Binary Cementitious Blends Research Articles

Effects of Aggressive Environment on the Durability of Concrete Produced with Binary and Ternary Blend Cement

Effects of Aggressive Environment on the Durability of Concrete Produced with Binary and Ternary Blend Cement - written by Gana Matthew Sunday , Erasmus P. D. , Shehu I. A published on 2020/02/29 download full article with reference data and citations

Strength and microstructural behavior of concrete incorporating laterite sand in binary blended cement

Laterite, due to its wide availability and low cost, is considered as a societal building material in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Excavation of the laterite leaves laterite stones as scrap which accounts for around 25-30%. These scraps being a hindrance for the further excavation of the laterite in the quarries can be crushed and used to meet the demand of fine aggregates in the construction industry. Performance indicators such as workability, compressive, split-tensile and flexural strength are measured to evaluate the suitability. M30 grade of concrete specimens were produced with these crushed scraps by replacing M-sand at the intervals of 25% ranging from 0% to 100%. Laterite replacement of 25% could enhance the performance after 28 days. Not limiting only to strength characteristics, its morphological features were also understood by conducting Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for the optimum mixes. Laterite, due to its wide availability and low cost, is considered as a societal building material in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Excavation of the laterite leaves laterite stones as scrap which accounts for around 25-30%. These scraps being a hindrance for the further excavation of the laterite in the quarries can be crushed and used to meet the demand of fine aggregates in the construction industry. Performance indicators such as workability, compressive, split-tensile and flexural strength are measured to evaluate the suitability. M30 grade of concrete specimens were produced with these crushed scraps by replacing M-sand at the intervals of 25% ranging from 0% to 100%. Laterite replacement of 25% could enhance the performance after 28 days. Not limiting only to strength characteristics, its morphological features were also understood by conducting Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for the optimum mixes.

The Synergic Effect of Fly Ash and High Reactivity Attapulgite in Ternary Blended Cement

The main objective is to study the synergic effect of fly ash (FA) and high reactivity Attapulgite (HRA) together in ternary blended cement of (OPC+FA+HRA) and evaluate the efficiency factor of FA and HRA in binary blended cement and (FA+HRA) in ternary blended cement. To achieve this objective compressive strength of binary blended cement mixes of (OPC+FA) with FA replacement percentages of (20 %, 30% and 40%), (OPC+HRA) with HRA replacement percentages of (5 and 10%) by weight of cement and ternary blended cement mixes of (OPC+FA+5% and/or 10%HRA). Were tested and compared with that of reference mix at ages of (7, 28, 56 and 90) days to assess the synergic effect of FA and HRA in ternary blended cement. The results showed that using ternary blended cement of (OPC+FA+5% and/or 10%HRA) led to increasing compressive strength relative to binary blended cement mixes of (OPC+FA) at the same replacement percentages by weight of cement. More significant increments in compressive strength were noticed at the age of 7 days. The results also showed that the efficiency factors calculated according to the modified bolmoy΄s equation for ternary blended cement were always higher than their corresponding binary blended cement of (OPC+.FA).
 Keywords: Fly ash, High reactivity Attapulgite, Binary blended cement, Ternary blended cement

Early age, hydration, mechanical and microstructure properties of nano-silica blended cementitious composites

This study was carried out to understand the influence of nano-silica on hydration properties of binary, ternary and quaternary blended cement paste and mortar containing micro to nano sized admixtures including fly ash (FA), ultrafine fly ash (UFFA) and nano-silica in colloidal form (CNS). Characterization methods such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) was employed to quantify the hydration products. Further, early age and mechanical properties were also investigated for binary, ternary and quaternary cementitious system blended with nano-silica. The optimized proportions of blended paste and mortar are designed through modified Andreasen and Andersen particle packing model.The experimental test results revealed that the optimum dosage of CNS in binary blended cement composites is 3%. The presence of nano-silica in cementitious system amplified the hydration and pozzolanic activity, thereby promoting densified microstructure at nano scale. The flow test indicated the intensified demand for water absorption and reduced workability with the rise in level of incorporation of CNS particles in cement paste. Quaternary blended mix performed superior hydration along with strength properties amongst all the blended samples.

