Billion Cubic Meters Of Water Research Articles

The Optimization of Water Storage Timing in Upper Yangtze Reservoirs Affected by Water Transfer Projects

To alleviate regional disparities in water resource distribution and consequent scarcity, China has initiated and planned a series of inter-basin water transfer projects using the Yangtze River Basin as the source. These projects are expected to divert approximately 33.4 billion cubic meters of water annually from the Yangtze River Basin. The implementation of these water transfer projects will inevitably alter the hydrological conditions in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, impacting the reservoir storage strategies of cascading hydroelectric stations under current end-of-flood-season operational plans. This study quantitatively assesses the impact of water transfer projects on end-of-flood-season reservoir storage in cascading systems using the reservoir fullness ratio as an indicator. Employing reservoir storage analysis models, optimization techniques, and flood risk assessment methods, we simulated reservoir storage processes to evaluate associated flood risks and derive an optimized timing strategy for cascading reservoir storage. The results indicate that advancing the reservoir filling schedule by five days for both the Baihetan and Three Gorges dams can offset the adverse impacts of water transfer projects on reservoir storage efficiency. This adjustment restores the reservoir fullness ratio to levels observed in scenarios without water transfers while still meeting flood control requirements. After optimizing the timing of reservoir filling, the electricity generation capacity for the Baihetan and Three Gorges dams increased by 1.357 and 3.183 billion kWh, respectively, under non-transfer scenarios. In water transfer scenarios, the electricity generation for the Baihetan and Three Gorges dams increased by 1.48 and 2.759 billion kWh, respectively. By optimizing reservoir filling schedules, we not only improved the reservoir fullness ratio but also enhanced the electricity generation efficiency of the cascading systems, offering valuable insights for future reservoir operation optimization.

The Impact of Inter-Basin Water Transfer Schemes on Hydropower Generation in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River during Extreme Drought Years

The Yangtze River Basin experiences frequent extreme heatwaves and prolonged droughts, resulting in a tight supply demand balance of electricity and negatively impacting socioeconomic production. Meanwhile, ongoing inter-basin water diversion projects are planned that will divert approximately 25.263 billion cubic meters of water from the Yangtze River Basin annually, which may further affect the power supply in the region. In this study, the CLHMS-LSTM model, a land-surface hydrological model coupled with a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based reservoir operation simulation model, is used to investigate the impact of water diversions on the power generation of the Yangtze River mainstream reservoirs under extreme drought conditions. Two different water diversion schemes are adopted in this study, namely the minimum water deficit scheme (Scheme 1) and minimum construction cost scheme (Scheme 2). The results show that the land surface–hydrological model was able to well characterize the hydrological characteristics of the Yangtze River mainstem, with a daily scale determination coefficient greater than 0.85. The LSTM reservoir operation simulation model was able to simulate the reservoir releases well, with the determination coefficient greater than 0.93. The operation of the water diversion projects will result in a reduction in the power generation of the Yangtze River mainstem by 14.97 billion kilowatt-hours. As compared to the minimum construction cost scheme (Scheme 2), the minimum water deficit scheme (Scheme 1) reduces the loss of power generation by 1.38 billion kilowatt-hours. The research results provide new ideas for the decision-making process for the inter-basin water diversion project and the formulation of water diversion plans, which has implications for ensuring the security of the power supply in the water diversion area.

