Binary Coefficients Research Articles

The Mycobiota of Library Books in Russia.

Abstract-Numerous studies of microorganisms isolated from the surface of cultural heritage objects, including library documents, are regularly carried out in different countries. Although the micromycete composition in each case varies, some species are constantly isolated. The structure of micromycete communities that inhabit library documents was studied in 57 cities of Russia located in seven federal districts (Northwestern, Central, Southern, Volga, Ural, Siberian, and Far Eastern). Micromycetes of 95 species from 32 genera were isolated and identified. The mycobiota of the library documents represented by Ascomycota has more than 90% of the species richness; Mucoromycota make up 3-9% and Basidiomycota, 3-4%. The Aspergillaceae family was the leading family: it accounted for 48.5-67.3% of the total species richness. In all regions, species diversity is moderate: the Shannon index ranged from 2.7 to 3.3. The Mcintosh species richness index is high everywhere (48-126), except in the Ural district (15.3). The McIntosh (0.76-0.84) and Pielow (0.80-0.91) dominance indices indicate a high level of species evenness in the mycobiota. The obtained values demonstrate the stability the document mycobiota in libraries from different regions. Significant species similarity between the districts was revealed by calculation of binary coefficients: the Jaccard coefficient was from 0.44 to 0.60; the Sørensen's qualitative measure of similarity was from 0.63 to 0.75; the quantitative similarity measure of Sørensen was from 0.44 to 0.71, and Morisita-Horn was from 0.66 to 1.0. The groups of dominant species in different regions are quite similar. The study of the ecological diversity of mycobiota on library books demonstrated the moderate diversity and the stability of the community. A high degree of similarity of taxonomic structures was established regardless of the climate conditions of the regions. Cosmopolitans characterized by high frequency of occurrence formed the major core of the library book mycobiota: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Mucor plumbeus, and Penicillium aurantiogriseum.

New experimental measurements of the Collision Induced Absorptions of H2-H2 and H2-He in the 3600-5500 cm−1 spectral range from 120 to 500 K

The Collision-Induced Absorption (CIA) fundamental band of H2 has been studied in the 3600-5500 cm−1 spectral range for temperatures ranging from 120 to 500 K for both a pure H2 gas and a H2-He mixture. We used a simulation chamber called PASSxS (Planetary Atmosphere System Simulation x Spectroscopy) developed at INAF/ISAC which contains a Multi-Pass cell interfaced with a Fourier Spectrometer, aligned to reach an optical path of 3.28 m. The H2-H2 and H2-He binary absorption coefficients (BACs) have been derived for seven temperatures in the chosen range and provided in tabular form, including the unexplored high-temperature range above 300 K. We also calculated the integral of the H2-H2 and H2-He experimental BACs in the reduced 4000-5000 cm−1 spectral range, finding a linear trend with temperature in both cases. The integrals have also been computed with larger uncertainties for the whole band, in the total 3600-5500 cm−1 spectral range including the band's wings, partially affected by the water vapor absorption. The integrals calculated over the whole and reduced spectral ranges are collected in tables. In addition, we performed measurements with a H2-He mix for different mixing ratios to explore possible deviations from the linear combination of the BACs. The experimental BACs have been shown in comparison with Abel and Borysow's ab initio models for a temperature of about 400 K, resulting in a good agreement over almost the whole spectral range, with a maximum deviation around the main peak of the band. Data and models also show a good agreement in the linear trend of the integrated BACs with temperature, apart from the H2-H2 Borysow's BACs, which follow a quadratic trend. Finally, we resolved all the interference dips, which were not taken into account by the existing theoretical models.

Optimizing phase equilibrium predictions for the liquefaction of supercritical water gasification products: Enhancing energy storage solutions through advanced thermodynamic modeling

Supercritical water gasification products typically consist of a vapor mixture consisting of H2 and CO2 with high pressure. Liquefaction of supercritical water gasification products not only allows the vapor mixture to be reduced in volume for easy transportation, but also allows liquid CO2 to be obtained from it, and also serves as a form of energy storage. Under the existing thermodynamic model, the prediction of the liquefaction dew point under high pressure is easily diverged and the accuracy is not enough. In this paper, we obtain the value of CO2+H2 binary interaction coefficient under high pressure kij=0.146 by the fitting method and, which improves the convergence of the predicted phase equilibrium data at high pressure and obtains the results with higher accuracy. In the prediction of dew point of supercritical water gasification products, the fluctuation of H2 content has little effect on the liquefaction pressure, and more significant is the effect of the liquefaction temperature, and it is more economical to carry out the liquefaction work within the range of −30 °C to −5 °C. At the same time, in the liquefaction products lower than −10 °C, the liquid CO2 with the mole fraction of more than 0.9 can be obtained.

