Bimetal Composite Research Articles

Predicting Electrical Conductivity in Bi-Metal Composites.

Generating high magnetic fields requires materials with not only high electric conductivity but also good strength properties in order to withstand the necessarily strong Lorentz forces. A number of bi-metal composites, most notably Cu/Nb, are considered to be good candidates for this purpose. Here, we generalize our previous work on Cu/Nb in order to predict, from theory, the dependence of electric conductivity on the microstructure and volume fraction of the less conductive component for a number of other bi-metal composites. Together with information on strength properties (taken from previous literature), the conductivity information we provide in this work can help to identify new promising candidate materials (such as Cu/Nb, Cu/Ag, Cu/W, …) for magnet applications with the highest achievable field strengths.

Analysis of abrasive impact wear of the Mn8/SS400 bimetal composite using a newly designed wear testing rig

In this study, the abrasive impact wear behaviour of a bimetal composite made of medium manganese steels (MMSs) and low carbon steels (LCSs), i.e., the Mn8/SS400 bimetal composite, was investigated using a newly designed wear-testing rig. The need for a new rig arose from the difficulty in replicating real-world wear conditions. Our rig allows for precise control and measurement of wear, simulating harsh environments more accurately than other wear-testing rigs. The bimetal composite Mn8/SS400 demonstrated superior wear resistance, showing an improvement of up to 2.8 times compared to benchmark steels, attributed to its enhanced work hardening sensitivity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses were employed to elucidate the wear mechanisms. After 300 h of abrasive impact wear, the subsurface microhardness of Mn8 reached 601.31 HV, significantly higher than that of the matrix hardness of 292.24 HV, indicating a substantial work hardening effect. The wear mechanism of the Mn8/SS400 bimetal composite was found to be a synergistic effect of grain refinement strengthening, dislocation strengthening, and twin strengthening. Initially, twin strengthening was the dominant mechanism up to 200 h of wear testing. However, after 300 h, contributions from all three mechanisms became increasingly significant, enhancing the overall wear resistance of the composite.

New insights into the influencing mechanism of ultrasonic vibration on interface of Al/Mg bimetal composites by compound casting using simulation calculation and experimental verification

In this work, the numerical simulation of acoustic pressure distribution in ultrasonic vibration-assisted compound casting of Al/Mg bimetal composites was conducted. Relevant experimental verification was also performed to understand the influence of ultrasonic vibration treatment (UVT) on the interfacial microstructures and mechanical properties of the Al/Mg bimetal composites. Results revealed that the acoustic pressure distributions in the AZ91D melt were related to the vibration frequencies. The effective cavitation area at the Al/Mg interface reached the maximum percentage of 95.6 %, with the ultrasonic frequency of 20 kHz. The experimental results found that the Al/Mg interface without UVT was composed of Al–Mg intermetallic compounds (IMCs, i.e., Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17) layer and eutectic layer. The oxide film and gas gap were existed between the two layers. The Mg2Si particles were gathered at the IMCs layer. The interfacial grains were coarse and their growth was directional. With UVT, the effective cavitation was occurred at the Al/Mg interface. The oxide film was broken, and the gas gap was eliminated. The interfacial microstructures were significantly refined. Due to the accelerated elemental diffusion and solute transfer by UVT, a more homogeneous Al/Mg interface was obtained. The Mg2Si particles were refined and formed at the eutectic layer. The microhardness mismatch of the IMCs layer and eutectic layer was decreased by UVT. The shear strength of the Al/Mg bimetal composites with UVT was enhanced to 62.2 MPa, which increased by 62.8 %, compared with that without UVT.

FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES OF HIGH-CHROMIUM CAST IRON DISPERSED STEEL MATRIX COMPOSITE

Composites with high-chromium cast iron (HCCI) dispersed in a steel matrix were prepared using the multilayer rolling-forming method. The macroscopic morphology, microstructure and tensile properties of the bimetal composites were analyzed. The experimental results showed that brittle HCCI layers were necked and broken into uneven blocks or granules after hot-rolling forming. The fractured HCCI was encased in carbon steel completely, and the two metals achieved good metallurgical bonding. The Fe, Cr, Mn and C elements were diffused at the interface. The tensile strength of the composite was better than that of the as-cast iron. During the process of tensile deformation, the composite displayed a complex crack propagation rather than a fracture caused directly by brittleness. The damage tolerance and energy absorption capacity of the bimetallic composite were improved with a decentralized structure.