Use of Hydro-chemical Tools to Improve Definitions of the North-Western Sahara Aquifer System, Case of Ouargla Groundwater, Algeria

The North-Western Sahara Aquifer System (NWSAS) is a complex multi-layered aquifer system with extraordinary continental groundwater reserves. This largest aquifer in the world straddles three countries: Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia. It contains more than 50,000 billion cubic meters of water; of which, 70% is in Algerian territory in the southeast of the country. This water is the result of accumulation over 1 million years. In the Wadi Mya basin (Algeria), this system is characterized by two overlaid aquifer systems: the complex terminal (CT), a shallow aquifer housed in the Senonian-Eocene and Mio-Pliocene formations, and the continental intercalary (CI), a deep aquifer hosted in the Albian, Aptian and Barremian formations. The main purpose of this study is to carry out a correlation between the geochemical composition of the water and the facies of the aquifer formation. The adopted approach will allow deciphering the hydro-chemical relationships between the different levels of the two aquifer systems in the Wadi Mya basin. To acquire the chemical composition of water, the study method goes through a targeted sampling and physicochemical analysis of water followed by a statistical analysis as well as correlation and geochemical modelling: the interpretation of specific diagrams (Piper), correlations between chemical elements in binary graphs, and principal component analysis (PCA). The performed geochemical modelling by examining the saturation index and chemical balance of water helps to better understand the origin of mineralization, elucidate the mixing of waters originating from different aquifers, as well as highlight the relationship between deep and shallow aquifers in the Wadi Mya Basin hydrodynamic conversion. The obtained results indicate that the overall mineralization occurring within the study area is dominated by sodium chloride and calcium chloride-sulfate facies. This can be explained by the dissolution of halite, gypsum, and anhydrite evaporitic rocks, intercalated in the aquifer matrix besides the effects of the extended stay of fossil waters with low recharging and cation exchange reactions resulting from water-rock interactions. The interference recorded between the geochemical signatures of the two aquifers favors the hypothesis of interconnection between aquifers through fractures. Through the implementation of such academic research, this invaluable source of life will stay sustainable for future generations.

Water problems in Dukan Dam

Dukan Dam is located in the northeastern Kurdistan Region, 65 km northwest of the Sulaimani province center. It is divided into districts (Dukan, Pishdar, Ranya). In terms of Astronomical site, it is located between the two circles of latitude (36° 14' 00'') and (35° 57' 00'') north and the two longitudes (44° 04' 00'') and (44° 45' 00'') in the east.
 To the east is Mount Sara in the Charmawan mountain range, in the north, the Assos Mountain Range, and Mount Kosrat is located in the south. Ranya city is located in the east. The towns of (Qaladze, Sangasar and Zharawa) are located in the eastern and northeastern parts of the lake. Its highest point is 516 meters above sea level.
 The area of ​​the dam is (270km2). It is the largest dam in the Kurdistan Region in terms of area and volume. It has a capacity of 7 billion cubic meters of water, of which 0.7 billion cubic meters are dead.
 The average rainfall was 594.6 mm. The average annual temperature is 21°C, and the yearly range is 34.7°C. Environmental pollution caused by humans on Dukan Dam is high, due to the mixing of sewage water from cities and towns that fall into the watershed of Dukan Dam as well as natural factors such as the rock composition of the area and floods. In this research, we emphasize the environmental issues of Dukan Dam, which are related to the natural and human problems that have been created for the dam or the dam has created for the place where it is built, in terms of water, floods, evaporation and other types of climate components, such as water, organisms, floods, evaporation and other types of weather, in terms of quantity and quality, water pollution is obvious in the dam and has damaged water and fish resources.

Climate change and scarcity of water resources in Algeria

The importance of work is due to the importance of water in the continuation of human life and its great role in practicing its various activities, which concern industry, agriculture and various fields. The research methods included the increasing scarcity of water resources resulting from the decrease in the quantities available to the individual, the deterioration of the quantity and the objectives of economic and social development, thus imposing the development and definition of a water management strategy in the medium and long term. In recent years, the water scarcity crisis has increased and exacerbated due to the drought wave that the region suffers from, and it has greatly affected the region. As a result of the research, by the year 2025, a deficit of one billion cubic meters of water will be recorded. It is also possible to avoid this deficit in the hydrographic region of Constantine – Seybousse – and this is due to the dams that are in the process of being completed. In order to eliminate the shortage of water in the region, the amount of storage in dams must be increased and water desalination plants should be established in several areas in order to re-use wastewater. We can also avoid the shortage in the amount of water by building small dams and hill reservoirs, and this is to avoid siltation in large dams. Among the solutions are also increasing surface and groundwater resources, searching for new resources, dealing with losses, and improving the quality of available water.

