Bile Of Cattle Research Articles

PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR PROCESSING ENDOCRINE-ENZYMED AND SPECIAL RAW MATERIALS

The article talks about a large number of unused resources in the field of medicine, where endocrine- enzyme and special raw materials of farm animals can be used for medicinal purposes, an analysis of technologies for processing bile of cattle is carried out. The fact that the bile of wild animals contains a wide range of biologically active substances has been known since ancient times. The development of pharmacology makes it possible to fully reveal all the beneficial properties of endocrine-enzyme and special raw materials for the development of various therapeutic drugs. The demand for cattle on the world market is very high. Therefore, one of the effective directions is the collection and processing of endocrine-enzyme and special raw materials for the production of medical and veterinary drugs. Currently, endocrine-enzyme and special raw materials are not processed in Kazakhstan. Therefore, this article discusses the main directions in the field of bile processing and processing of meat obtained during slaughter of cattle, ways to develop technologies for long-term preservation of product quality indicators that improve its quality. The most effective way of long-term storage is canning, i.e. the process of thickening. Depending on the age and sex of the animal, the bile can be thick or liquid. Therefore, the thickening process took place within 12-15 hours. Depending on this result, the optimal parameters of the thickening process were determined. In the course of the study, the physical, chemical and biological composition, microbiological pa- rameters of bile were determined, and storage periods were established. The article presents the results of the study of bile.

Gastrointestinal parasites of bile and faeces of slaughtered cattle and sheep from Maiduguri Municipal Abattoir, North Eastern Nigeria

The occurrence and types of gastrointestinal parasites of bile and faeces of cattle and sheep from the semi-arid region of Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria were determined using standard parasitological techniques. Samples of bile and faeces collected from three hundred and eighty seven (387) cattle and 389 sheep were analysed using bile sedimentation, faecal sedimentation and faecal floatation. An overall prevalence of 42.63% was found in cattle, while 49.36% was in sheep. Results from both species did not vary significantly (p>0.05) based on the sexes, ages and breeds except in sheep, where adult animals were significantly (p˂0.05) infected than the young sheep. Furthermore, 91(23.51%), 13(3.35%) and 84(21.70%) cattle and 15(3.85%), 22(5.65%) and 183(47.04) sheep were positive for one parasite or the other using the bile sedimentation, faecal sedimentation and faecal floatation techniques respectively. In cattle, Fasciola spp was the most predominant parasite recovered with 75(39.89%), followed by strongyle 66(35.11%), Dicrocoelium hospes 23(12.23%) and coccidia 21(11.17%). One animal in each case was infected with Paramphistomum spp. 1(0.53%), and Toxocara vitulorum 1(0.53%). In sheep, Fasciola spp. 24(9.44%), Dicrocoelium hospes 4(1.57%), Paramphistomum spp. 5(1.97), strongyle 75(29.53%), coccidia 140(55.12%), mite egg 1(0.39%), Strongyloides papillosus 2(0.79%) and Moniezia expansa 3(1.18%) were found. Co-infection of two or three parasites in both cattle and sheep was observed with strongyle/coccidia combination being the most frequent. The recovery of parasites of economic and public health significance such as Fasciola spp, Toxocara vitulorum and Strongyloides papillosus indicates that they are abundant and that attention need to be given to their control under ruminant production system. In all, the study had shown the common gastrointestinal parasites found in the study location.Keywords: Prevalence, Maiduguri, Cattle, Sheep, Parasite

Evaluation of gastrointestinal parasites in bile and faeces of cattle and sheep from Jos, Nigeria