Development of prominent bonding strength in Al/Mg bimetal composites prepared by ultrasonic vibration-assisted compound casting: Effects of ultrasonic powers

In this work, the A356/AZ91D bimetal composites were prepared by ultrasonic vibration-assisted lost foam compound casting, and the effects of ultrasonic powers on interfacial microstructures and mechanical properties of the Al/Mg interfaces were investigated. Results revealed that the Al/Mg bimetal composites without ultrasonic vibration treatment (UVT) were heterogeneous, and the Al/Mg interface was composed of Al-Mg intermetallic compounds (IMCs, i.e., Al3Mg2 and Al12Mg17) area and Al-Mg eutectic structures (δ-Mg+Al12Mg17) area. The Mg2Si particles were gathered at the IMCs area and an oxide film that mainly composed of Al2O3 was existed between the IMCs area and eutectic structures area. With UVT, the oxide film was eliminated and the gathered Mg2Si particles were refined and dispersed by the acoustic cavitation effect, and part of the Al3Mg2 and Al-Mg eutectic structures were transformed into the Al12Mg17 due to the promoted solute interdiffusion, which improved the homogeneity of the Al/Mg interfaces. Besides, the grains of the Al/Mg interface with UVT under ultrasonic power of 75 W were significantly refined. The thickness of Al/Mg interface was increased with the increase of the ultrasonic power. Due to the excessive heat induced by UVT under the further increased ultrasonic power, the cooling rates and the degree of supercooling were reduced, resulting in the coarsening of interfacial grains. The microhardness of the Al/Mg interfaces was increased and got more uniform by UVT. The shear strengths of the Al/Mg bimetal composites with UVT were enhanced to 61.4 MPa from 32.4 MPa, with an increase of 89.5 % compared with that of the Al/Mg bimetal without UVT. This could be ascribed to the removal of the oxide film, the refinement of the interfacial grains and the dispersed and refined Mg2Si particles achieved by UVT, which hindered the crack propagation during deformation.

Tailoring interfacial structure and achieving excellent strength-ductility synergy of Al/Mg/Al composite via porthole die co-extrusion and post-annealing

Porthole die co-extrusion (PDCE) is an effective strategy for fabricating high-performance laminated bimetal composites. In this study, PDCE and post-annealing treatment were employed to tailor the interfacial structure and matrix microstructure of Al/Mg/Al composite, and the ensuing evolution in the fracture behaviors and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. A mechanical bond without the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at Al/Mg interface, strip-like substructure in Al layer, and bimodal structure composed of fine recrystallized grains coexisting with coarse deformed grains in Mg layer were achieved by PDCE and maintained after annealing at 200 °C. Increasing the annealing temperature or time caused the formation and growth of IMCs (γ-Mg17Al12 and β-Al3Mg2) layers, with the growth mode transforming from a combination of grain boundary and lattice diffusion at 300 °C to the predominant lattice diffusion at 400 °C. For Al layer, the static recrystallization (SRX), normal, and abnormal grain growth could not be triggered until the temperature higher than 400 °C. However, the SRX and grain growth in Mg layer were extremely boosted as the temperature increased to 300 °C. The differences in the plasticity and strength between Al and Mg layers resulted in the multi-step fracture of Al/Mg/Al composite without IMCs. With increasing of annealing temperature, early-stage delamination of Al and Mg layers took place due to the rupture of brittle IMCs, followed by independently deformation of each constituent layers. Al/Mg/Al composite annealed at 200 °C for 1 h show superior tensile strength of 191 MPa and maximal ductility of 22.7%.

Optimization of additive manufactured Ti-based pyramidal lattice structure applied to interface strengthening of Mg/Ti bimetal composites

Mg/Ti bimetal composites were fabricated by ultrasonic-assisted solid−liquid compound casting with an additively manufactured Ti-based pyramidal lattice structure at the interface. The Taguchi method was carried out to optimize the lattice parameters. The optimized geometric parameters include: the strut diameter (d) is 1 mm, the ratio of strut length to diameter (l/d) is 3, and the ratios of the upper and lower node to diameter (d1/d and d2/d) are 2.5 and 2.5, respectively. The ratio of strut length to diameter is the most significant factor affecting failure strength. The failure strength of the Mg/Ti bimetal joint with the optimized lattice structure is 77.3 MPa. Experimental and simulated results show that the failure strength increases first and then decreases with the increase of l/d, and it reaches the peak value when l/d is 3.