The SIT model parameters for interactions of carbonate compounds with sodium and potassium ions accounting for association

The current study is devoted to the determination of the SIT coefficients at 298.15 K for interactions, involving CO2(aq), HCO3−, and CO32‐, with mostly Na+ and K+ ions. The SIT model is a simple yet physically sound model for activity coefficients in aqueous solutions, that has just one parameter for each cation-anion or a dissolved gas – electrolyte interaction. Among the issues that were met for carbonate systems are the side reactions of hydrolysis and disproportionation in the carbonate solutions, that complicate the analysis of data and lead to unusually large difference, up to 9%, in the values of activity coefficients, determined in different authoritative laboratories. For Na2CO3 and K2CO3 solutions, it was necessary to take into account the reaction of formation of the ionic pair M++CO32‐=MCO3−, with the equilibrium constants β1o equal to log10β1o= 0.75 ± 0.08 for M+=Na+ and to log10β1o= 0.67 ± 0.11 for M+=K+. In all, there are values for more than 20 binary SIT interaction coefficients. All results are valid at 298.15 K, 0.1 MPa.

The Accuracy of PUMA Questionnaire in Combination With Peak Expiratory Flow Rate to Identify At-risk, Undiagnosed COPD Patients

IntroductionThe English PUMA questionnaire emerges as an effective COPD case-finding tool. We aimed to use the PUMA questionnaire in combination with peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) to improve case-finding efficacy in Chinese population. MethodsThis cross-sectional, observational study included two stages: translating English to Chinese PUMA (C-PUMA) questionnaire with linguistic validation and psychometric evaluation, followed by clinical validation. Eligible participants (with age ≥40 years, respiratory symptoms, smoking history ≥10 pack-years) were enrolled and subjected to three questionnaires (C-PUMA, COPD assessment test [CAT], and generic health survey [SF-12V2]), PEFR measurement, and confirmatory spirometry. The C-PUMA score and PEFR were incorporated into a PUMA-PEFR prediction model applying binary logistic regression coefficients to estimate the probability of COPD (PCOPD). ResultsC-PUMA was finalized through standard forward–backward translation processes and confirmation of good readability, comprehensibility, and reliability. In clinical validation, 240 participants completed the study. 78/240 (32.5%) were diagnosed with COPD. C-PUMA exhibited significant validity (correlated with CAT or physical component scores of SF-12V2, both P<0.05, respectively). PUMA-PEFR model had higher diagnostic accuracy than C-PUMA alone (area under ROC curve, 0.893 vs. 0.749, P<0.05). The best cutoff values of C-PUMA and PUMA-PEFR model (PCOPD) were ≥6 and ≥0.39, accounting for a sensitivity/specificity/numbers needed to screen of 77%/64%/3 and 79%/88%/2, respectively. C-PUMA ≥5 detected more underdiagnosed patients, up to 11.5% (vs. C-PUMA ≥6). ConclusionC-PUMA is well-validated. The PUMA-PEFR model provides more accurate and cost-effective case-finding efficacy than C-PUMA alone in at-risk, undiagnosed COPD patients. These tools can be useful to detect COPD early.

Recovery of the secret on Binary Ring-LWE problem using random known bits - Extended Version

There are cryptographic systems that are secure against attacks by both quantum and classical computers. Some of these systems are based on the Binary Ring-LWE problem which is presumed to be difficult to solve even on a quantum computer. This problem is considered secure for IoT (Internet of things) devices with limited resources. In Binary Ring-LWE, a polynomial a is selected randomly and a polynomial b is calculated as b = a.s + e where the secret s and the noise e are polynomials with binary coefficients. The polynomials b and a are public and the secret s is hard to find. However, there are Side Channel Attacks that can be applied to retrieve some coefficients (random known bits) of s and e. In this work, we analyze that the secret s can be retrieved successfully having at least 50% of random known bits of s and e.