The study assessed the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal parasites in bile and faeces of cattle and sheep from Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Bile and faeces were collected from a total of 412 cattle and 390 sheep. Bile samples were analysed using sedimentation, while the faeces were subjected to standard floatation and sedimentation techniques. An overall prevalence of 77.91% and 75.90% was obtained respectively in cattle and sheep using all the employed techniques. For both species, obtained results did not vary significantly (p>0.05) based on the sex, age, breed and month of sample collection. However, significant (p<0.05) variation in prevalence was demonstrated in cattle and sheep based on the type of technique employed in the analysis of the samples. The prevalence based on the techniques employed was 62.53%, 23.05% and 28.88% by bile sedimentation, faecal sedimentation and faecal floatation respectively in cattle, while it was 23.07%, 21.79% and 65.89% respectively in sheep. Furthermore, Fasciola spp predominated the recovery in cattle with 146(35.78%), followed by Dicrocoelium hospes 129(31.62%), strongyle 124(30.39%), Paramphistomum spp. 1(0.25%), Moniezia benedini 1(0.25%), Schistosoma bovis 1(0.25%), Toxocara vitulorum 2(0.49%), Fasciola/Paramphistomum 1(0.25%), Fasciola/strongyle 1(0.25%), Fasciola/Schistosoma bovis 1(0.25%) and Fasciola/Toxocara vitulorum 1(0.25%). Infected sheep had 95(17.43%) Fasciola spp., 50(9.17%) Dicrocoelium hospes, 166(9.17%) strongyle, 13(2.39) Moniezia benedini, 139(25.50%) coccidia, 3(0.55%) Strongyloides papillosus, 11(2.08%) Fasciola spp./Dicrocoelium hospes, 2(0.37%) Strongyloides papillosus/coccidia, 58(10.64%) strongyle/coccidia, 6(1.10%) strongyle/Moniezia benedini, 1(0.18%) Moniezia benedini/coccidia and 1(0.18%) Moniezia/strongyle/coccidia. Incidentally, Schistosoma bovis and Toxocara vitulorum were recovered from the bile of cattle. Conclusively, the result showed high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of cattle and sheep. The finding of parasites such as Fasciola spp. in great number is of great epidemiological significance, in view of the economic and public health importance.Keywords: Parasite; Jos; prevalence; bile; faeces; sheep; cattle

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ДЕЙСТВИЯ АНТИБАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫХ ПРЕПАРАТОВ НА БИОПЛЕНКИ PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

The article presents the results of stages of biofilm formation and sensitivity to antibacterial drugs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The technique for preparation of drugs for investigation in an optical and scanning electron microscope has been developed, which allows one to consistently study populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria without disturbing natural architectonics. The culture of gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa №17 in the logarithmic growth phase of growth was used in the work. A solution of canned bile of cattle and pigs, antibiotics of different groups and disinfectants were used as antibacterial preparations. To study the morphology of the P. aeruginosa population, the preparations were fixed in vapor of 25% (by DW) solution of glutaraldehyde. For staining, pairs of a 1% aqueous solution of osmic acid (OSO4) were used, dehydrated with propylene oxide vapor. The action of antibacterial drugs of various groups were studied in the population of P. aeruginosa. Studying the sensitivity of bacteria by diffusion to agar using standard commercial discs, it was found that P. aeruginosa is sensitive to the β-lactam antibiotic group, aminoglycosides, quinolones. Experimental data on the study of the effect of antibacterial drugs on processes of biofilm formation expand the boundaries of knowledge in the field of reseaches of the adaptive capabilities of ubiquitous bacteria for long persistence in both the warm-blooded organism and in environmental objects.

Bacterial microbiota present in the gallbladder of cattle and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus isolates

Pathogenic microorganisms can reside transiently or permanently in the gallbladder of cattle. Thus, during slaughter, more attention should be given to the gastrointestinal tract, especially to the accessory organ, the gallbladder. The main aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota present in bile and gallbladder epithelium of cattle slaughtered in a slaughtering plant under sanitary conditions and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance in strains of the genus Staphylococcus. Thirty intact gallbladders were collected and the in bile and epithelium were researched for the presence of Aerobic Mesophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria (AMHB), Staphylococcusspp., total Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. The frequency of isolation of the microorganism mentioned above were, respectively: 23.02%, 14.39%, 13.67%, 24.46%, 0% and 24.46%. Concerning both gallbladder environments, the frequency of isolation of the microorganisms in the epithelium was 64.03%, and in the bile 35.97%, with no statistical difference, but with significant difference between the population averages. In antimicrobial susceptibility testing, strains of Staphylococcusfrom both bile and gallbladder epithelium showed sensitivity to the antimicrobials: penicillin G, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and gentamicin. The observation that the gallbladder supports a high frequency of microorganisms brings us to the possible fact that cattle might be a persistent carrier of pathogens of great importance to public health.

