Billing System Research Articles

Perceived Effects of Electronic Filing and Billing Systems for Lecturers as Researchers

Tax is the main source of government revenue so that the government strives to make taxpayers more obedient in carrying out their obligations. The provision of information technology is a breakthrough made by the government to improve taxpayer compliance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the use of e-filing and e-billing applications for tax compliance and the understanding of lecturers in their role as researchers and taxpayers. The study used the theories of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) for explaining the correlation between variables used. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, and the respondents in this study were 123 lecturers as researchers in Semarang City who used the e-filing system in their tax reporting and understood the use of the e-billing system as a tax payment application. The analysis technique used was multiple regression analysis. The results of the study showed that the use of e-filing and e-billing actually affects the researchers' tax compliance.Keywords: compliance, e-billing, e-filing, system, taxABSTRAKPajak adalah sumber utama pendapatan pemerintah sehingga pemerintah berupaya membuat pembayar pajak lebih patuh dalam menjalankan kewajibannya. Penyediaan teknologi informasi merupakan terobosan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan wajib pajak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis penggunaan aplikasi e-filing dan e-billing untuk kepatuhan pajak dan pemahaman dosen dalam perannya sebagai peneliti dan juga sebagai pembayar pajak. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) dan Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) untuk menjelaskan korelasi antara variabel yang digunakan. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling, dan responden dalam penelitian ini adalah 123 dosen sebagai peneliti di Kota Semarang yang menggunakan sistem e-filing dalam pelaporan pajak mereka dan memahami penggunaan sistem e-billing sebagai aplikasi pembayaran pajak. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan e-filing dan e-billing mampu mempengaruhi kepatuhan pajak para dosen sebagai peneliti.Kata kunci: kepatuhan, e-billing, e-filing, sistem; pajak

IoT Based Smart Shopping Cart

Abstract: Physically challenged and senior citizens find it difficult to push heavily loaded carts around the supermarket. To combat this, we have implemented an autonomous shopping cart that supersedes the existing shopping trolley. This autonomous cart can manoeuvre around without the need of pushing it by using multiple ultrasonic sensors. To avoid long queues at the billing counters and also to reduce the workload of the employees at the supermarket, we have implemented a billing system. Scanning is incorporated in the cart itself, thus reducing the time wasted by customers at the billing counter. This billing system uses RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) to scan products. Products scanned in the cart are sent to the computers installed in the supermarket using a Wi-Fi module. The Automated Shopping Cart thereby eases the shopping experience of customers and reduces the manpower employed in supermarkets. The significant benefit of using an automated cart is that customers can move swiftly through the cash counter and check out independently. Keywords: Smart Cart, RFID, Arduino, Billing System, Autonomous Drive System

Smart Shopping with Automated Billing System Using Zigbee and RFID

In the future, smart commerce will serve as a platform for smart cities. This method is fully automated, and billing may be completed without the assistance of a cashier. It is a mobile gadget that will be installed in the PICk and Drop basket (trolley) at department shops. Billing can be done via a swipe machine or by using their smart phones to access online banking. Instead of a bar code reader, we utilise RFID. Each item will be assigned an ID number, allowing for easy billing. In addition, the product update will be transmitted to the server. As a result, if any of the products becomes null, an alert will be sent to the main server or the master PC administrator. The bill will be sent to the customer's cellphone number through GSM. ZIGBEE is used to communicate from the trolley to the main server. We employ a PIC microcontroller in our suggested system, which is cost and performance efficient. The ultimate goal of this article is to automate billing and move India closer to being a Digital India. Time may be saved for the client, and manpower can be decreased.

COLLECTION SYSTEM OF MANDATORY EMPLOYEE CONTRIBUTIONS (IWP) FOR PARTICIPANTS AT PT. TASPEN (PERSERO) ATTACK BRANCH OFFICE

The purpose of this study was to find out and obtain data regarding the Mandatory Employee Contribution (IWP) billing system for participants managed by PT. TASPEN (Persero) Serang Branch Office, as well as providing information to the participants of the pension program and Old Age Savings (THT) how the process or flow goes through in collecting the Mandatory Employee Contribution (IWP) for these participants. The results of the study indicate that the Mandatory Employee Contribution (IWP) billing system for participants at PT. TASPEN (Persero) Serang Branch Office which has been created and implemented in the Company Operational Standards (SOP) has been explained in detail and has been implemented properly in accordance with the system created.