Study on the Phase Behavior Simulation Method of High-Salinity Reservoirs.

The presence of salinity affects the accuracy of existing correlations used in the equation of state. Moreover, the variation of salinity is often ignored in the systematic analysis of the phase diagram, resulting in a large error in the final calculation result. It is obvious that the conventional phase equilibrium calculation is not applicable in a high-salinity reservoir. By introducing the hydrocarbon-brine binary interaction coefficient and α-function, combined with the definition of salinity, and considering the variation of salinity under different pressure and temperature conditions, a more perfect phase equilibrium calculation model was established. The complete phase diagram was drawn, and the calculation results of salinity distribution are obtained. The effect of the mole percentage of water and salt content on the phase behavior was simulated. Finally, the phase distribution simulation is carried out based on the measured data. The phase state and salinity variation law of a high-salinity reservoir are obtained. According to the fluid composition of different periods, the real phase state of the high-salinity reservoir can be monitored in real time. It can provide a theoretical basis for the gas reservoir development and the dynamic evaluation of gas storage injection and production with a hydrocarbon-brine two-phase system.

Modeling H2S solubility in aqueous MDEA, MEA and DEA solutions by the electrolyte SRK-CPA EOS

In this study, an electrolyte cubic plus association equation of state (e-CPA EOS) has been proposed to predict the vapor–liquid equilibrium of (H2S) in aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). This EOS is composed of repulsive forces, short-range interactions, short-range ionic interactions, association term, long-range ionic interactions, and Born term. The Soave– Redlich– Kwong EOS is used as a non-electrolyte part. A new iterative procedure based on the Jacobi method is introduced to obtain the compositions of all species in the liquid phase. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to find the optimal values of binary interaction coefficients between molecules and ions. Compared with experimental data, the e-CPA EOS model successfully describes the vapor–liquid equilibrium of H2S in the aqueous solutions of MEA, DEA, and MDEA. The average absolute deviations for 313 data of MEA-H2S-H2O, 156 data of DEA-H2S-H2O, and 145 data of MDEA-H2S-H2O systems were obtained as 8.20 %, 8.04 %, and 9.41 %, respectively. In addition, for some similar cases, the capability of the e-CPA EOS was compared with the Clegg–Pitzer, N-Wilson-NRF, e-NRTL, and e-CTS models. The results indicated that the e-CPA EOS has less error than the four other models.

Allantoin solubility in high pressure CO2: Statistical correlation and thermodynamic modeling

Since allantoin is an active ingredient in skin creams production for skin wounds treatment and skin cares, its solubility was studied in supercritical CO2 as a clean and efficient technique. Two significant independent variables involving pressure (200–500 bar) and temperature (30–60 °C) effect on the allantoin solubility with using ethanol (as a polar cosolvent) were studied. Therefore, Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to design the experiments. 13 experiments with their operating conditions were proposed by the software. According to the experiments, the optimum solubility of allantoin (0.003745) was found at pressure of 202 bar and temperature of 51 °C while the maximum solubility (0.003677) was experimentally obtained at pressure of 200 bar and temperature of 60 °C in supercritical CO2. Furthermore, Mohsen-Nia-Modarress-Mansoori (MMM) equation of state, which is a proper equation for the biological molecules’ solubility prediction, was applied to find the allantoin solubility, thermodynamically. According to the calculated errors, a good agreement between experimental and modeled data was found. Finally, the binary coefficients were reported.

A Holistic Framework for the Evaluation of Kidney Function in a Gender-Diverse Landscape

The most commonly used equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate incorporate a binary male-female sex coefficient, which has important implications for the care of transgender, gender-diverse, and nonbinary (TGD) people. Whether "sex assigned at birth" or a binary "gender identity" is most appropriate for the computation of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is unknown. Furthermore, the use of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) for the development of physical changes to align TGD people with their affirmed gender is increasingly common, and may result in changes in serum creatinine and cystatin C, the biomarkers commonly used to estimate glomerular filtration rate. The paucity of current literature evaluating chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence and outcomes in TGD individuals on GAHT makes it difficult to assess any effects of GAHT on kidney function. Whether alterations in serum creatinine reflect changes in glomerular filtration rate or simply changes in muscle mass is unknown. Therefore, we propose a holistic framework to evaluate kidney function in TGD people. The framework focuses on kidney disease prevalence, risk factors, sex hormones, eGFR, other kidney function assessment tools, and the mitigation of health inequities in TGD people.