A portable magnetic electrochemical sensor for highly efficient Pb(II) detection based on bimetal composites from Fe-on-Co-MOF

The practical, sensitive, and real-time detection of heavy metal ions is an essential and difficult problem. This study presents the design of a unique magnetic electrochemical detection system that can achieve real-time field detection. To enhance the electrochemical performance of the sensor, Fe2O3@C-800, Co/CoO@/C-600, and CoFe2O4@C-600 magnetic composites were synthesized using three MOFs precursors by the solvothermal method. And the morphology structure and electrochemical properties of as-prepared magnetic composites were researched by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), specific surface area and porosity analyzer (BET) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results shown that these composites improve conductivity and stability while preserving the MOFs basic frame structure. Compared with the monometallic MOFs-derived composites, the synergistic effect of the bimetallic composite CoFe2O4@C-600 can significantly enhance the electrochemical performance of the sensor. The linear range for the detection of lead ions was 0.001–60 μM, and the detection limit was 0.0043 μM with a sensitivity of 22.22 μA μM·cm−2 by differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor has good selectivity, stability, reproducibility and can be used for actual sample testing.

Self‐supported bimetallic array superstructures for high‐performance coupling electrosynthesis of formate and adipate

AbstractThe coupling electrosynthesis involving CO2 upgrade conversion is of great significance for the sustainable development of the environment and energy but is challenging. Herein, we exquisitely constructed the self‐supported bimetallic array superstructures from the Cu(OH)2 array architecture precursor, which can enable high‐performance coupling electrosynthesis of formate and adipate at the anode and the cathode, respectively. Concretely, the faradaic efficiencies (FEs) of CO2‐to‐formate and cyclohexanone‐to‐adipate conversion simultaneously exceed 90% at both electrodes with excellent stabilities. Such high‐performance coupling electrosynthesis is highly correlated with the porous nanosheet array superstructure of CuBi alloy as the cathode and the nanosheet‐on‐nanowire array superstructure of CuNi hydroxide as the anode. Moreover, compared to the conventional electrolysis process, the cell voltage is substantially reduced while maintaining the electrocatalytic performance for coupling electrosynthesis in the two‐electrode electrolyzer with the maximal FEformate and FEadipate up to 94.2% and 93.1%, respectively. The experimental results further demonstrate that the bimetal composition modulates the local electronic structures, promoting the reactions toward the target products. Prospectively, our work proposes an instructive strategy for constructing adaptive self‐supported superstructures to achieve efficient coupling electrosynthesis.

Enhanced strength-ductility synergy of Al/Zn/Al laminated composite with unique interface and multi-modal heterogeneous microstructure

Laminated bimetal composites have become an important strategy for designing and manufacturing desirable metallic components. Here, Al/Zn/Al laminated composite was fabricated by porthole die co-extrusion (PDCE) process, offering excellent mechanical performance. An obvious transition zone with a dispersed duplex structure (α and η phases) instead of intermetallic compounds was formed in Al/Zn interface due to element inter-diffusion and eutectoid transformation. The α/η phase interface showed a 3D characteristic with compositional and structural gradients. Moreover, Al/Zn/Al composite displayed a multi-modal heterogenous structure including the typical macroscopic hierarchical structure by alternately stacking Al and Zn layers with different microstructures, the gradient structure from Al/Zn interface to the center of Al or Zn layer, and the bimodal structure formed either near Al/Zn interface or in the layer center. As a result, Al/Zn/Al composite exhibits superior mechanical performance compared with the individual component (Al or Zn) and a satisfactory balance between strength and ductility.

