Binary Cementitious Blends Research Articles

A systematic analysis of binary blend cement concrete infused with lime sludge and fly ash

Lime sludge is a residual substance came from the paper sector. The current research investigates that the effects of adding lime sludge to concrete as a cementitious substance on its mechanical properties. Lime sludge replaces cement in various amounts to provide the appropriate mechanical properties. The resulting material is then compared to standard concrete. The research on supplemental cementation resources that equivalent Portland cements's potency without compromising stability. According to the Indian standard (IS 10262–2009), the study used M20, M30, and M40 concrete. Lime sludge replaced cement 0 ​%, 10 ​%, 20 ​%, and 30 ​%. Also investigated were lime sludge and fly ash mixtures of 10 ​%, 20 ​%, and 30 ​% by weight. Mechanical parameters of concrete classes M20, M30, and M40 were measured at 7 and 28 days. The grades show that the 10 ​% lime sludge out performed normal concrete. This work represents can be applied as unique additional cementitious substance up to the definite proportions.

Magnesite Mine Waste as a Sustainable Binder for Low-Fines Self-Compacting Concrete: Engineering Property and Ecological Impact

<p>Mine waste management has become a global concern due to its environmental and health impacts, as well as the high cost of disposal. Recent advancements focus on recycling mine waste into resources using effective conservation methods and waste management systems. The building sector, a major consumer of natural resources, has seen studies on using waste materials in concrete. This study examined the feasibility of replacing cement with mine waste in two phases - binary blend (cement + mine waste) and ternary blend (cement + fly ash + mine waste) at 10%, 20%, and 30% doses. The study evaluated fresh properties like slump flow, T50 slump, V-funnel, J-ring, and L-box, and hardened properties like compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths. It also investigated microstructural characteristics, cost, energy impact, and CO2 emissions. The results showed good performance in fresh characteristics for almost all mixtures but failure in hardened properties. The achieved strength was backed by microstructural analysis. Binary blended SCC reduced costs by 5%, energy by 25%, and CO2 emissions by 28%, while ternary blended SCC cut costs by 8%, energy by 32%, and CO2 emissions by 36%.</p>

Binary and Ternary Blended Portland Cements Containing Different Types of Rice Husk Ash.

Rice husk ash (RHA) is agricultural waste with high silica content that has exhibited proven technical feasibility as a pozzolanic material since the 1970s. Notwithstanding, its use in mortars and concrete is limited by the standards currently utilized in some countries where RHA production is high and the aforementioned pozzolanic material is not standardized. This is the case in Spain, one of the main rice producers in Europe. Nowadays, the high pressure placed on the Portland cement production sector to reduce its energy use and CO2 emissions has given rise to a keen interest in mineral admixtures for cement manufacturing. In this research, we intended to establish the contributions of different RHA types to the final blended Portland cement properties ("H" is used to identify RHA in standardized cements). The experimental results demonstrated that RHA with good pozzolanic properties (large specific surface and high amorphous silica content) had to be limited to 10% cement replacement because of the severe reduction in workability at higher replacement percentages. RHA with lower reactivity, such as crystalline RHA, or fly ash (FA) can be used to prepare binary and ternary blended cements with reactive RHA. It is possible to design the following cements: CEM II/A-H and CEM II/A-(H-V). It would also be possible to design cement (CEM II/B-(H-V) with replacement values of up to 30% and the same 28-day mechanical performance as observed for the Portland cement without mineral addition.

Effect of Binary Blended Fillers on the Durability Performance of Recycled Cold-Mix Asphalt

Cold-mix asphalt is a greener alternative to pavement construction, processed at 10–40 °C, which is typically lower than other techniques like warm-mix asphalt and hot-mix asphalt. Huge amounts of construction and demolition waste, such as broken bricks, recycled concrete aggregates, reclaimed asphalt pavement, ceramic waste, etc., are generated every year due to the acceleration in infrastructure development. The production of such massive amounts causes landfilling issues, and their disposal is a serious issue nowadays. This study examines the effect of binary blended fillers on the performance of cold asphalt mixes using emulsified binders and 50% reclaimed asphalt pavement materials. Moreover, three types of binary blended fillers (BBFs), cement, fly ash, and Stabil Road, were used at different dosages. Overall, 500 samples were prepared for the mix design, and the optimum emulsion content was determined as 11% and 9% for the CM and 50R mixes, respectively, based on the Marshall stability peak value and volumetric properties such as voids in the mineral aggregates, total voids, and dry density. The moisture susceptibility of the recycled cold-mix asphalt (RCMA) mixture was evaluated using the tensile strength ratio. Cantabro abrasion loss was used to assess the cohesion resistance of the mixtures. The dynamic response of the mixes to the applied load was evaluated using the resilient modulus. The results of the present study reveal that using BBFs in the RCMA improved the inter-particle bonding and strength. Furthermore, BBF incorporation enhanced the performance of the recycled cold-mix asphalt.