Mechanical, fracture and durability properties of self-compacting high strength concrete containing recycled polypropylene plastic particles

This study focuses on the mechanical, fracture and durability characteristics of self-compacting high-strength concrete (SCHSC) containing recycled polypropylene plastic particles (RPPP) with and without silica fume (SF). The designation of the two different sets of SCHSC containing plastic particles were used on the basis of a constant water–cementitious substance (w/cm) ratio of 0.32 and a total cementitious materials content of 550 kg/m3. The first set of mixtures included binary cementitious blends of 20% fly ash (FA) and 80% Portland cement (PC). However, the second series of the mixtures incorporated ternary cementitious blends of 20% FA, 10% SF and 70% PC. To produce the concretes, medium size aggregate was replaced with RPPP at five designated percentages of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume in both sets of concretes. Totally, 10 mixtures were produced and tested for mechanical, fracture and durability properties such as elastic modulus, compressive and splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, sorptivity, chloride ion permeability, gas permeability and fracture energy. The tests were carried out 28 and 90 days after casting. The test results showed that the use of RPPP significantly improved the fracture and ductility properties, whereas aggravated other measured properties of SCHSCs. However, with the addition of SF all mechanical and durability characteristics remarkably enhanced. The results also demonstrated that SCHSC with compressive strength higher than 70 MPa at 90 days was produced by using RPPP content up to 40% replacement level by total medium aggregate volume, and 10% SF.

Effect of fly ash and rice husk ash on strength and durability of binary and ternary blend cement mortar

This research paper describes the parametric study on the binary and ternary blend cement mortar prepared with the fly ash (FA) and rice husk ash (RHA) as partial substitute of ordinary portland cement (OPC). These byproducts are having high pozzolanic reactivity. In this research, the composition of the binary blend was used with the variation of 5–20% FA and RHA as partial substitute of OPC and for ternary blend 10% RHA along with 10, 20 and 30% FA as partial substitute of cement. The compressive strength, the microstructure of mortar matrix and durability were tested on mortar cubes. The test result shows that the maximum compressive strength was attained using 10% RHA, 10% FA for binary blend and for ternary blend 10RHA10FA and beyond that, the strength was similar to control mix (CM). The durability test for all specimen of the binary and ternary blend of cement mortar shows the satisfactory result. This type of mix is very effective in enhancing the strength and durability of cement mortar by saving cement and also environmental friendly.

PROPERTIES OF MULTI-BLENDED CEMENT MORTARS USING AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES

This study is conducted to investigate the performance of multi-blended pozzolan admixtures as partial cement replacement in cement mortars. Eight types of mixtures were prepared using various agro-industrial wastes as admixtures such as pulverized fuel ash, rice husk ash, slag, and palm oil fuel ash, of which four mixtures have different percentages of admixtures (Multi Blended Cement, MBC), and the others four are single mix (Binary Blended Cement, BBC). The experimental work initially deals with workability, compressive strength development, water absorption, and total porosity of MBC and BBC mortars cured at different curing conditions. The effects of different percentages of MBC and BBC mortars with different water-cement ratios were examined in terms of workability and compressive strength to achieve optimum mix proportions for MBC and BBC mortars. MBC system produced low permeability mortar compared to control, and BBC mortars. The strength properties of MBC mortars were more significant than control and BBC mortars when provided with appropriate curing

Nanomechanical and Surface Morphological Properties of Hydrated Cement Paste Containing Volcanic Ash and Micro-or Nano-Silica

The current trend in concrete science and technology is to characterize the cementitious materials in multiscales so that the optimal performance of concrete can be achieved with the minimal use of cement as well as sustainable materials. It has been realized that the new properties of many materials are discovered when examined at nanoscale. Nanoindentation test has been adopted as a technique to examine the nanomechanical properties of cementitious materials leading to an improvement of their macro-mechanical performance in terms of strength development, tailoring of desired properties, and durability. The evidence of an experimental investigation to evaluate the influence of micro-and nanocement additives on the nanomechanical properties and the surface morphology of the hydrated cement paste is presented in this paper. The effect of additives on the compressive strength of binary and ternary blended cement paste was also examined. It could be concluded from these studies that the effect of the additives on the properties of cement paste matrix at macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale can be correlated, and mixes can be designed for the optimal performance by multiscale investigation.