ACCOUNTING SYSTEM FOR PURCHASE OF RAW MATERIALS PT. PHILLIPS SEAFOOD INDONESIA

The purpose of this study was to find out and obtain data regarding the Mandatory Employee Contribution (IWP) billing system for participants managed by PT. TASPEN (Persero) Serang Branch Office, as well as providing information to the participants of the pension program and Old Age Savings (ENT) how the process or flow goes through in collecting the Mandatory Employee Contribution (IWP) for these participants. The results of the study indicate that the Mandatory Employee Contribution (IWP) billing system for participants at PT. TASPEN (Persero) Serang Branch Office which has been created and implemented in the Company Operational Standards (SOP) has been explained in detail and has been implemented properly in accordance with the system created.

The active surveillance management approach for patients with low risk papillary thyroid microcarcinomas: is China ready?

Due to exponential increases in incidences, low risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has become a clinical and social issue in recent years. An active surveillance (AS) management approach is an alternative to immediate surgery for patients with low risk PTMC. With decreased doubts about the safety and validity due to evidence from a large number of studies, the AS approach has become increasingly popular worldwide. However, Chinese thyroid surgeons still lag behind other countries in their knowledge of clinical practices and research related to AS. To promote the implementation of AS in China, thyroid surgeons should understand the implications, advantages, and disadvantages of management approaches for AS, and should also consider the willingness of Chinese patients, the impact on the medical billing system, and the enthusiasm of doctors. Thus, a management approach for AS based on the Chinese population should be developed to reduce the risk of disease progression and enhance patient adherence. Herein, we summarize the recent research achievements and deficiencies in AS approaches, and describe the initial experiences regarding AS in the Chinese population, in order to assist Chinese thyroid surgeons in preparing for AS management in the era of PTMC precision medicine.

Health expenditures of asthma-COPD overlap in Northern Jordan.

ObjectiveTo investigate the characteristics and medical expenditures of patients with Asthma- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap (ACO) compared to asthma and COPD patients.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study involving patients diagnosed with ACO, asthma or COPD as of January 2016. Medical records for patients attending King Abdullah University Hospital (KAUH), in northern Jordan, during the years 2015–2016 were used to identify eligible patients and all relevant clinical characteristics. Both respiratory and all-cause charges were extracted from KAUH billing system during the year 2016. Total, inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy charges were described and compared across the three disease categories. Charges were measured in Jordanian Dinar (JOD, equal to 1.41 US Dollar).ResultsOf a total of 761, 87 ACO patients, 494 asthmatic patients and 180 COPD patients were identified and included in this study. The average total respiratory-related charges were significantly higher in patients with ACO compared to patients with asthma (601.4 versus 354.3 JODs; P value < 0.001). Average all-cause charges were higher in case of ACO and COPD compared to patients with asthma (1830.8 and 1705.4 versus 1251.7 JODs; P value < 0.001). ACO was a significant predictor of higher respiratory and all-cause related charges. Respiratory charges were also higher in older patients and those with higher disease severity.ConclusionsACO is a risk factor for incurring higher health expenditures in Jordan. Higher respiratory expenditures are also associated with older ages and higher disease severity.

Digital Billing and AI-based Expense Tracking System

Abstract: Digital billing is the next big step towards sustainable devolvement and promotion of the idea of self-budgeting. As conventional printed paper invoices are prone to damage and being misplaced, an electronic solution would allow them to preserve and exchange invoices without manual intervention. This approach would ensure shorter payment delays, fewer errors and reduced printing costs. In this paper we present our idea of a unified web-based digital billing system for exchanging invoices between vendors and customers. Our application allows the users to manage all of their invoices at a single place and make use of our in-built machine learning model to predict trends in their sales and purchases

GST Calculation for Invoice Generation in IT Filing

Goods and Services Tax (GST) Accounting and Billing System is arguably one of the most complex Information Technology (IT) Systems in the world – in terms of scale, size, and complexity. Under Goods and Services Tax, the returns of the buyer’s will be auto filled by data from the returns done by sellers and invoices uploaded by him/her. The software will have to match the data automatically from the returns and uploaded invoices and accept/deny/modify these invoices. The uploading of duplicate invoice is not allowed by the Goods and Services Tax system. All payments, uploading of invoices and filing of returns will have to be done electronically by all taxpayers only through the Goods and Services Tax portal. Access to and use of technology is therefore crucial for all taxpayers registered with the Goods and Services Tax Network, without which they cannot conduct business. This paper intents a proper invoice generation through the software and application that will be uploaded on the Goods and Services Tax Portal for filing Income Tax Returns.

Hoe universeel en billijk is de Belgische ziekteverzekering?