Binary and Ternary Blended Cement for Minimising Use of Portland Cement: A Review

Binary and Ternary Blended Cement for Minimising Use of Portland Cement: A Review

Abrams’ Law Formulation for Blended Cement Paste Incorporated with Ground Ferronickel Slag

Ground ferronickel slag (GFS) is a form of an industrial waste by-product generated during the smelting process of nickel ore that has been crushed and ground into fine powder. GFS is a pozzolanic substance that may be employed as an environmentally beneficial binding agent when blended with Portland cement. This research aims to apply the Abrams Law formulation to blended cement combined with GFS. GFS was utilized as a Portland cement composite (PCC) replacement at varying percentages of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt.%. The blended cement paste incorporated with GFS was tested at three water to cementitious material ratio (w/cm) levels of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6. After samples have been made, a compressive strength test is carried out. The research results showed that at 28 days, the optimum amount of GFS was found in the percentage of 20 wt.% induced the compressive strength by 40.41 MPa with a w/cm of 0.4. The equations based on Abrams’ Law have been proposed for estimating the correlation of 28-day compressive strength with w/cm in the range from 0.4 to 0.6. In addition, the hardened densities of binary blended cement paste were investigated. It was found that the density decreased with an increase of w/cm. The proposed equations provide the beneficial interpretation for estimating the compressive strength of blended cement paste based on the w/cm..

Investigation on Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Blended Cement Mortar Integrated with Mineral Additives

Investigation on Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Blended Cement Mortar Integrated with Mineral Additives

Synergistic Improvement in Setting and Hardening Performance of OPC-CSA Binary Blended Cement: Combined Effect of Nano Calcium Carbonate and Aluminum Sulfate

The combined effect and corresponding mechanism of nano calcium carbonate (NC) and aluminum sulfate (AS) on the setting and hardening performance of binary blended cement (ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and calcium sulfoaluminate cement (CSA)) were evaluated through multiple experiments, including setting time, calorimetry, compressive strength, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The results showed that, as compared to OPC, OPC-CSA binary blended cement exhibited reduced setting time but decreased early strength, which could be caused by the depressed silicate phase hydration due to the fast supply of aluminate ions during the hydration of aluminate-contained phases contained in CSA. However, through the combined addition of NC and AS, the depressed silicate phase hydration was greatly promoted by NC due to its nucleation effect, and the reduced early strength was significantly improved. Further analysis indicates that the combined addition of NC and AS can promote the formation of C-S-H gel and decrease the porosity of the hardened OPC-CSA binary paste. In this way, one promising repair material with rapid setting and hardening properties was prepared by OPC-CSA binary blended cement with the combined addition of NC and AS.

Pozzolanic performance and characteristic analysis of binary blended cement incorporating ceramic polishing sludge

The waste generated during ceramic polishing is typically disposed of in landfills rather than being recycled within the production facility, potentially causing environmental harm. This study aims to enhance industrial waste utilization and reduce CO2 emissions in the cement industry by investigating the feasibility of incorporating ceramic sludge from polishing processes into an innovative binary blended cement. Different binders were prepared with varying amounts of ceramic polishing sludge (CPS), ranging from 10% to 50%, and tested against the ASTM C595 standards. The results were compared with those of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). This approach involves evaluating the pozzolanic activity and conducting an advanced characterization assessment of CPS and binary blended ceramic polishing sludge cement (CPSC) paste. This study employed a combination of physical, mechanical, and chemical tests, including setting time, particle size distribution (PSD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area, compressive strength, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), heat of hydration, and differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TGA). The results indicated that CPS can be used as a pozzolanic material to create innovative binders with properties comparable to those of OPC. The Strength Activity Index (SAI) values affirmed the pozzolanic properties of CPS, exceeding 75% for up to 40% CPS replacement. Incorporating CPS in the blended cement resulted in a slower rate of cement hydration, leading to prolonged setting times and reduced early strength development. Although the compressive strength decreased with increasing CPS content, it remained within the acceptable ASTM C595 limits with up to 50% replacement. Nevertheless, the optimal replacement level of OPC with CPS was determined to be 50%. Furthermore, CPS substitution reduced the dry density and improved the water absorption and apparent porosity, reflecting microstructural changes. The SEM images revealed that the blended CPSC had a lower apparent porosity than the pure OPC. The DSC/TGA analysis demonstrated that the blended cement had a lower calcium hydroxide content and higher silica than pure OPC.