Constitutive model for hot deformation behaviors of Al/Cu bimetal composites based on their components

The hot deformation behavior of Al/Cu bimetal composites was investigated using isothermal compression tests at temperatures of 400–500 °C and strain rates of 0.001–0.1 s−1 by considering the effects of volume fractions of composite components (30%–51% Al). In this regard, new proper constitutive equations were developed using Arrhenius-type and the rule of mixture (ROM) models. Experimental flow stress (FS) showed that processing parameters and volume fraction affect the flow behavior of composite as the volume fraction of copper has a more substantial impact on the flow behavior of the composite rods at elevated temperatures. The values of correlation coefficient (r) and average relative error of the developed Arrhenius-type constitutive equation and ROM model were 0.9826, 0.9742 and 0.9718, and also 0.18%, 1.69% and –0.84% for volume fractions of 51%, 42% and 30% Al, respectively. The results indicate that the newly developed constitutive model can successfully predict the hot working behavior of the considered bimetal composite. Finally, the microstructure of composites was investigated under different processing conditions. The dominant mechanisms for three considered volume fractions were identified at different temperatures, strains, and strain rates specified for the hot deformation of the Al/Cu composite.

Biochar supported Fe-Cu bimetal composites prepared with waste materials for removal of tetrachloropicolinic acid from high salinity wastewater

Biochar supported Fe-Cu bimetal composites prepared with waste materials for removal of tetrachloropicolinic acid from high salinity wastewater

Molecular Dynamic Simulation and Experiment Validation on the Diffusion Behavior of Diffusion Welded Fe-Ti by Hot Isostatic Pressing Process.

A reliable bonding interface between steel and Ti alloy is required for producing a steel/Ti bimetal composite. In this study, molecular dynamic simulations and diffusion welding experiments using the hot isostatic pressing process were conducted to study the atomic diffusion at the Fe-Ti interface. The simulation results indicate that the diffusion layer thickness is thinner in single crystals compared to polycrystals at the same temperature. This difference may be explained by polycrystals having grain boundaries, which increase atomic disorder and facilitate diffusion. The radial distribution function (RDF) curves for Fe-Fe and Ti-Ti exhibit a similar pattern over time, with a main peak indicating the highest atom density within a specific radius range and relatively strong binding between the central atoms and their nearest neighbors. The observed changes in the diffusion coefficient with temperature in the simulations align well with the experimental results. This study enhances the understanding of Fe-Ti interface diffusion mechanism and provides valuable insights for broader applications of steel/Ti bimetal composites.

Porous silica supported Ag core-Pd shell composite: Seed-mediated stepwise reduction and tunable dispersion for boosting catalytic hydrogen evolution

For developing efficient and practical catalysts to achieve controllable hydrogen evolution from chemical hydrogen storage material, we herein demonstrate a seed-mediated stepwise reduction and tunable dispersion protocol to fabricate porous silica supported Ag core - Pd shell composites (Pd@Ag/SiO2) with serial metal molar ratios. By reasonable regulation for reduction sequence and growing conditions, the Pd@Ag bimetal layered nanostructure could be piloted to take orderly shape; via adjusting addition time and dosage for the reactants and additives, the resultant Pd@Ag nanoagents can be firmly attached on porous silica. The little by little assembled nanoagents with mean size of 10 nm on the silica microspheres construct a loose and porous secondary microstructure, leading to increment of specific surface area to some degrees. The generation of electron synergistic effect among the metals and carrier, verified by the XPS analysis, contributes to boosting the catalytic ability. The catalytic activity of the bimetal composites all exceed that of mono-metal composites, of which the bimetal composite Pd0.75@Ag0.25/SiO2 holds the top catalytic ability, even beyond that of Pd/SiO2 or Pd-NPs, followed by Pd0.5@Ag0.5/SiO2 and Pd0.25@Ag0.75/SiO2. The AB hydrolysis catalyzed by Pd0.75@Ag0.25/SiO2 at the given temperatures (293 to 313 K) is validated to be a first-order reaction, with apparent activation energy of 42.46 kJ·mol−1 and TOF value of 109.99 min−1. The catalyst Pd0.75@Ag0.25/SiO2 presents satisfactory stability, still retaining 83.2 % initial catalytic activity after five repeated use.