PhoPQ carrying Salmonella in bile of cattle

Bu çalışmada, sığır safra örneklerinde Salmonella varlığının klasik kültür ve IMS (immuno-manyetik separasyon) yöntemleriyle tespit edilmesi, elde edilen izolatların PCR yöntemiyle oriC geni ile doğrulanması, phoPQ geninin belirlenmesi, izolatların serotiplendirilmesi ve antibiyotik direnç profillerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 2007 yılı Mayıs-Eylül ayları arasında Ankara bölgesinde yer alan iki mezbahadan 188 sığır safra örneği toplanmıştır. Örneklerden 3 tanesi (% 1.6) IMS ve 2 tanesi (% 1.1) klasik kültür yöntemiyle Salmonella spp. olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar ile sığır safrasında Salmonella’nın belirlenmesinde IMS bazlı kültür tekniğinin klasik kültür tekniğine gore daha duyarlı olduğu görülmektedir. Salmonella tespit edilen örneklerden 3’er koloni alınarak A, B ve C şeklinde kodlanmıştır. İzolatlar PCR yöntemiyle oriC ve phoPQ genleri yönünden analiz edilmiştir. Serotiplendirme işlemi sonucunda elde edilen izolatların ikisinin (A ve B) S. Dublin, birinin (C) S. Bredeney olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Disk difüzyon yöntemiyle S. Bredeney izolatının ampisilin, sefalotin, tetrasiklin, nalidiksik asit ve sülfametaksazole karşı dirençli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bütün izolatların (her iki S. Dublin ve S. Bredeney) streptomisine karşı, S. Dublin’in sülfametaksazole ve S. Bredeney’in amoksisilin/klavulanik asite karşı orta düzeyde dirençli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, sığır safralarının Salmonella yönünden önemli bir kaynak olabileceği ve izolatların taşıdığı phoPQ geninin Salmonella türlerinin safra koşullarında canlı kalmasında etkin rol oyanayabileceği belirlenmiştir

Isolation and genomic characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bile of cattle

A total of 200 bile samples of cattle collected from two slaughterhouses from May to September 2007 were analyzed by immunomagnetic separation (IMS)-based cultivation technique. Two (1.0%) of the samples were found to be contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. One of the two isolates was found to carry all five virulence genes (fliC h7 , stx 1 , stx 2 , eaeA and hly), and the other isolate was positive for these genes except stx 2 by multiplex PCR. According to the PFGE, the strains isolated from two different bile samples displayed different XbaI REDP. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles indicated that two isolates were resistant to cephalothin and intermediately resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin and sulphamethoxazole. Also, one isolate was intermediately resistant to kanamycin. It is concluded that the gallbladder should be considered as a possible site and source of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle.

肥育牛の胆汁および盲腸内容物のカンピロバクター保菌状況

肥育牛の胆汁および盲腸内容物のカンピロバクター保菌状況

Detection of stable diagnostic antigen from bile and feces of Fasciola hepatica infected cattle

Diagnostic antigens in bile and feces from Fasciola hepatica infected cattle were detected and characterized by enzyme-linked immunotransfer blot (EITB) techniques. As sources of antigen, samples of bile, intestinal contents and feces were collected from five uninfected calves and from 10 calves with known Fasciola hepatica burdens. A band detected by EITB using a densitometer in the area corresponding to 26 kDa reacted with rabbit anti-fresh fluke antigen and infected cattle sera but not with fluke-negative rabbit sera, rabbit anti- Fasciola hepatica egg sera, Fascioloides magna positive or negative cattle sera. This band was not detected by Coomassie blue in sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels or by Ponceau-S stained nitrocellulose strips. Band groups located at 104-66, 66-42, 42-26 and 25-16 kDa reacted inconsistently with the above sera. Sera from mice hyperimmunized with Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory (ES) products detected only the 26 kDa band by EITB, without cross-reactivity with bands in the other molecular weight (MW) ranges. The results suggest that the 26 kDa antigen may consist of a stable component of ES products and/ or tegument-related worm antigen. Diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica through detection of specific, stable antigens in feces of infected animals offers potential advantages over serum-based tests of better sample accessibility, discrimination between previous and current infections, and possible semi-quantitation of fluke burdens.

Determination of Kanamycin and Fradiomycin in the Urine and Pile of Cattle by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

A rapid and sensitive method for determination of kanamycin (KM) and fradiomycin (FM) in the urine and bile of cattle by high performance liquid chromatogrphy (HPLC) was developed.A urine or bile sample was diluted with 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), and a portion of the diluted sample was adsorbed on an SP-Sephadex C-25 mini-column (SO3H form) and eluted with 0.07% sodium hydroxide. KM and FM in the eluate were derivatized with 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene and determined by HPLC using a TSK80TM-ODS column with 60% acetonitrile containing 0.1% acetic acid as the mobile phase (UV monitoring at 365nm).The recoveries of KM and FM added to the urine and bile of cattle at the level of 25μg/ml were 97.3 and 90.8 (KM), and 92.2 and 83.3% (FM), respectively. The limit of determination was 0.3μg/ml for KM and FM.By this method, KM and FM in biological samples can be determined simultaneously.

Bacteria and helminth isolates from bile and faeces of zebu cattle slaughtered for human consumption in the Niger Delta areas of Nigeria.