Efficient self-compacting concrete with low cement consumption

Self-compacting concretes (SCCs) must have high fluidity, cohesion and should not segregate. These characteristics of fresh concrete increase the cost of production, particularly for lower projected strengths. In this work, a low Portland cement composition of SCC, with added metakaolin and fly ash (binary and ternary blended cements) was studied to evaluate its rheological and mechanical properties. Materials suitable for the mixture of the SCC were selected, characterized and the maximum packing density of the aggregates was determined. A SCC with a low compressive strength of 28.6 MPa and a cement consumption index of 10.2 kg m−3. MPa−1 was produced; these values are among the lowest obtained for this type of concrete. An index of 7.8 kg m−3. MPa−1 has been obtained for SCCs with higher compressive strength (67 MPa). Having defined a dosage strength of 25 MPa, a composition of 1:7.45 (cement:aggregates ratio) was obtained, with cement consumption of 222 kg/m3 (+49.4 kg fly ash and metakaolin) and a cement consumption index (binder index) of 10.8 kg m−3. MPa−1. The results show that it is feasible to produce low strength SCC, with the necessary fluidity and reduced binder consumption, when mineral additions of metakaolin and fly ash are used. This makes SCC more efficient, with important reductions in costs and environmental impact.

Effects of Binary and Ternary Blended Cements Made from Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Rice Husk Ash on Alkali–Silica Reaction of Mortar

Alkali–silica reaction (ASR) of binary and ternary blended cement mortars made from fine particles of palm oil fuel ash (PA) and rice husk ash (RA) was investigated. Portland cement type I was replaced by PA, RA, and RA mixed with PA at rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40% by weight of binder and was used for casting mortar to investigate compressive strength and expansion due to ASR. After finishing ASR test, microstructures of the mortars due to ASR were also investigated by scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The results showed that PA and RA are good pozzolans considering in terms of compressive strength. For ASR results, the expansions of PA mortars due to ASR were lower than control mortar, while the mortars containing RA had very high expansion and many cracks. However, RA–PA mortars provided lower expansion due to ASR than RA mortars at the same rates.

MICROSTRUCTURE OF ULTRA-HIGH PERFORMANCE CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES WITH AND WITHOUT EXCESSIVE SULFATES

Advances in the science of cement-based materials have resulted in the development of a new generation of material, namely ultra-high performance cementitious composite (UHPCC). The primary improvements of UHPCC are achieved by the removal of coarse aggregate, limiting the water-to-binder ratio and introducing micro fine materials such as silica fume. The present study aimed to investigate the microstructure of UHPCC with and without additional sulfates. For this purpose, two groups of UHPCC were designed at a constant water/binder ratio of 0.174.The first group of UHPCC mixtures was designed with binary blends of Portland cement and silica fume and was reinforced with 2% micro steel fibers by volume. The other group was also designed with binary cementitious blends but without fibers. Each group consisted of five mixes with different SO3 contents of between 0.11% and 4.5% by weight of natural sand. For each mix, the UHPCC samples were either standard cured or steam cured at 80 ˚C over a 48 h. Besides, UHPCs were compared to Portland cement mortars. The microstructures of the UHPC were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) was also performed. SEM observations showed the existence of non-expansive ettringite in the UHPCC samples containing excessive sulfates.

Impact of Micro Silca on the mechanical properties of high volume Fly Ash Concrete

In the current situation, to overcome the difficulties of feasible construction, concrete made with various mixtures of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and diverse mineral admixtures, is the wise choice for engineering construction. Mineral admixtures viz. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Meta kaolin (MK), Fly Ash (FA) and Silica Fume (SF) etc. are used as Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) in binary and ternary blend cement system to enhance the mechanical and durability properties. Investigation on the effect of different replacement levels of OPC in M25 grade with FA + SF in ternary cement blend on the strength characteristics and beam behavior was studied. The OPC was partially replaced (by weight) with different combinations of SF (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) and FA as 50% (High Volume Fly Ash - HVFA). The amount of FA addition is kept constant at 50% for all combinations. The compressive strength and tensile strength tests on cube and cylinder specimens, at 7 and 28 days were carried out. Based on the compressive strength results, optimum mix proportion was found out and flexural behaviour was studied for the optimum mix. It was found that all the mixes (FA + SF) showed improvement in compressive strength over that of the control mix and the mix with 50% FA + 10% SF has 20% increase over the control mix. The tensile strength was also increased over the control mix. Flexural behaviour also showed a significant improvement in the mix with FA and SF over the control mix.