How equitable and universal is the Belgian health insurance? Accessibility to and delivery of effective, high-quality and affordable healthcare are fundamental objectives that have shaped health policy and the universal healthcare coverage in Belgium. To what extent are access to and financing of healthcare in Belgium equitable? In general, the use of hospital care is in proportion to healthcare needs, and access can be considered equitable. However, inequity in the use of outpatient specialist care is important and increasing over time. When accounting for healthcare needs, we find that care use among high-income groups and individuals with a high educational attainment is substantially higher compared to financially vulnerable groups (individuals at risk of poverty, people with severe material deprivation, unemployed, singles). Also individuals who are entitled to an increased reimbursement, show a lower use of specialist care than expected based on their care needs. On the other hand, increased reimbursement is effective in improving the accessibility to GP care, while for other financially vulnerable individuals we find a lower use of GP care. The ability of a health system to realize an equitable access to care depends, among other things, on the user charges and the advance payments borne by the patient. In 2018, almost 4% of the households experienced catastrophic out‑of‑pocket payments, strongly concentrated among low-income households. Protection measures, such as the increased reimbursement, the mandatory third‑party payer arrangement and the system of maximum billing, reduce inequities, but there is room to improve and strengthen the financial protection against co-payments and supplements.

2 Racial Disparities in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: An Observational Cohort Study

To study the impact of COVID-19 hospitalizations on patients from differing ethnic and racial groups. This is an IRB-exempt observational cohort study of de-identified patient data obtained from our central billing system comprising greater than 8.6 million emergency visits annually in over 175 United States hospitals. Inclusion criteria were adults aged 18 years and older, a presentation to one of our hospital emergency departments, and an admission for COVID-19 infection. Outcome variables were length of stay, in-hospital mortality, disease severity, and discharge disposition. Discharge disposition was further categorized into home, skilled nursing facility, hospice. Outcomes were stratified by racial groups: White, Black, Hispanic and Other. Statistical analysis consisted of summary statistics (distributions) with medians and interquartile ranges reported for non-normally distributed variables. Linear regression analyses determined factors predictive of outcome. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP Pro 14.1 for Windows (R). The dataset consisted of 45,360 patients. The cohort was 22% Black, 35% Hispanic, 37% White, and 6% Other. The mortality was 15% for all groups. White patients had the highest mortality rate at 17% compared to 10% in Blacks, 14% in Hispanics, and 15% in Other (ANOVA, p<0.0001). Whites were significantly older (Wilcoxon rank sum, <0.0001) with a median age of 71 years (IQR 59-80), compared to Blacks with a median age of 60 (IQR 46-71), Hispanics with a median age of 57 (IQR 44-70), and other races with a median age of 61 (IQR 48-73). Race was statistically significant in a multivariable model including age, sex, and race, with women having an odds ratio of 1.35 for survival. 6484 patients required ICU admission and intubation with hemodynamic support. This burden was disproportionate across racial groups, with 15.6% of Blacks and 13.9% of non-Blacks having such critical disease (P<0.0001, z-test for proportions). The overall median hospital length of stay (HLOS) for all races was 5 days (IQR 3-11). The median HLOS for all non-Whites was 5 days, whereas for Whites it was 6 days (p<0.0001). Whites were significantly less likely to be discharged home (P<0.001). A significantly higher proportion of Blacks and Hispanics were on Medicaid compared to Whites (p<0.0001). White patients had a higher mortality rate than non-White patients hospitalized for COVID-19; however, Black and other non-White patients were hospitalized for COVID-19 at a younger age than White patients. Black patients were significantly more likely to require admission to the ICU. These data suggest there is a multifactorial etiology behind the varying impact of COVID-19 on patients. Further examination of other social determinants of health are warranted to fully understand COVID-19 health disparities.

Blockchain and MEC-assisted reliable billing data transmission over electric vehicular network: An actor—critic RL approach

Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have been widely used under the call of green travel and environmental protection, and diverse requirements for charging are also increasing gradually. In order to ensure the authenticity and privacy of charging information interaction, blockchain technology is proposed and applied in charging station billing systems. However, there are some issues in blockchain itself, including lower computing efficiency of the nodes and higher energy consumption in the consensus process. To handle the above issues, in this paper, combining blockchain and mobile edge computing (MEC), we develop a reliable billing data transmission scheme to improve the computing capacity of nodes and reduce the energy consumption of the consensus process. By jointly optimizing the primary and replica nodes offloading decisions, block size and block interval, the transaction throughput of the blockchain system is maximized, as well as the latency and energy consumption of the system are minimized. Moreover, we formulate the joint optimization problem as a Markov decision process (MDP). To tackle the dynamic and continuity of the system state, the reinforcement learning (RL) is introduced to solve the MDP problem. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the performance improvement of the proposed scheme through comparison with other existing schemes.