Optimization and Benefit Analysis of Grain Trade in Belt and Road Countries.

Grain trade in Belt and Road (B&R) countries shows a mismatch between the volume and direction of grain flows and actual demand. With economic and industrial development, the water crisis has intensified, which poses a great challenge to the security of world grain supply and demand. There are few studies on the reconstruction of grain trade relations from the perspective of grain economic value. In this paper, a linear optimization model considering opportunity cost is proposed to fill the gap, and it is compared and analyzed with the optimization model considering only transportation cost. The grain supply and demand structures in both optimization results show characteristics of geographical proximity and long-tail distribution. Furthermore, the economic and water resource benefits resulting from the two optimal configurations are compared and analyzed. It is found that the economic benefits generated by grain trade in B&R countries with the consideration of opportunity cost not only cover transportation costs but also generate an economic value of about 130 trillion US dollars. Therefore, considering opportunity cost in grain trade is of great significance for strengthening cooperation and promoting the economic development of countries under the B&R framework. In terms of resource benefits, the grain trade with consideration of opportunity cost saves nearly 28 billion cubic meters of water, or about 5% of the total virtual water flow. However, about 72 billion cubic meters of water is lost for the grain trade with consideration of transportation cost. This study will help to formulate and adjust policies related to the "Belt and Road Initiative" (B&R Initiative), so as to maximize the economic benefits while optimizing the structure of grain trade and alleviating water scarcity pressures.

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK TO IMPROVE DECISION-MAKING BASED ON BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE

This article introduces a business intelligence framework to manage water resources, relying on a design science research methodology, data warehousing platform, and Power BI visualization. This framework consists of three phases. The data preprocessing phase comprises the core functions to validate, clean, transform, aggregate, and load data for the next phase. The processing phase includes the warehousing platform that organizes the data, builds a relationship among these data, and exports them in an appropriate format. Finally, the visualization phase generates descriptive reports for data after integrating the exported warehousing platform with the Power BI interface throughout multi-filters. For validating the performance of this framework, a heuristic evaluation was conducted, showing users' feedback regarding the framework, and a usability evaluation was conducted to determine any major issues such as visibility, flexibility, learnability, and operability. The results indicated that the tool allows for improved decision-making and transforming raw data into useful information. In addition, the dashboards provide a good way to visualize data and identify trends. These aspects align directly with the requirements for a BI tool to support strategic water resources management in Egypt. For example, agriculture consumes 46.49 billion cubic meters of water annually, accounting for nearly 60% of Egypt's total water consumption. Therefore, it is the first area of rationalization and consideration. AlShirkia governorate consumes the most water in agriculture, with an annual consumption value of approximately 4 billion 631 million cubic meters, 8 million people, 1.5 million acres, and 11.3 million tons of production.

Trend in Satellite-Observed Vegetation Cover and Its Drivers in the Gannan Plateau, Upper Reaches of the Yellow River, from 2000 to 2020