Influence of the interfacial thermal resistance of a gadolinium/copper bimetal composite on solid-state magnetic refrigeration

The low heat transfer efficiency caused by a magnetocaloric material (MCM) with low thermal conductivity is the bottleneck that limits the performance of magnetic refrigeration (MR). Previous studies have shown that a bimetal composite of a high thermal conductivity material and an MCM is effective in improving the heat transfer rate. However, the bimetal composite structure causes extra interfacial thermal resistance (ITR). Therefore, this study investigates the processing of gadolinium/copper bimetal composites by fusion casting and experimentally determines the ITR. To evaluate the structural heat transfer capability, the equivalent thermal conductivity (keq) is proposed, which is calculated based on the ITR result and simulation. The influence of the ITR and keq on the cooling performance of a fully solid-state MR is carefully investigated using a validated simulation model. The results show that the smallest ITR of 3.74 × 10−5 m2 K W−1 is obtained with a copper pouring temperature of 1200 °C owing to the thinnest bonding interfacial layer. The topology-optimized structure, using the ITR obtained by fusion casting, has an keq of 159.8 W m−1K−1, with an increase of 39% compared to the structure assembled with thermal grease. As a result, the maximum specific cooling power (SCPmax) range and corresponding optimal operating range are significantly expanded to 45.6–209.3 W kg−1 and 0.23–0.61 rpm, respectively, with an average SCPmax increase of 35.5%. The combination of using topology optimization design to reduce the structural thermal resistance and using a suitable forming process to reduce the ITR can be more beneficial to the performance improvement of solid-state MR.

Effect of Mold Casting Parameters in Interface Properties of Iron/Copper Bimetallic Composites Based upon an Ancient Quranic Metal Matrix Composite (QMMC)

The relation between iron/copper bimetallic composites has many challenges; one of the most important characteristics is their diffusion and its effect on the properties of the interface region. This paper studies the influence of casting parameters on the interface region of these bimetallic composites and compares it to observations on those of the Quranic metal matrix composites based on the Dhul-Qarnayn dam (Gog and Magog Wall). A different number of steel rods (one, two, and three) were placed in an alloy steel mold, then heated at different temperatures of 350, 450, 550, and 650 °C. After that, molten copper was poured over them into the mold, followed by different cooling rates (fast, medium, and slow). The properties of the interface region (microstructure, microhardness, and bonding strength) were investigated. The finite element model was carried out to obtain the temperature distribution through the specimen. The microhardness test results revealed that the high preheating temperature and high cooling rate give a high interface microhardness due to the formation of iron oxides and fine grains. The present experimental results show the highest bond strength between steel and copper, which was achieved when the temperature of the interface region reached the austenitic phase (γ-phase) and held it sufficiently to reach a successful substitutional diffusion mechanism. The bond strength between copper and steel in each casting parameter obtained experimentally was used to predict the tensile strength of the obtained bimetal composites numerically.

Evidence-based uncertainty quantification for bending properties of bimetal composites

Bimetal or laminated metal composites consisting of several metal or alloy layers can efficiently absorb the advantageous properties of each metal when utilised as raw materials for future remanufacturing. Their mechanical response characteristics and failure modes face uncertain challenges during the processing owing to the existence of heterogenous interfacial transition zones between layers. This work aims to study the uncertainty quantification in bending processing of a novel bimetal composite as a result of uncertain interfacial zones using an efficient evidence-based reliability analysis method. An analytical model for bending characteristics of bimetal composite was first established based on the deterministic material properties of each component layer, and it was employed to quantitatively analyse the bending uncertainty properties of 2205 duplex stainless steel/AH36 carbon steel bimetal composite (2205/AH36 BC) considering the epistemic uncertainty in geometric dimensions and mechanical properties of component 2205 and AH36 layers. The variation ranges of tangential stress and bending moment along the thickness direction of composite during bending process were effectively estimated, and the confidence level of each possible in the corresponding upper and lower boundaries was given for the tangential stress at each position. The analysis results illustrated that the uncertainty quantification for bending deformation properties of bimetal composite can more comprehensively understand the mechanical behaviors of composite, and provide an effective guidance for the forming fabrication of bimetal composite structure.