Assessment of the potential of rice husk ash (RHA) as a supplementary material in binary blended cement for road pavement applications

The current study explores the feasibility of using rice husk ash(RHA) as an additive in PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement) concrete for rigid road pavement. The research investigates the impact of RHA on concrete’s strength parameters, specifically tensile, split tensile and compressive strengths. The conventional mix design method is applied for the controlled concrete, serving as baseline for designing mixes with varying percentage of RHA as a replacement for cement. The study examines five replacement levels: 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%. Various curing durations are tested, including 3 days, 7 days, 28 days, and 56 days. The primary focus is to determine the optimal quantity of RHA as a cement replacement through experimental analysis. Key findings reveal that for compressive strength, the optimal replacement level is 10% RHA, while for flexural strength, the optimal replacement level is 5% RHA. These results underscore the potential of RHA to enhance concrete performance in road pavement applications when used judiciously as a partial substitute for cement.

Properties of Binary and Ternary Blended Cement Containing Pond Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Properties of Binary and Ternary Blended Cement Containing Pond Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Expansion and Mitigation of Alkali-Silica Reaction in Binary Blended Concrete Confining Potentially Reactive Aggregates

Without a cure but preventable, Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR), dubbed the “Concrete Cancer,” happens when alkali in cement bonds with silica in aggregates to form an expansive gel. This research aims to investigate expansion and influence mitigation of ASR in concrete by identifying potentially reactive aggregates causing its onset and using binary blended cement to slow down unwanted gel expansions through the mitigative ability found in its fly ash component. This research also observed variations in expansive behavior and the physical changes that arose after the experiments. Aggregate samples were collected from different quarries in Davao, Philippines, denoted as Deposit A, Deposit B, Deposit C, and Deposit D. These deposits were tested according to the ASTM C1260: Accelerated Mortar Bar Tests (AMBT) to identify a reactive group. Three aggregate groups, Deposit A, Deposit B, and Deposit C, were tagged as reactive due to exhibiting more than a 0.1% increase in lengths, indicating unideal expansion. Additional sets of AMBTs were done for the identified aggregates using blended cement as a binder to test the combinations' ability to minimize expansion. This resulted in an average expansion decrease per set of approximately 78%, 82%, and 85% for A, B, and C, respectively, further strengthening the reputation of fly ash as an effective mitigating SCM against ASR.

Sustainability of concretes with binary and ternary blended cements considering performance parameters

This paper examines the sustainability of cementitious materials and concrete. Although the environmental impact of these materials is often evaluated based on their CO2 emissions per ton of cement or m3 of concrete, incorporating performance parameters into sustainability indices is crucial for a more comprehensive assessment. This study evaluates the sustainability of concretes with and without supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), considering compressive strength and durability performance as performance parameters. Results show that the most sustainable concretes have the highest compressive strength and best durability performance. Furthermore, the importance of using locally available materials is highlighted, as transporting SCM over long distances can outweigh the benefits of using them as a replacement for Portland cement.

Carbon footprint of reinforced concrete columns with and without supplementary cementitious materials

The construction sector consumes a large quantity of natural resources and generates a great deal of carbon dioxide emissions and wastes, affecting its sustainability. Replacing Portland cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) could reduce the environmental impact. This paper examines the carbon footprint of reinforced concrete columns. It focuses on the influence of increasing the steel cross-section and reducing the clinker factor by replacing Portland cement with SCM. Eighteen concrete mixtures were selected and classified according to the specified compressive strength at 28 days of curing using binary and ternary blended cements. Columns were designed consisting of such concretes and employing different reinforcing steel cross-sections. The life cycle assessment was conducted on ISO 14040 standard. The embodied carbon dioxide (ECO2) of the reinforced concrete columns was determined. The results show that the higher the compressive strength of concrete, the lower the carbon footprint of the columns. Concretes with a high volume of SCM replacement and low compressive strength at 28 days do not show the lowest carbon footprint since it requires a greater volume of material to withstand the bearing capacity. The carbon footprint of the columns increases as the steel section increases. Furthermore, increasing the compressive strength of concrete is less beneficial for reducing the carbon footprint of the column when the steel cross-section is increased. Portland cement is the component material of concrete that contributes the most to the concrete carbon footprint, and steel has the highest ECO2/tonne. Replacing Portland cement with SCM reduces ECO2 at one point of the life cycle and may increase the material volume and ECO2 at another. The lowest carbon footprint of compressed reinforced concrete elements is achieved for the higher-strength concretes and the minimum steel cross-section.