The Yellow River basin (YRB) has played an important role in the forming of Chinese civilization. Located in the upper reaches of the YRB and the southeastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), the Gannan Plateau (GP), which consists of mainly alpine and mountain ecosystems, is one of the most important water conservation areas for the Yellow River and recharges 6.59 billion cubic meters of water to the Yellow River each year, accounting for 11.4% of the total runoff of the Yellow River. In the past 30 years, due to climate change and intense human activities, the GP is facing increasing challenges in maintaining its ecosystem integrity and security. Vegetation is a central component of the terrestrial ecosystem and is also key to maintaining ecosystem functioning and services. To form sound ecological restoration projects for the GP and the upper reaches of the YRB in general, this study assesses the trend in FVC (Fractional Vegetation Cover) and its drivers across the GP by integrating high-resolution satellite remote sensing images and meteorological data from 2000 to 2020. Results showed that the mean value of FVC for the entire GP between 2000 and 2020 was 89.26%. Aridity was found to be the main factor that determined the spatial distribution of FVC, while ecosystem type exhibited the secondary effect with forests having the highest FVC within each aridity class. From 2000 to 2020, the FVC in 84.11% of the study area did not exhibit significant change, though 10.32% of the study area still experienced a significant increase in FVC. A multi-factor analysis revealed that precipitation surpassed temperature as the main driver for the FVC trend in semi-arid and semi-humid areas, while this pattern was reversed in humid areas. A further residual analysis indicated that human activities only played a minor role in determining the FVC trend in most naturally vegetated areas of the study area, except for semi-arid crops where a significant positive role of human influences on the FVC trend was observed. The findings highlight the fact that aridity and vegetation types interact to explain the relative sensitivity of alpine and mountain ecosystems to climate trends and human influences. Results from this study provide an observational basis for better understanding and pattern prediction of ecosystem functioning and services in the GP under future climate change, which is key to the success of the national strategy that aims to preserve ecosystem integrity and promote high-quality development over the entire YRB.

A Comprehensive Assessment of a Chinese Water Management Project

Transferring water from one river basin to another is supposed to help us better manage our planet’s water resources. The South-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP), an inter-basin water transfer effort in China, can transfer 25 billion cubic metres of water per year over long distances. Dr Michael J Webber of the University of Melbourne and his colleagues have been exploring the benefits and challenges of the SNWTP, to assess its socio-political, environmental, and economic impacts. His research aims to gain valuable insights about the politics of vast technologies, and how inter-basin water schemes might be managed.

DEVELOPMENT AND PROSPECTS OF FLOATING SOLAR POWER PLANTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF TASH-KUMYR AND SHAMALDY-SAY DAMS OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

The Kyrgyz Republic is able to fully meet its electricity needs both at present and in the future. The country has large fuel and energy resources. However, the level of their development is currently very low. Over the past 10 years, coal and natural gas production has sharply decreased, due to the low-water period this year Kyrgyzstan faced an energy crisis. Power engineers fear that after the heating season, only 6-7 billion cubic meters of water may remain in the reservoir. This may lead to the shutdown of the Toktogul HPP. In this regard, there is a need to use new sources, resorting to unconventional energy.

Solid CO2 hydrates for sustainable environment: Application in carbon capture and desalination

The world population has reached 7.9 billion and is growing, which creates the necessity to manage the water-energy nexus. India’s energy sector predominantly depends on coal-fired power, which generates ∼ 70% of electricity while utilizing ∼ 30 billion cubic meters of water (bcm) and is responsible for global warming (the increasing CO2 level) and the water crisis. In this direction, gas hydrate-based carbon capture and seawater desalination are potential technologies for clean water production while utilizing flue gas coming from coal-fired power plants. Gas or clathrate hydrates are ice-like crystalline materials that form at a suitable temperature and pressure conditions. Hydrates form a cage-like structure of water molecules while encapsulating the CO2 molecules and rejecting the salts. One mole of hydrate utilizes 85% water and 15% CO2, which is one of the motivations to develop hydrate-based desalination technology. However, sluggish kinetics of hydrate formation and low temperature or high-pressure conditions is the major bottleneck to deploying a hydrate-based approach. Therefore, in the current work, cyclopentane (CP, 6 mol%) is used as a thermodynamic promoter which shifts the hydrate forming temperature (equilibrium conditions) from 277 to 291 K at ∼ 2.0 MPa pressure compared to non-CP system. Moreover, in context to enhance the rate of hydrate formation, the performance of hydrophobic amino acid (l-leucine) is evaluated for the formation kinetics of binary CP-CO2 hydrates in saline (3.5 wt% NaCl in water) and non-saline media. The experimental results indicate that salinity suppresses the water to hydrate conversion by 50% (first 60 min data). The addition of 1000 ppm l-leucine helps to enhance the initial hydrate formation rate resulting in a higher percent of hydrate conversion in lesser process time. However, kinetic inhibition effect was observed at high content of l-leucine (5000 ppm). Our findings offer new insights into integrated hydrate-based carbon capture and seawater desalination approach.