Laboratory Studies to Examine the Properties of a Novel Cold-Asphalt Concrete Binder Course Mixture Containing Binary Blended Cementitious Filler

Conventional hot asphalt mixtures have an impact on global warming and CO2 emissions contributing to debates on environmental issues which have been raised in recent years. As an alternative, cold emulsion asphalt mixtures (CBEMs) provide considerable benefits such as eco-friendliness, energy efficiency and cost effectiveness connected with safety. However, their weak early strength along with the need for longer curing times (usually 2-24 months) and higher moisture susceptibility compared to hot asphalt mixtures, have been cited as obstacles to their wider application. That said, the incorporation of waste materials in CBEM mixtures enhances sustainability by decreasing the amount of industrial waste materials needed and conserving natural resources. A new binary blended cement filler (BBCF) material generated from high calcium fly ash (HCFA) and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FC3R) was found to be very effective in providing microstructural integrity with a novel fast-curing cold asphalt concrete for the binder course (CACB) mixture. Laboratory performance tests included the stiffness modulus test by indirect tension to cylindrical samples, wheel-tracking tests and water sensitivity. Regarding environmental issues, a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test was performed to analyse the leachate from various specimens comprising concentrations of heavy metal. The findings of these tests have demonstrated that CACB performs extremely well compared to traditional hot mixtures. The stiffness modulus of the BBCF treated mixture – 3730 MPa after 3 days – is higher than the traditional hot mixture (100/150 pen). In addition, the BBCF treated mixture offered a superior performance regarding rutting resistance, fatigue resistance and water susceptibility as well as revealing a considerably lower thermal sensitivity. More significantly, the BBCF treated mixture was found comparable to the traditional asphalt concrete binder course after a very short curing time (1 day). Finally, the concentration of heavy metals in the specimens incorporating the BBCF was observed to be less than the regulatory levels determined for hazardous materials and so requirements were satisfied. Consequently, this BBCF treated mixture has significant potential with reference to its application as a binder course in asphalt pavement.

Blended Cements with Limestone Filler and Kaolinitic Calcined Clay: Filler and Pozzolanic Effects

AbstractIn this paper, binary and ternary blended cements (BC) based on calcined clay (CC, 0–30%) obtained from low-grade kaolinitic clay and limestone filler (LF, 0–10%) were developed and the int...

Quantification of supplementary cementitious content in blended Portland cement using an iterative Rietveld–PONKCS technique

An iterative Rietveld–PONKCS (partial or no known crystal structure) technique has been developed for precise and accurate determination of the weight percentages of predominantly amorphous supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) contained in Portland cement–SCM blends. This technique involves the iterative refinement of the SCM amorphous phase (SCMAP) content, with the separation of the refinement of the SCMAP shape parameters from background refinement. The technique also includes an internal and external standard refinement of both the calibration SCM and the cement–SCM blend. This approach enables the separation of the contributions of the SCMs and the cement to the amorphous content of the cement–SCM blend. The technique has been successfully applied to binary systems of cement–slag and cement–fly ash, and ternary blends of cement–fly ash–slag, over a wide range of cement replacement levels. In the ternary systems, the proposed technique was successfully able to separate the individual amorphous contributions of slag and fly ash to the total amorphous content of the system. The approach was also implemented on a pair of commercially available binary blended cements containing 30% slag and 30% fly ash, respectively.

Improved fire resistance by using Portland-pozzolana or Portland-fly ash cements

Our study was directed to the analysis of the influence of various types of cements on the behaviour of concrete at high temperatures. In our experiments binary blended and ordinary Portland cements were involved: two Portland cements with different clinker compositions and Portland cements containing pozzolanic additives as replacement of clinkers. In the first part of the study we focused on the influence of cement types where cement paste specimens were investigated. Then, based on the results of cement paste specimens, concretes specimens were prepared with some selected types of cements. Most important observation of our experimental study was that the pozzolanic additives and their increased amount have a favourable effect on the heat resistance (fire resistance) properties of concrete.