Estimated billing system is the bane of grid electric power supply and development in Nigeria: An empirical analysis

The estimated billing system for electricity was introduced in Nigeria by the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) in 2012 for billing customers without meters or with faulty or inaccessible meters. But instead of following the guidelines and formula provided by NERC for the estimation, the electricity Distribution Companies (DisCos) resorted to billing these customers arbitrarily and frustrated efforts by NERC to ensure the proper metering of electricity consumers. This research evaluates the incentive, which makes the DisCos in Nigeria prefer the estimating billing system to a much more efficient smart prepaid metering system. To carry out the research, four Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) customers were selected. The estimated bills of these customers, which they received before they got smart prepaid meters, were compared with their prepaid meter bills for an equal period. EEDC was found to be over-billing these customers under the estimated billing system by a yearly average per customer of 64,901.67 Nigerian Naira (170.79 USD).

Severe Maternal Morbidity Associated with Hospital NICU Level in Washington State.

Rising maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity (SMM) rates have drawn increasing public health attention. We evaluated patterns of SMM across the Washington State Perinatal Regional Network, in which neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) levels correlate with maternal level of care. Retrospective cohort study using de-identified patient and hospital-level rates of SMM diagnoses and procedures for all women who delivered at 58 hospitals from October 2015 to September 2016. Data were obtained from the Washington State Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System, which includes inpatient diagnosis with associated Present on Admission flags, procedure, and discharge information derived from hospital billing systems. Deliveries were stratified by having or not having SMM. For each SMM diagnosis, POA rates were tabulated. Hospital SMM rates (all SMM, transfusion only, and SMM excluding transfusion) were grouped according to their NICU level of care (critical access [CA] and 1-4). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Of 76,961 deliveries, 908 women (1.2%) had any SMM including 533 with transfusion only and 375 with all other SMM diagnoses/procedures. Rates of SMM were highest at level 1 and level 4 hospitals at 1.3 and 1.5%, respectively. Level 1 and CA hospitals had the highest transfusion rate (1.0%), while level 2, 3, and 4 hospitals had progressively lower rates (0.8, 0.7, and 0.5%, respectively; p < 0.01). Level 4 hospitals had the highest rate of SMM diagnoses/procedures (1.0%). Among SMM diagnoses, the percentage with POA was lowest in level 1/CA hospitals (23%) and similar across level 2, 3, and 4 hospitals (39%). SMM diagnoses occur most frequently at the centers providing the highest level of care, likely attributable to the regional referral system. However, transfusion rates are increased in level 1/CA hospitals. Efforts to decrease SMM should focus on equipping level 1/CA hospitals with tools to decrease maternal morbidity and improve referral systems. · SMM occurs most frequently at highest level of care.. · Higher transfusion rates occur at lower care level hospitals.. · Most SMM POA occurs at higher level of care..

Gesture Based Shopping Cart With Automated Billing System

Shopping is the process of purchasing the needs from the Grocery stores and Shopping Carts are useful for humongous offline purchases done by customers. These days online shopping is on trend. So People are always motivated to purchase their needs directly from grocery stores and get them without any time delay. Here, we come up to make their shopping more convenient by turning the simple shopping cart into a smart cart. In this paper Gestures based shopping cart is going to be an encouragement in the field of supermarkets. A customer need to purchase their groceries in the supermarket. When we go to the supermarket, we need to spend time locating the product and also it seems to be hectic to stand in a queue for billing and payment. Here, we have proposed to develop a smart trolley which is improvised by automated moving, automated bill generator with payment options and locate items easily using a map. Gestures, Display, Image Processing & Motion Detection are the concepts under Gestures based shopping cart.

Smart Electric Billing System With RFID

The purpose of this study is to create an electric billing system based on Wi-Fi microcontrollers by recording the amount of energy used by users. ESP32 is used to read values from sensors, as well as send data to the Blynk server and local database. Blynk server is used to store the results of sensors to be displayed on the Blynk app and control the system remotely. The results show that the system can detect users precisely 99.56%, can disconnect the voltage after use, and all usage data can be displayed in the Blynk app and desktop app.