Non-enzymatic electrochemical malathion sensor based on bimetallic Cu-Co metal-organic gels modified glassy carbon electrode

A non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor based on bimetallic Cu-Co metal-organic gel (MOG) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was reported to achieve super-sensitive malathion detection. Phytic acid-based Cu-Co bimetallic MOG (PA-Cu-Co composite) is a kind of three-dimensional porous material and has a large surface area and superior conductivity due to crosslinked network structure and bimetal composition. The obtained PA-Cu-Co/GCE sensor can easily bond malathion due to the good affinity between Cu element and sulfur groups of malathion, leading to an inhibited redox signal of Cu element in presence of malathion. The electrode reaction was a typical adsorption controlled process. The introduction of Co element not only greatly improves the electron transfer ability but increases surface area and active sites of sensor interface for high affinity of malathion, thus endowing PA-Cu-Co composite with outstanding sensitivity and selectivity. Under optimized operating conditions, the enzyme-free PA-Cu-Co/GCE malathion sensor exhibits good stability and excellent detection performance, with a wide linear range to malathion of 0.5 pM to 5 μM and low detection limit of 0.3 pM. Furthermore, the PA-Cu-Co/GCE sensor showed good recovery in real samples detection, implicating the potential applicability of PA-Cu-Co/GCE sensor in sensitive and selective detection of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs).

Remarkable energy storage and photocatalytic remediation potential of novel graphene oxide loaded bi-metal sulphide Ba4Fe2S6-GO nanocomposite thin film

A novel hybrid Barium–Iron sulphide combined with graphene oxide (Ba4Fe2S6-GO) thin film was prepared. The newly synthesized bi-metal composite was synthesized in situ by diethyldithiocarbamate ligand. Deposition of pure BaFe–S and hybrid [BaFe]S-GO on FTO substrate was performed through electron-beam deposition system. The hybrid thin films exhibited enhanced electrical and photocatalytic properties. Characterization was performed by UV–vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, XPS, SEM-EDX. Direct band gaps 5.48 and 5.8 eV were observed for Ba4Fe2S6-GO and Ba4Fe2S6, respectively, calculated through Tauc's plot. X-ray diffraction revealed anorthic crystal arrangement possessing crystal lattices 9 (a), 6.7 (b) and 24.6 (c) Å. SEM displayed a cloud-like spherical morphology. The energy storage potential of thin film was explored by cyclic voltammetric and linear sweep voltammetric techniques. A specific capacitance of 248 F g−1 presented it as a potential energy storage supercapacitor electrode material. Redox reaction displayed by Ba4Fe2S6-GO electrode exhibited that it is electrochemically active. Thin films were also investigated for their potentiality to remove organic contaminants. Ba4Fe2S6-GO thin films clearly displayed an enhanced photocatalytic activity for the removal of toxic pollutants owing to the presence GO in its structure. The use of films for decontamination presents it to be utilized as a remediation tool.

Interfacial Microstructure and Shear Strength Improvements of Babbitt–Steel Bimetal Composites Using Sn–Bi Interlayer via Liquid–Solid Casting

To enhance the performance of Babbitt–steel bimetallic composites, bismuth (Bi) was incorporated into the Tin (Sn)-interlayer. Babbitt–steel bimetallic composites were created using the liquid–solid compound casting method in this study. Sn–Bi interlayer alloys with varying levels of Bi (1, 2, 3, and 4 wt.%) were created. The Babbitt-steel bimetallic composite’s bonding strength and interfacial microstructure were examined in relation to Sn-Bi interlayer alloys. The structure of the interface layer at the Babbitt–steel interface’s edge and center are significantly altered when Bi is added to the Sn interlayer. The relatively higher cooling rate near the edge led to the formation of clear unsolved Sn/Sn–Bi interlayers. Otherwise, the Sn–Bi interlayers in the middle were completely dissolved. By increasing the amount of Bi in the Sn–Bi interlayer alloy, the interfacial hardness of Babbitt-steel bimetallic composites increases by increasing Bi content in Sn–Bi interlayer alloy. Babbitt-steel bimetal composites’ shear strength increased to 28.27 MPa by adding Bi to the Sn interlayer using 1 wt.% alloying, with a 10.3% increase when compared with the reference pure Sn interlayer. Future research that aims to improve the production of Babbitt-steel bimetallic composites with high-quality and long-lasting bi-metal bonding ought to take into consideration the ideal pouring temperature, the preheating of the mold, and the addition of a minor amount of Bi (Bi ≤ 1) to the Sn-interlayer.