Investigation of engineering properties of sun-dried bottom ash based eco clay blocks

Eco blocks can be produced by using engineering and agricultural wastes to protect ecology. Thermal power plant wastes namely fly ash and bottom ash will be a major predicament for the environment Arenas et al. (2013) [1], Aggarwal et al. (2007) [2], Datta et al. (2019) [8]. So globally, research work is being focused to find various options for using these waste materials, and making use of them in the construction industry is one of the effective methods of exploitation. In India, presently about 710 million tonnes of fly ash and bottom ash are generated every year. India's coal consumption gives two-thirds of electricity generation with 35% fly ash in India. Cement's fly ash requirement is about 151 MT will be required in 2030, but 128MT of fly ash will be remaining as unutilized. This needs an additional 2300 ha of land and 1.30 billion cubic meters of water for ash ponds exacerbates the problems of disposal of fly ash only. Bottom ash about 60MT disposal will make us miserable Asokan et al. (2005) [3]. Making use of bottom ash in equal proportion to fly ash is done in this research. A small proportion of the Natural clay has been used as a significant proportion. Coconut shells collected locally were used as reinforcing materials. The preliminary experimental investigation was done to observe the effect of fly ash, bottom ash and clay as partial replacement of cement to act as supplementary cementitious material. The compressive strength at 28 days of testing revealed that a replacement of 15% of clay, bottom ash and fly ash with equal proportions has achieved the optimum strength.

CONSUMO DE ÁGUA SETORIAL NO SISTEMA INTER-REGIONAL DE INSUMO-PRODUTO PARANÁ-RESTANTE DO BRASIL

The objective of the study is to estimate the demand for water from the economic sectors of the state of Paraná and to decompose the results into regional and interregional effects using the interregional input-product system Paraná-Brazil. The methodology is based on the construction of the matrix based on the works of Guilhoto and Sesso filho (2005), Guilhoto and Sesso Filho (2010) and Guilhoto et al. (2010). The water vector was estimated based on Brene et al. (2018). The results show that the sectors with the highest demand for water were Agriculture, Steel and Food Industry. For one million reais of final sector demand, the sectors demand 8.1, respectively; 4.2 and 3.4 billion cubic meters of water per year in full effect (regional and interregional). The sector that presented the highest water multiplier value is the Food Industry, the results showed that for each cubic meter of water used in this sector it is necessary that its production chain uses 322.8 cubic meters of this good (regional and interregional effect). The study advances in relation to the literature with the analysis of the demand for water in the productive chain of the sectors in an analysis of general equipoise.

Water loss associated with food loss and waste in Brazil

This article aimed to estimate the loss of water associated with food loss and waste in Brazil in 2013. Data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations (UN) on food balance and waste, as well as the Water Footprint (WF) of agricultural products available at Water Footprint Network (WFN) were used. Results show that food waste reaches 49 million metric tons per year, compromising a total of 87 billion cubic meters of water, which is higher than the average annual flow of the river São Francisco. Major water loss is associated with the agricultural production stage (32%), followed by consumption (19%). Amongst food groups, major water loss is associated with meat (49%), followed by cereals (19%). Roughly 96% of water loss is attributed to the green water component, which highlights that attention must be paid to rainfed agriculture to ensure food and water for everyone. The loss of blue water was more than half of the volume consumed in the urban sector, and the grey component (polluted water) was equivalent to 80% of this consumption. Measures such as improving agricultural practices, logistics, irrigation, expanding and improving rainfed agriculture, developing campaigns and policies to reduce exportation of primary products, as well as consumption of products from animal origin, can contribute to managing the food supply chain more sustainably when the focus is water. Reducing food loss and waste means preserving water.

