Bilateral Ones Research Articles

Establishment of a rat strain with testicular hypoplasia and its morphological observations

A testicular hypoplastic (T-H) rat strain, originating from the Wistar-Imamichi rat colony at the Institute for Animal Reproduction, has been maintained by full-sib matings since 1974 for eight filial generations. There were no abnormal signs in external features and growth patterns of the T-H strain. Testicular hypoplasia was detectable at about 8 weeks of age by palpation around the scrotum. Unilateral or bilateral testicular abnormalities were detected in 80 out of 391 males of this strain. The incidences were 32.5% for right side, 48.8% for left and 18.8% for both respectively. Reproductive performance of unilateral T-H males were not different from that of normal. While bilateral ones showed normal sexual behavior, they failed to produce their progenies. In adult T-H rats testicular weight was approximately two-fifth of the normal, and the accessory organs such as the seminal vesicles, epididymis and etc., especially located in the same side of the testicular hypoplasia, reduced their size and weight. Occasionally was seen lack or denaturation of the deferent duct or epididymis. At adult age, no spermatogenesis was observed in all hypoplastic testes with a few exception, and normal spermatogenesis in the testis of the normal side of unilateral T-H male.

Undescended testes: Treatment with gonadotropin

The therapeutic success of treatment of testicular maldescent must be judged according to 2 parameters, - I. occurrence of descent, II. fertility. Ad I. Indication for hCG-treatment is always given unless an unequivocal indication for operation exists, i.e. ectopias, accompanying hernias, retention after herniotomy and advanced puberty. The optimal time for treatment is the second year of life. The large European statistics which include the prescrotal but not the retractile testes, unanimously show success rates of 50-55%. In the largest American series which does not include prescrotal testicles, descent was observed in 40% of the bilateral and in 30% of the unilateral cases. Analyzing those cases which did not respond to hormones but had to be operated, in the majority of cases ectopic, not dystopic gonads were found. Ad II. Infertility in testicular maldescent can have two reasons, 1. congenital anomalies of the primordium, 2. acquired damages due to the malposition. The few large prospective studies at hand show fertility in the majority of cases with descent after hCG, but in the minority of those coming down only after additional operation. Obviously the latter group represents a negative selection. Unilateral cases had a higher fertility rate than bilateral ones.

セメント合着操作の検討

The cementation is important process in crown and bridge therapy. Faulty cementation disturbs previously established margins and occlusal relationship.In this study various devices to apply and maintain the forces used to seat complete crowns during cementation were compared with one another from the viewpoints of film thickness and stability of the mandible. Devices compared were as follows: cotton roll, wood stick, stopping and crown setter uni-and bilaterally respectively, vibration (Vibraseat), hand pressure and with no material. However, instead of dental cement a silicone impression material (injection type) was used as a luting agent.The following results were found.1. Vibra-seat, crown setter and stopping unilaterally respectively showed constantly very fine film thickness.2. Unilateral Forces were more effective than bilateral ones in order to reduce film thickness.3. Cotton roll and crown setter bilaterally respectively and wood stick uni-and bilaterally didn't show constant film thickness.4. The mandible was the stablest in stopping and the least stable in crown setter.5. There was no difference between uni-and bilaterally concerning the stability of the mandible.6. Stopping was the most comfortable for the patients and the others were at any rate uncomfortable.7. Summarily, Vibra-seat and stopping unilaterally were recommended.

Tetrahedral Spores in Another Species of Lastrea

The family Thelypteridaceae characteristically has monolete, bilateral spores with a well developed, variously folded perine. Trilete, tetrahedral spores have been reported so far in only one species of Lastrea, L. ciliata Hooker (Nayar & Chandra, 1966-67). Ching (1933), however, wrongly reported tetrahedral spores in the genus Sphaerostephanos, another genus of the Thelypteridaceae. During studies of thelypteroid ferns, I observed typically trilete, tetrahedral spores in L. tenericaulis Moore. The spores were studied from plants growing in the fernery of the National Botanic Gardens as well as from specimens collected in the Western Ghats of South India. In both cases, trilete, tetrahedral spores were mixed with bilateral ones and with some intermediate in form.

