of rare-earth metals (REMs) and radioactive elements, published in Russia and abroad during the last 5–10 years, are reviewed. An analysis of published studies demonstrated that new ILs used as solvents or additives to improve the extraction and separation of actinides and lanthanides are being presently developed. Difunctionalized and also binary extractants are widely used to separate REMs. Various extractive systems with ILs and factors affecting the efficiency of extraction and separation of actinides and lanthanides are considered and attention is given to the composition of compounds of the elements being extracted, selectivity of extractants, possibility of re-extracting metals from the organic phase, and practical use of ILs.

Extraction and separation of lanthanides from aqueous chloride and nitrate media using mixtures of binary extractants based on secondary and tertiary amines

Mixtures of dicyclohexylammonium caprylate with dicyclohexylammonium di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and with trioctylammonium di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate were evaluated as synergistic binary extractants for the recovery and separation of lanthanides. Heavy lanthanides can be effectively separated from the light ones using mixtures of binary extractants based on secondary and tertiary amines.

Methods of determination and extractants used in the isolation of platinum (review)

Бұл жұмыста платина (IV) иондарын аналитикалық анықтау әдістеріне және оларды бөліп алуда қолданылатын экстрагенттерге жүйелі әдеби шолу жүргізілді.&#x0D; Әдеби шолуда қазіргі уақытта қолданылатын химилық, физикалық, физика-химиялық әдістер қарастырылды. Оның ішінде айтарлықтай селективті және сезімтал болып табылатын спектроскопиялық әдістерге үлкен назар аударылды.&#x0D; Көп компонентті нысандардан платинаны алу және оны анықтауда қолданылатын реагенттер мен экстрагенттердің бірнеше тобы қарастырылды.&#x0D; Солардың ішінде фосфорорганикалық (үшбутилфосфат, ди-2-этилгексилфосфор қышқылы), жоғарымолекулалы алифатты спирттер, дифенилтиомочевина, жоғары күкіртті мұнайлардан бөлінген жоғарымолекулалық органикалық сульфидтер, оттекті, күкіртті қышқылдар және екіншілік ( А), үшіншілік( NНA) аминдер, диаминдер және төртіншілік аммонийлы негіздердің ( NA) негізіндегі бинарлы экстрагенттерді атап өтуге болады.&#x0D; Қолданылатын экстрагенттердің барлығына (хлороформ, диэтил эфирі, төртхлорлы көміртек, т.б.) тән жалпы кемшілік – олардың судағы ерігіштігінің айтарлықтай жоғары болуы, улылығы, өртқауіптілігі.&#x0D; Сондықтан, органикалық реагенттердің тиімділігін сұйық органикалық еріткіштердің кемшіліктерін жоятын экстрагенттермен ұштастыру түбегейлі маңызды. Мұндай реагенттер ретінде суда мүлде ерімейтін, улы емес, өрткеқауіпсіз, экстракциялық сыйымдылығы жоғары, селективті, заттардың аз мөлшерлеріне сезімтал болып келетін жеңіл балқитын органикалық заттар қолданылуы мүмкін.