The collision-induced absorption of H2 near 1.20 µm: Subatmospheric measurements and validation tests of calculations

The weak binary collision-induced absorption (CIA) of molecular hydrogen is measured at room temperature in the first overtone region near 1.20 µm. Binary absorption coefficients are derived by cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) at 28 selected spectral points sampling the (2–0) band between 7974 and 8650 cm−1. While all previous studies used high density samples, the sensitivity of the CRDS method allowed deriving accurate CIA by using pressure ramps of pure H2 limited to a maximum pressure of 1 atm. After subtraction of the Rayleigh contribution, a purely quadratic pressure dependence is obtained for the absorption coefficient at each measurement point and the CIA binary coefficients are derived with a 1.5 % accuracy. The comparison to theoretical values widely used for astronomical applications shows deviations values between 5 and 25 %.

Pendugaan Koefisien Regresi Logistik Biner Menggunakan Algoritma Least Angle Regression

Binary logistic regression is a statistical analysis method that aims to determine the relationship between variable which has two categories with the predictor variable that have categorical or continuous scale. The method that used to estimate logistic regression parameters is Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method. In estimating parameters, Least Angle Regression (LAR) algorithm is used to select the significant variables in order to get the best model from the estimation results of binary logistic regression coefficients. This LAR algorithm is applied to the risko of stunting data in two-year-old-babies at Buntu Batu Health Center working area, Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi in 2019. This results obtained in the estimation of binary logistic regression prediction model using LAR algorithm, the standard error value is 0.018 smaller than the standard error value of binary logistic regression, which is 0.025. This shows that the binary logistic regression model using LAR algorithm is better than the usual binary logistic regression model on the risk of stunting data. Based on the results obtained, the variables that significantly affect the risk of stunting in two-year-old-babies on 2019 are father’s height, body length of birth, exclusive breastfeeding, history of infectious diseases, and history of immunization.

Modeling Henry's law and phase separations of water-NaCl-organic mixtures with solvation and ion-pairing.

Empirical measurements of solution vapor pressure of ternary acetonitrile (MeCN) H2O-NaCl-MeCN mixtures were recorded, with NaCl concentrations ranging from zero to the saturation limit, and MeCN concentrations ranging from zero to an absolute mole fraction of 0.64. After accounting for speciation, the variability of the Henry's law coefficient at vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of MeCN ternary mixtures decreased from 107% to 5.1%. Solute speciation was modeled using a mass action solution model that incorporates solute solvation and ion-pairing phenomena. Two empirically determined equilibrium constants corresponding to solute dissociation and ion pairing were utilized for each solute. When speciation effects were considered, the solid-liquid equilibrium of H2O-NaCl-MeCN mixtures appear to be governed by a simple saturation equilibrium constant that is consistent with the binary H2O-NaCl saturation coefficient. Further, our results indicate that the precipitation of NaCl in the MeCN ternary mixtures was not governed by changes in the dielectric constant. Our model indicates that the compositions of the salt-induced liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) boundary of the H2O-NaCl-MeCN mixture correspond to the binary plateau activity of MeCN, a range of concentrations over which the activity remains largely invariant in the binary water-MeCN system. Broader comparisons with other ternary miscible organic solvent (MOS) mixtures suggest that salt-induced liquid-liquid equilibrium exists if: (1) the solution displays a positive deviation from the ideal limits governed by Raoult's law; and (2) the minimum of the mixing free energy profile for the binary water-MOS system is organic-rich. This work is one of the first applications of speciation-based solution models to a ternary system, and the first that includes an organic solute.

Multicomorbidity in Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Retrospective Analysis.