Spatial Variability of Relative Sea-Level Rise in Tianjin, China: Insight From InSAR, GPS, and Tide-Gauge Observations

The Tianjin coastal region in Bohai Bay, Northern China, is increasingly affected by storm-surge flooding which is exacerbated by anthropogenic land subsidence and global sea-level rise (SLR). We use a combination of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR), continuous GPS (CGPS), and tide-gauge observations to evaluate the spatial variability of relative SLR (RSLR) along the coastline of Tianjin. Land motion obtained by integration of 2 tracks of Sentinel-1 SAR images and 19 CGPS stations shows that the recent land subsidence in Tianjin downtown is less than 8 mm/yr, which has significantly decreased with respect to the last 50 years (up to 110 mm/yr in the 1980s). This might benefit from the South-to-North Water Transfer Project which has provided more than 1.8 billion cubic meters of water for Tianjin city since 2014 and reduced groundwater consumption. However, subsidence centers have shifted to suburbs, especially along the coastline dominated by reclaimed harbors and aquaculture industry, with localized subsidence up to 170 mm/yr. Combining InSAR observations with sea level records from tide-gauge stations reveals spatial variability of RSLR along the coastline. We find that, in the aquaculture zones along the coastline, the rates of land subsidence are as high as 82 mm/yr due to groundwater extraction for fisheries, which subsequently cause local sea levels to rise nearly 30 times faster than the global average. New insights into land subsidence and local SLR could help the country's regulators to make decisions on ensuring the sustainable development of the coastal aquaculture industry.

Bridge the gap: Consumers’ purchase intention and behavior regarding sustainable clothing

With the textile industry satisfying steadily increasing consumption levels, excessive usage of valuable natural resources provokes a major environmental footprint: 118 billion cubic meters of water are expected to be utilized for global clothing production in 2030. Therefore, consumers' clothing consumption behavior needs to be shifted towards a more sustainable one. While green purchase behavior in general is well understood, research still lacks a comprehensive approach to explain consumers' purchase behavior of sustainable clothing. To provide a holistic framework which determines the main antecedents of purchase behavior of sustainable clothing and further, to shed light on the gap between purchase intention and subsequent purchase behavior of such clothes, we extended the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) approach with well-established constructs from green literature (i.e., perceived environmental knowledge and environmental concerns) and novel constructs derived from prior exploratory findings (i.e., greenwashing concerns, perceived economic risk, and perceived aesthetic risk). Four hundred sixty-four participants were inquired to assess these constructs in the context of sustainable clothing. Our findings indicate that attitude towards sustainable clothing has the highest impact on purchase intention. However, this relation is negatively influenced by consumers' greenwashing concerns. Moreover, we find evidence that consumers’ perceived aesthetic risk negatively impacts the intention-behavior relation, whereas perceived economic risk has no significant effect on this relation.

Freshwater use of the energy sector in Africa

The fast economic and population growth in the African continent will lead to an important increase in demand for energy and water resources. Unfortunately, very few studies have addressed water use for energy production in Africa. This study focuses on water consumption and withdrawals throughout the different stages of energy production (fuel production, power plant construction and operation) in African countries. An in-depth analysis of water loss through evaporation in hydropower reservoirs is also performed due to the important role it plays in many countries and its severe impacts on electricity generation during the increasingly frequent droughts in Africa. The results indicate that in the year 2016, a total of 42 billion cubic meters of water was lost through evaporation in hydropower reservoirs compared to 1.2 billion cubic meters from all the other fuel types combined. Oil extraction and refining dominate water use for fuel production and non-hydro renewable energies have an almost negligible impact on the overall water use (10 million cubic meters). Fuelwood is shown to be a high consumer of water accounting for 4.5 billion cubic meters. The use of non-hydro renewable energies instead of fossil fuels can contribute significantly to reduce water use while covering the growing energy needs in Africa. Modern technologies that substitute fuelwood use in households would also reduce the impacts on water resources. The hydropower potential remains largely untapped in several regions of the continent. Nevertheless, new hydropower developments need to be carefully considered especially in regions characterized by severe water scarcity.