Influence of superplasticizers on the workability and mechanical development of binary and ternary blended cement and alkali-activated cement

A comparative study of the effect of superplasticizers on different formulations of binary and ternary cement and alkali-activated cement (AAC) is presented. The need to find sustainable alternatives to the manufacture of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), together with the increasing demand for superplasticizer admixtures for a range of applications, motivate this study. Superplasticizer admixtures are designed for OPC so, in presence of supplementary cementitious materials, such as metallurgical slags and combustion ashes, or in alkaline environments, their performance may differ. To assess the influence of the admixtures on these formulations in presence of additions and alkaline media with high and low pH, the fresh and hardened properties of the cementitious matrixes are evaluated. Experimental results show that plasticizing effect in composite cement does not depend on the addition nature (slag or fly ash) and it is well maintained for at least the first two hours after mixing but, in the case of AAC, this effect drops rapidly probably due to lack of chemical stability of the admixtures in alkaline media. Regarding the properties in the hardened state, polycarboxylate admixtures in composite cement do not imply significant variations in mechanical strengths at an early age, but they do in AAC, which presents a detriment of around 17%. Mercury intrusion porosimetry reveals that the incorporation of polycarboxylate refines the pore structure of the cementitious matrixes.

Influence of milling parameters on the properties of ground coal bottom ash and its blended cement

Coal bottom ash (CBA), a by-product of the coal thermal power plant, can be classified as pozzolanic material according to ASTM C618. Therefore, it is a suitable supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete. In recent developments, it was established that the pulverization of CBA enhanced the pozzolanic properties. Numerous prior studies on utilising the ground CBA (GCBA) as SCM was conducted by milling CBA in a laboratory ball mill. However, the optimisation of the milling parameters was not investigated to achieve the optimum output rate and quality of GCBA. Hence, the present work is aimed to establish optimised milling parameters for producing high-quality GCBA in a ball mill for use as a constituent binder in binary and ternary blended cement. The raw CBA was pulverised at various retention times, the angular velocity of the mill (in revolution per minute, RPM) and CBA to instantaneous media ratio. The physical and pore properties of the resulting GCBA were characterized by Blaine fineness, laser particle and Bruneur Emmer Teller analysis. Besides, the workability and mechanical strength of mortar made with the GCBA blended cement were also examined. Subsequently, statistical analysis of test results was conducted by analysis of variance (ANOVA). It was observed that the CBA ground for 5 hours (5H-GCBA) exhibited optimum performance in physical and mechanical properties. Subsequently, the 5H-GCBA was pulverised at an angular velocity of 50 – 80 revolutions per minute (RPM) with a CBA to instantaneous media ratio of 1:10 – 2:10. The statistical analysis revealed that the retention time and the angular velocity of mill and CBA to instantaneous media ratio significantly influenced the workability, flexural and compressive strength of GCBA-blended mortar. In conclusion, the blended cement containing GCBA pulverised at 70 RPM with a CBA to instantaneous media ratio of 1.5:10 for 5 hours exhibits optimum performance.

Enhancing the Pozzolanic Reactivity of Spent Bleaching Earth Ash (SBEA) in Binary Blended Cement Mortar through Calcination

The effects of calcination on spent bleaching earth ash (SBEA) were investigated in terms of its contribution to pozzolanic reactivity as well as the strength of blended cement mortar when used as partial cement substitution. SBEA waste, which is plentiful in the global stock, showed some potential as pozzolanic material to reduce reliance on the traditional clinker cement. However, actual research on its use as cement replacement and how it may benefit from calcination was still very limited. This paper can conclude that SBEA contains sufficient silica and alumina oxides as well as satisfactory levels of pozzolanic reactivity to be classified Class N natural pozzolan. By calcining SBEA up to a temperature of 700 °C, its pozzolanic reactivity was improved due to the amorphisation of its contents, leading to an increase in the allowable level of replacements from 30 to 40 % as well as the peak strength achieved. These findings allowed calcined SBEA to be used in greater volume in cement mortar compared to an untreated SBEA. It is also worth noting that an excessively high calcination temperature around 900 °C was found to be detrimental to both the pozzolanic reactivity and strength development of cement mortars.

Waste Glass Valorization as Raw Material in the Production of Portland Clinker and Cement.