The frequencies of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis have been compared to that in the general population in many studies. Moreover, several studies have investigated the risk factors influencing the number of comorbidities in patients with psoriasis. However, a few studies have examined clusters of patients with psoriasis according to their comorbidities. In this study, we aimed to explore the multicomorbidities of psoriasis vulgaris in terms of risk factors and clusters. All diagnoses of 452 patients with psoriasis vulgaris were extracted from electronic medical records of a tertiary hospital. Binary association coefficients were calculated for all pairs of comorbidities. Subsequently, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed. Among the patients, 30.5% had no comorbidities, 28.8% had a single comorbidity, and 40.7% had multiple comorbidities. The number of comorbidities was positively associated with age and follow-up duration but not with sex. The most striking cluster of comorbidities was composed of diabetes, hepatosteatosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. This cluster could be explained by cardiometabolic multimorbidity. Exploring such clusters may provide a more forward-looking perspective for the management of psoriasis patients.

Large deviations and conditioning for chaotic non-invertible deterministic maps: analysis via the forward deterministic dynamics and the backward stochastic dynamics

The large deviation properties of trajectory observables for chaotic non-invertible deterministic maps as studied recently by Smith (2022 Phys. Rev. E 106 L042202) and by Gutierrez et al (2023 arXiv:2304.13754) are revisited in order to analyze in detail the similarities and the differences with the case of stochastic Markov chains. More concretely, we focus on the simplest example displaying the two essential properties of local stretching and global folding, namely the doubling map xt+1=2xt[mod1] on the real-space interval x∈[0,1[ that can also be analyzed via the decomposition x=∑l=1+∞σl2l into binary coefficients σl=0,1 . The large deviation properties of trajectory observables can be studied either via deformations of the forward deterministic dynamics or via deformations of the backward stochastic dynamics. Our main conclusions concerning the construction of the corresponding Doob canonical conditioned processes are: (i) non-trivial conditioned dynamics can be constructed only in the backward stochastic perspective where the reweighting of existing transitions is possible, and not in the forward deterministic perspective; (ii) the corresponding conditioned steady state is not smooth on the real-space interval x∈[0,1[ and can be better characterized in the binary space σl=1,2,..,+∞ . As a consequence, the backward stochastic dynamics in the binary space are also the most appropriate framework to analyze higher levels of large deviations, and we obtain the explicit large deviations at level 2 for the probability of the empirical density of long backward trajectories.

A new heat transfer model based on non-equilibrium theory for annular flow condensation-part Ⅱ: Ternary zeotropic mixtures

In the past decades, attention has been paid to the flowcondensation heat transfer characteristics of zeotropic mixtures, but most of the research has been carried out on binary mixtures, with very few studies performed on multicomponent mixtures that contain ternary and more components. The condensing process of multicomponent mixtures is significantly more complex since there are interactions between the components except for mixture effects, and these mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, existing prediction methods either being computationally complicated or fail to accurately describe the condensation characteristics of multicomponent zeotropic mixtures. Focused on this issue, a new heat transfer correlation for ternary zeotropic mixtures in annular flow condensation was proposed based on our previously developed heat transfer model for binary zeotropic mixtures. The ternary mixture is regarded as a combination of two binary mixtures by analyzing the relationship of the condensation rate difference between components and the concentration gradient, and binary interaction coefficients are introduced to estimate the relative contribution of the two independent concentration gradients in the condensing vapor of ternary zeotropic mixtures. The newly developed correlation is simple and agrees well with the condensation heat transfer coefficients of ternary zeotropic mixtures, with an average relative deviation (MRD) of -1.6 %, an average absolute relative deviation (MARD) of 13.9 %, and 90.2 % of the data points falling within ±30 % deviation band for a total of 307 annular flow data.

Serum lncRNA THRIL predicts benign and malignant pulmonary nodules and promotes the progression of pulmonary malignancies