EVALUATION OF THE REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON IN ŞANLIURFA DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANTAL EFFICIENCY OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON IN ŞANLIURFA DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT

5.8 billion cubic meters of water is drawn from the water resources in Turkey for drinking and potable water network, according to the Turkey Statistical Institute's 2016 Municipal Water Statistics results. 92.9% of this water by conventional treatment methods, 6.1% by advanced treatment techniques and 1% by physical treatment methods is treated. Conventional drinking water treatment plants generally include oxidation, pretreatment, chemical treatment (coagulation-flocculation-sludge), filtration and disinfection units. The same treatment units are used in Sanliurfa drinking water treatment plant which is the subject of the present study. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is one of the water quality determination methods such as BOD and COD. It refers to organic substances dissolved or suspended in water. With this study; the treatment efficiency of Sanliurfa drinking water treatment plant was evaluated according to TOC parameter. The TOC removal efficiency performance evaluation of treatment plant was made by comparing experimental data for January-May period. According to this; average efficiency was determined as 28.51%. As a result, this performance value is concluded to be an average treatment efficiency for such conventional drinking water treatment plants.

The Suggested Cropping Pattern of The under risk water deficit Expected in Egypt

Egypt's water resources will be reduced in the future because of the region's climate, regional and political changes, which will consequently affect Egypt's Water allocated to agriculture, which reaches 61.5 and accounts for about 85% of the total water resources of 74.4 billion m3. Therefore, it was necessary to carry out this study, one of the most important objectives of which is to develop different scenarios for crop structures that reduce the negative effects resulting from the future exposure of Egypt to water shortage expected. The non-linear programming method was applied to determine the optimum crop of reach the best efficiency water use in irrigation, where three scenarios have been formulated for different crop structures when Egypt is exposed to water deficit estimated at 12, 18 or 24 billion cubic meters of water, including both Nile resources and agricultural wastewater. omposition according to the objective of maximizing the yield of the water unit. The presence of negative effects on the Egyptian cropping structure as a result of a deficit in water resources ranging from 25-50%, which leads to a reduction of the cultivated area of ​​winter, summer and Nile crops, which affects the reduction of total crop area by 20-40%, which leads to a decrease in yield of agricultural production The total is about 18-38% and this leads us to take the necessary measures to reduce that problem.

Long-term potential impact of Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the downstream eastern Nile High Aswan Dam (HAD)

The Ethiopian government is undertaking the construction of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), the largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa with a storage volume corresponding to approximately 74 Billion Cubic Meters of water at the full supply level and is expected to produce 6000 MW power. The dam is located upstream of the Ethiopian–Sudan borders to utilize the water resources potential, and energy security to reduce poverty, but is controversially debated in the public and the scientific literature. The main objective of this research is to find out the extents of the long-term potential impact of the introduction of new upstream reservoir, GERD, on the downstream High Aswan Dam (HAD) of the Nile waters using the MODSIM simulation model. For model calibration and validation using the monthly flow data of 1956–2003, a good agreement was observed between simulated and gauged data at Dongola and Tamaniat stations. The correlation coefficient R2 values for those stations were found to be more than 0.92 for each station. Due to the presence of GERD, the energy production of Egypt from HAD will decline by 5.243%, but in contrast GERD will create additional energy of 15,000 GWh/year for the eastern Nile power grid system. The loss of water due to evaporation decreases significantly by 9.922%. This GERD will affect the inflow amount which is reached on Egypt by 2.755% and the reservoir storage elevation will not affect at much as expected (which fluctuates with range of 0.609%).