The paper presents experimental results regarding the synthesis of Portland clinker starting from raw mixes based on two types of clayey precursors, i.e., clay and marl (the most common types of raw materials used in the cement industry), with and without glass waste content. The soda-lime glass waste addition (5.36–5.59 wt %), used to control the silica ratio of the raw mix, improved the raw mix burnability and decreased the calcination temperature (by 20 °C), leading to a decrease in fuel consumption and contributing to the reduction in CO2 emissions associated with clinker and cement production. The clinkers obtained by the calcination of raw mixes with glass waste content at 1430 °C with a 30 min plateau had a similar mineralogical composition and microstructure to the clinkers obtained from the reference raw mixes and fulfilled the requirements of the specific standard EN 197-1. The obtained clinkers were used to produce two types of Portland cement, i.e., a unitary cement (CEM I) and a binary blended cement with slag (CEM II/B-S). The main characteristics of these cements, i.e., loss on ignition, insoluble residue, sulfate and chloride contents, as well as the setting time and soundness, meet the conditions stipulated in the EN 197-1 standard. The values of compressive strength, assessed on mortars after 2, 7 and 28 days of curing, allow the classification of all CEM I cements in the 42.5 R class. In the case of CEM II/B-S cements, those obtained from raw mixes with clay can be classified in the 42.5 N class, while those obtained from raw mixes with marl are classified in the 32.5 R class.

Optimizing Compressive Strength Properties of Binary Blended Cement Rice Husk Concrete for Road Pavement

Different supplementary cementitious materials are often blended with cement to produce sustainable concrete. More often than not, the strength of blended concrete is compromised, if the constituent materials are not carefully selected. In this study, optimization of strength properties of blended cement-rice husk ash (RHA) was carried out to determine the best mix ratio that produced binary blended concrete of high strength. Different mix ratios of cement and RHA were studied at a water cement ratio of 0.4 to produce concrete specimens. RHA was produced by burning 700 ℃ for an hour and its chemical composition was determined using the X-Ray Fluoresce (XRF) technique. RHA produced was used to replace cement at replacement levels of 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 %, and was used as binder. The compressive strength of each concrete mix was determined at 7, 28, and 56 days. Approximately 250 concrete cubes were tested and the results were subjected to statistical analysis. The results showed that compressive strength and internal structure varied with RHA as a replacement for cement. Optimal strength was achieved for a concrete mixture, prepared at a water: cement: aggregate ratio of 1:1.5:3, respectively, and a RHA replacement ratio of 5 %.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Cement is the most utilized construction material. The energy-intensive processes that are involved in its production contribute up to 10 % of total global CO2emissions, with potentially adverse environmental implications. It is however possible, that energy and cost efficiency can be achieved by reducing on the amount of clinker, and in its place utilising supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) or pozzolans
 Currently, most sustainable concrete uses either GGBS (slag) or PFA (fly ash) to reduce the quantity of cement used in construction and highways applications. GGBS and PFA come from industries (steel and coal waste respectively) which are in decline that should not be relied upon in the long term. Therefore, for long term sustainability it is imperative to focus attention on other alternative pozzolans
 This report shows that cement in concrete can also be replaced with rice husk ash (RHA) which actually enhances the mechanical properties. Findings show the usage of up to 5 % rice husk ash as a partial cement replacement can enhance the strength of concrete whilst reducing the embodied CO2
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Influence of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Silica Fume on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete.

Cement production is environmentally unsustainable due to the high anthropogenic carbon emissions produced. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), derived from the by-products of different industries, have been deemed an effective way to reduce carbon emissions. The reduction in carbon emissions is achieved by lowering the clinker factor of cement, through a partial replacement with an SCM. Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) is produced as an agricultural waste from the sugarcane industry and has gained a lot of attention for being a feasible and readily available pozzolanic material, underutilised as an SCM. This study evaluates alkali-activated sugarcane bagasse ash’s mechanical and durability performance, at varied contents, in binary blended cement concrete and ternary blended cement concrete containing silica fume (SF). Potassium Hydroxide (KOH), used as the alkali activator, is intended to enhance the reactivity of the ash, with the possibility of a high-volume SCBA content. The mechanical performance was investigated by compressive and split tensile strength tests, and durability performance was investigated using the Oxygen Permeability Index (OPI) test. In addition, a micro-CT porosity test was conducted to assess how the microstructure and porosity of the concrete affect the mechanical and durability performance. The results indicated that using SCBA in a ternary blend with SF can significantly improve the overall performance and create less porous concrete. At 30% SCBA and 10% SF replacement, the performance tests revealed the highest mechanical strength and the lowest permeability, outperforming the control concrete and the binary blended cement concrete containing only SCBA.