BackgroundThis project aimed to research the significance of THRIL in the diagnosis of benign and malignant solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) and to investigate the role of THRIL/miR-99a in malignant SPNs.MethodsThe study groups consisted of 169 patients with SPN and 74 healthy subjects. The differences in THRIL levels were compared between the two groups and the healthy group. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was utilized to analyze the THRIL’s significance in detecting benign and malignant SPN. Pearson correlation and binary regression coefficients represented the association between THRIL and SPN. CCK-8 assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry were utilized to detect the regulatory effect of THRIL silencing. The interaction between THRIL, miR-99a, and IGF1R was confirmed by the double luciferase reporter gene.ResultsThere were differences in THRIL expression in the healthy group, benign SPN group, and malignant SPN group. High accuracy of THRIL in the diagnosis of benign SPN and malignant SPN was observed. THRIL was associated with the development of SPN. The expression of THRIL was upregulated and miR-99a was downregulated in lung cancer cells. The double luciferase report experiment confirmed the connections between THRIL/miR-99a/IGF1R. Silencing THRIL could suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promote cell apoptosis by binding miR-99a.ConclusionThe detection of THRIL in serum is useful for the assessment of malignant SPN. THRIL can regulate the expression of IGF1R through miR-99a, thereby promoting the growth of lung cancer cells and inhibiting apoptosis.

Multi-objective matroid optimization with ordinal weights

Bi-objective optimization problems on matroids are in general intractable and their corresponding decision problems are in general NP-hard. However, if one of the objective functions is restricted to binary cost coefficients the problem becomes efficiently solvable by an efficient swap algorithm. Binary cost coefficients often represent two categories and are thus a special case of ordinal coefficients that are in general non-additive. In this paper we consider ordinal objective functions with more than two categories in the context of matroid optimization. We introduce several problem variants that can be distinguished w.r.t. their respective optimization goals, analyze their interrelations, and derive a polynomial time solution method that is based on the repeated solution of matroid intersection problems. Numerical tests on minimum spanning tree problems and on partition matroids confirm the efficiency of the approach.

Permeability prediction of pervious concrete based on mix proportions and pore characteristics

Permeability is the principal function of pervious concrete, and establishing a permeability prediction model is a prerequisite for designing and optimizing permeability. However, most of the current permeability prediction models depend on porosity or pore characteristics, which are difficult to guide the design of pervious concrete. Therefore, this study investigated the permeability of pervious concrete with different cement-aggregate ratios and gradations of aggregates, and developed prediction models for permeability coefficients based on the mix proportion parameters and pore characteristics. The results show that the two-dimensional porosity obtained from image analysis is slightly larger than the connected porosity obtained from the volumetric method. The three pore characteristics obtained from image analysis include the two-dimensional porosity, the pore number, and the equivalent pore size, all of which correlate significantly with the cement-aggregate ratio. The permeability coefficients measured by the constant and falling head methods show significant correlations with the cement-aggregate ratio and the pore characteristics and insignificant correlations with the equivalent aggregate size. Binary and ternary permeability coefficients prediction models based on the cement-aggregate ratio and the equivalent aggregate size, as well as on the two-dimensional porosity, the pore number, and the equivalent pore size, are developed, respectively. The predicted permeability coefficients are in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the permeability of pervious concrete can be designed and predicted according to the prediction models.

STAR-RIS-Aided Mobile Edge Computing: Computation Rate Maximization With Binary Amplitude Coefficients

In this paper, simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is investigated in the multi-user mobile edge computing (MEC) system to improve the computation rate. Compared with traditional RIS-aided MEC, STAR-RIS extends the service coverage from half-space to full-space and provides new flexibility for improving the computation rate for end users. However, the STAR-RIS-aided MEC system design is a challenging problem due to the non-smooth and non-convex binary amplitude coefficients with coupled phase shifters. To fill this gap, this paper formulates a computation rate maximization problem via the joint design of the STAR-RIS phase shifts, reflection and transmission amplitude coefficients, the receive beamforming vectors, and energy partition strategies for local computing and offloading. To tackle the discontinuity caused by binary variables, we propose an efficient smoothing-based method to decrease convergence error, in contrast to the conventional penalty-based method, which brings many undesired stationary points and local optima. Furthermore, a fast iterative algorithm is proposed to obtain a stationary point for the joint optimization problem, with each subproblem solved by a low-complexity algorithm, making the proposed design scalable to a massive number of users and STAR-RIS elements. Simulation results validate the strength of the proposed smoothing-based method and show that the proposed fast iterative algorithm achieves a higher computation rate than the conventional method while saving the computation time by at least an order of magnitude. Moreover, the resultant STAR-RIS-aided MEC system significantly improves the computation rate compared to other baseline schemes with conventional reflect-only/transmit-only RIS.