Engineering properties of lightweight aggregate concrete containing binary and ternary blended cement

Lightweight concrete (LAWC) has numerous advantages over normal weight concrete (NWC), such as less dead load and construction costs. Using lightweight aggregates (LWA) is one of the most typical methods of fabricating structural LWAC. This paper studies the possibility of LAWC production by agricultural solid waste, specifically oil palm shell (OPS) and also by replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (FA) up to 50%. The effect of cement replacement with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of RHA (binary blended cement) and with 15%FA/15%RHA and 25%FA/25%RHA (ternary blended cement) on several engineering properties (workability, density, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, drying shrinkage and ultrasonic pulse velocity) of OPS concrete was analyzed. The impact of 2, 4, and 6 days of water curing on 28-day compressive strength was examined as well. This study proved the possibility of fabricating sustainable LAWC made of high volume agricultural and industrial waste materials. Although the high amount of RHA in OPS Concrete caused reduction of compressive strength and workability, incorporating FA along with RHA addressed this issue. OPS concrete showed to be more sensitive to curing and only 4-day initial curing decreased the strength reduction up to 26% compare to air dry curing. Grades 30 (with OPC content of 350 kg/m3) and 25 (with OPC content of 250 kg/m3) green LAWC were successfully produced by incorporating 30% and 50% of RHA/FA respectively. In addition, significant CO2 reduction, as high as 41%, is calculated in this work to be emitted for manufacturing studied sustainable concretes.

Properties of binary and ternary blended cement mortars containing palm oil fuel ash and metakaolin

This paper has investigated the properties of mortars made from binary and ternary blends of metakaolin (MK), palm oil fuel ash (POFA), and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). A total of 17 different mortar mixtures were produced. The OPC in the mixtures was partially replaced by MK, POFA, or a combination of MK and POFA at different replacement levels of (0–30%) by weight of the binder. At the fresh state, the flow (workability) of mortar mixtures was determined, while at the hardened state, the compressive strength and porosity at the ages of 7, 28, and 90 days were evaluated. The results showed that the flow of mortar is boosted with the combined use of MK and POFA compared to when MK is separately used. Besides, improvement in low early compressive strength development and reduction in high porosity from use of POFA occurred with the addition of up to 10% MK content. Therefore, the combination of POFA and MK could be used as a supplementary cementitious material to produce cement-based material of higher quality than OPC.

Strength of Binary and Ternary Blended Cement Pastes Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Metakaolin Exposed To Sodium Sulphate

The compressive strength of binary (BBCP) and ternary blended cement pastes (TBCP) containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Metakaolin (MK) exposed to 3 % sodium sulphate solution has been studied. The ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was partially replaced with POFA and MK on mass-for-mass basis. All specimens were first cured for 28 days in normal water and subsequently subjected to full immersion in sodium sulphate solution for 150 days for the compressive strength evaluation. The results show that partial replacement of cement with POFA and MK improved the durability of the cement pastes by reducing the damage caused by sulphate attack.

Workability retention and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete incorporating pumice powder and silica fume

This paper presents the results of an experimental study carried out to investigate the performance of self-compacting concrete (SCC) mixes, which produced using blended binders containing pumice powder in various proportions. As a volcanic material, pumice possesses pozzolanic properties and can effectively be added to the concrete mixture. The influence of pumice powder on the self-compactibility properties such as slump flow, V-funnel flow, U-box and J-ring flow and compressive strength was investigated. Also, in order to clearly understand the effect of pumice powder on the workability retention of concrete, the slumps were measured with elapsed time. The comparison has been made between SCC with pumice powder to other mixtures with fly ash and slag through tests on fresh and hardened concrete. In all of the mixtures the portland cement was partially replaced from 10% to 50% by pumice, fly ash and slag. The incorporation of more than 30% of pozzolanic materials in the binary blended portland cement mixtures results in a significant decline in the fresh and hardened test results. In addition, to improve the properties of SCC containing pumice, the ternary blended cement replacement with pumice and silica fume (SF) was developed. The results revealed that incorporation of SF substantially enhanced the properties of the mixtures.