The anatomical site distribution of clinical dental caries in the maxillary incisor teeth of 11- and 12-year-old children

The prevalence and selected aspects of the anatomical site distribution of dental caries in the maxillary incisor teeth of 11- and 12-year-old children are described. Data were obtained from two independent sources. An epidemiological study of 1246 boys and 1191 girls residing in the Leeds area constituted the first source. In this population of 2437 children, 560 (that is 23 per cent) had one or more DMF (including crowned) maxillary incisor teeth. The second source consisted of a survey carried out by school dental officers in the North of England (excluding the Leeds area) who recorded the anatomical site distribution of missing and carious teeth in 463 twelve-year-old children with DMF maxillary incisor teeth. It was found that the distribution of DMF maxillary incisor teeth among individuals is extremely non-random. Generally speaking, a high degree of right-left symmetry between affected teeth and affected sites (especially in central incisors) was observed in the population. In individuals, however, the frequency of asymmetrical attacks of caries at mesial, distal and lingual pit sites nearly always exceeded that of symmetrical attacks. Similarly, the frequency of single attacks at mesial and distal sites on adjacent maxillary incisor teeth, was greater than that of double attacks in which both mesial and distal sites were affected. Also, for a given tooth, unilateral lesions (mesial or distal surfaces) were much more common than bilateral ones (mesial and distal surfaces). The general features of the anatomical site distribution of dental caries in maxillary incisor teeth, broadly resemble those reported earlier in mandibular incisors, and it is concluded that they implicate an endogenous contribution to the multifactorial pathogenesis of dental caries.

An electromyographic study of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis

Electromyographic investigations of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles were carried out in 29 human cases with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis and in 14 canine cases, in which unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis was experimentally caused by various methods of crushing, section and suture after section of the nerve. The observations in dogs were repeated before the operation and several minutes, several days, a month and every months up to death after causing paralysis. The laryngoscopic view of the position of the vocal cords was compared with the electromyogram in every case.The results obtained are as follows;1. The thyroarytenoid, the lateral cricoarytenoid and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle of the human larynx are innervated by homolateral laryngeal nerve, and the arytenoid muscle is innervated by bilateral ones. In the canine larynx, however, the arytenoid muscle is separated into two pieces in both sides and innervated by each homolateral recurrent nerve. Some muscle fibers of the cricothyroid is considered to be mixed in the lateral cricoarytenoid in dogs, because the electrical activity of the lateral cricoarytenoid was not ceased after section of the homolateral recurrent laryngeal nerve in some of canine cases.2. The abnormal pattern of electromyogram of laryngeal muscles such as fibrillation voltage, complex NMU voltage or reinnervation voltage was observed in many cases of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. In the course of regeneration of the nerve in canine cases the fibrillation voltage appeared within 5 days after the damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and subsequently the complex NMU voltage was developed and it was followed with the reinnervation voltage and the normal NMU voltage.3. No differences among regeneration velocities of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles were noted in the experimental recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis of dogs. The nerve regeneration velocity is sooner as following order, crushing-group, suture after section-group and section-group.4. The phenomenon of the misdirected regeneration of the nerve was noted in some cases of both human and canine recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis; i.e., active discharges of the adductor or the abductor of the vocal, cord were recorded during inspiration and expiration as well as phonation. Since the abductor contracts with the adductors during phonation and respiration after. the nerve has regenerated, the involved vocal cord remains to be fixed at paramedian position in some cases of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.5. Electromyographic analysis of all intrinsic laryngeal muscles in cases of so-called musclar such as Internus palsy or Transversus palsy revealed no abnormality of the function in these muscles. It is considered the insufficiency of closure of the glotttis during phonation is caused by the pathological change of the mucous membrane in the subglottic cavity.

The electroencephalogram in cases of subdural hematoma and hydroma

The EEG findings in 32 patients with subdural effusion are reported. Twenty-four of these were unilateral subdural hematomas, 4 were bilateral hematomas, and 4 were unilateral hydromas. The EEG abnormalities were of two types: (A) suppression of alpha activity on the side of the lesion in 13 of the 24 unilateral hematomas and in 2 of the unilateral hydromas; (B) slow wave activity of either low or increased voltage, which occurred in 11 of the unilateral lesions and 3 of the bilateral ones. The slow activity characteristically was irregular, from 1 to 5 per sec. and non-paroxysmal in character. Suppression of alpha activity was a specific effect and was best demonstrated between electrodes closely spaced in an anterior-posterior line. In 5 anteriorly placed hematomas suppression of alpha activity was encountered. Spiking did not occur; and sharp waves were rare. The EEG gave a correct lateralization in 75 per cent of the cases and a correct localization on the side indicated in 47 per cent. The EEG did not distinguish between unilateral and bilateral subdural accumulations. Only 4 per cent of the group showed normal EEG's with subdural hematoms; whereas EEG's from 2 of the 4 patients with unilateral hydromas were normal. A total figure of 90 per cent abnormality was encountered in the entire group. The data reported agree very well with other reviews and cases reports in the literature.