IOT Based Prepaid Electricity Billing System

Any country’s growth and development are deeply linked with the efficient way of resources available in their land. The population growth and increase in the needs of people will lead to decrease in the resources available making it depleted for the future generation. Energy sources are one of the widely used resources in present day for electricity consumption, as fuels for transportation or cooking, etc. These energy sources will deplete one day or other so saving them is necessary. Technology has advanced for leaps and bounds within a century and no one knows how much it will advance coming century. Numerous electrical appliances were introduced along with the dependency on them increasing the electricity consumption of people. The huge amount of usage and requirement of electricity is making it difficult for the utilities in collecting the electricity bill. One does not know how many units of power is being burnt in a month and how much it is affecting in preserving the energy sources. Humans have the tendency to control their expenditure and savings proportionately. But with the current technology in electricity consumption, it is not possible to increase or decrease according to one’s wish. Taking this as the problem statement we have chosen to make this project with different features to make the usage of consumers simple and easy. The major goal of this project is to create a system that aids in the reduction of electricity usage while also increasing openness between the Electricity Board and consumers. The metre should be recharged similarly to a DTH, with payment made via an app that also allows us to track the amount deducted, energy use, frequency, voltage, and power fluctuations.Users can also cut off the power from a remote location when not needed. The energy measurement and billing system in this project is automated without any human’s intervention.

Application of the Rational Unified Process Method in Web Service Development Payment System Integration with Multibank Virtual Accounts

The Payment System is a series of interconnected components consisting of rules, institutions, and procedures used for money transactions in fulfilling the obligations of economic activities. The Duta Bangsa University of Surakarta is a case study in this research where the student payment system is still a billing system. The faculty finance department gives bills tuition fees to students one by one. Moreover, it determines the bank used for payments. It resulted in quite many queues when filling out the study plan card (KRS) and exams. This research aims to produce a web service application and standardization with good performance in the payment process at Duta Bangsa University through virtual accounts from various banks and payment channels. The method used to achieve the authors' goals in this study is the Rational Unified Process (RUP) method. The research result is a web service application that can make invoices, inquiries, payments, and reversals of various bank payment channels. The User Acceptance Test results show a very agreeable value of 94.17%, so that the web service is feasible for the production version application. While testing the response time to measure performance for 7 (seven) days, the average response time was 0.49809 seconds.

Revolutionization of Revenue Collection with Government E-Payment Gateway System in Tanzania: A Public Value Creation Perspective

Through the Ministry of Finance and Planning, the Government of Tanzania implemented the Government Electronic Payment Gateway (GePG) system to provide an e-payment gateway platform in order to improve government revenue collection in the country. As of July 2020, the system was implemented in 660 public institutions and is integrated into 28 commercial banks and 6 mobile money operators. While the system has been widely accepted, evaluation of its adequacy and performance is necessary as many similar initiatives implemented in Africa have failed to deliver the desired outcomes. This study evaluated the performance of the system by drawing success measures based on public value: efficiency, effectiveness, and social value. The study adopted a concurrent mixed research design where the questionnaire was integrated within interviews in a single investigation involving 442 respondents from 271 public institutions in 11 regions in Tanzania. The study found that the use of the system increased revenue collection by 44.28% while reducing the cost associated with revenue collection by 27.10% between 2015/2016 and 2019/2020 in the surveyed institutions. Moreover, the use of the system enhanced the trust between citizens and government, increased transparency and traceability in the process of revenue collection. Nonetheless, the lack of integration of the GePG system with institutional billing systems and the lack of self-service facility in some institutions were found to the challenges. The findings from this study contribute to an understanding of the effectiveness of e-government systems based on public value.

Outpatient prescribing and prophylactic antibiotic use for recurrent urinary tract infections in British Columbia, Canada.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common infections, has frequent recurrences, and may debilitate quality of life. UTI is considered recurrent if there are three individual cases of UTI within 12 months. The objective of this study was to set a baseline for recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI) in women, and rUTI-associated antibiotic prescribing in the presence of antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Data for rUTI in women were organized through a provincial prescription database, physician billing system, and a consolidation file to combine antibiotic prescribing, diagnoses, and patient demographics. Rates of rUTI cases and prescriptions were examined, and trends of antibiotics were separated by major anatomical therapeutic chemical classes. A total of 2 234 903 rUTI-associated prescriptions were dispensed for 674 785 rUTI cases from 2008-2018; 2 205 703 prescriptions were for treatment and 29 310 prescriptions were for prophylaxis of rUTI. The prevalence of rUTI cases declined by 59%, while overall rUTI-associated antibiotic prescribing decreased by 73%. The greatest decrease was seen in quinolones (87%), while nitrofurantoin became the most common rUTI antibiotic dispensed, accounting for 42% of prescriptions overall. Implementation of numerous antimicrobial stewardship efforts may have contributed to the decrease in antibiotic prescribing, particularly for quinolones. In line with local antibiograms and guidelines, nitrofurantoin is the most used antibiotic for rUTI by far, distinctly preferred over other antibiotics secondary to the lack of E. coli resistance.