Random bacteriological examination of 300 bile samples aseptically drawn from the gallbladders of adult cattle at slaughter revealed the presence of Escherichia coli in 30%, Enterobacter aerogenes in 14% and Klebsiella aerogenes in 56%. Bacteriological examination of another 116 faecal samples revealed Esch. coli in 60% and Ent. aerogenes in 40%, while parasitological examination revealed 50-100 strongyle ova per gram from pre-rain samples of faeces, 100-850 strongyle eggs per gram for faeces collected during the rains, and less than 50 strongyle eggs per gram for dry season faeces. No salmonellae were recovered from either the faeces or bile, and no Clostridium or any helminth of significant public health interest were recovered from faeces but it is still suggested that indirect consumption of bile and faeces from these animals may constitute a public health hazard.

IgG response in natural and experimental infections of cattle with Fasciola gigantica

A specific IgG response was detectable in serum and bile of cattle infected with Fasciola gigantica. Although there was an increase in both specific and total IgG concentration in the sera of fluke-infected cattle, there was no significant correlation between IgG 1, concentration and the worm burden ( r = 0.17; P > 0.05) in chronic fascioliasis. However, there was a highly significant correlation between the levels of IgG 1 in the serum and bile of infected cattle ( r = 0.87; P < 0.01), indicating that the presence of IgG 1 in the bile may be due to a leakage of serum antibody into the bile duct.

Bovine fascioliasis in Nigeria--intercurrent parasitic and bacterial infections.

The bacterial and parasitic infections associated with field cases of bovine fascioliasis due to Fasciola gigantica were investigated; 47.6% of infected cattle had blood parasites, 61.9% had faecal-borne parasites and 85.8% had positive bacterial isolates in the bile in contrast to 13.3% with blood parasites, 71.1% with faecal-borne parasites and 28.9% positive for bile bacteria among uninfected cattle. Trypanosoma spp., Babesia, Paramphistomum and Schistosoma were the most commonly found parasites associated with fascioliasis. On the other hand Staphylococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and mixed infections of these with other Enterobacteriaceae were the common bacteria isolated from the bile of infected cattle. The parasitaemia of Babesia was significantly higher in infected than uninfected cattle but there was no significant difference in strongyle egg count between the 2 groups of cattle.

Fasciola hepatica: IgG and IgA levels in the serum and bile of infected cattle

Bile and serum samples were collected from calves with an implanted cannula throughout a 20-week period of infection with Fasciola hepatica. Using indirect fluorescent antibody labelling and plastic-embedded sections of juvenile and adult flukes as antigens, estimates were made of the relative concentrations of IgG and IgA specific for fluke tegumental and gut antigens in the samples of serum and bile. In serum, antibodies against juvenile (t1) tegument and gut antigens reached peak concentrations 4–6 weeks postinfection and declined slowly thereafter as flukes became established in the bile ducts. IgG against adult tegument (t2) antigens appeared in the serum 6 weeks after infection, but no IgA against t2 was detected. In the bile, both IgG and IgA titres against t1 and gut antigens rose to peak values at 4–6 weeks after infection, but there was no activity against t2 antigen. The Ig levels in bile were considerably lower than in serum. Much more IgA relative to IgG occurred in bile as compared to serum (IgG/IgA ratio in serum was 16–32, in bile 1–2) suggesting a role for IgA in defence at mucosal surfaces. Comparison of the antibody profiles in bile and serum suggested that IgG in the bile was derived from circulating IgG whereas IgA may have been preferentially concentrated in the bile.

IgA in the Body Fluids of Sheep and Cattle

A monospecific anti-sheep IgA serum has been used to demonstrate the presence of IgA in most of the mucous secretions {whey, non-parotid saliva, nasal, lung and vaginal washings, bile, oviductal and ovarian follicular fluid and seminal plasma) and in blood serum of sheep. Failure to detect IgA in parotid saliva of sheep was consistent with the virtual absence from the parotid gland of cells of the lymphocyte-plasma cell series. IgA was detected in significant quantities in non-parotid saliva which correlated with the finding of numerous pyroninophilic cells in inter-alveolar areas of the sub-maxillary salivary gland. Monospecific anti-sheep IgA cross reacted strongly with IgA in whey [from an immunized gland) and serum of cattle. On this basis it was possible to detect IgA in other mucous secretions (nasal, intestinal and vaginal washings, bile and mixed saliva) of cattle. IgA could be detected in ovine and bovine urine and ovine parotid saliva after concentrating 700-1000-fold.