Bilateral Migration Research Articles

Long Term Residents and Commuters: Change of Patterns in Migration from Poland to Germany

ABSTRACT This article analyses the impact of the bilateral Polish-German migration regulations on patterns of Polish migration to Germany. A shift is revealed from the long-term, legal settlement of the Post War period to an increase in commuter migration of both legal and undocumented migrants since the 1990s. Included are two cases of migrant women from Poland that exemplify and explore the interface between migration policies and migrants' individual decisions. Migration policies constitute an opportunity structure for individual migrants which is modified by socioeconomic, gender and political relations. The two cases illustrate the discrepancies between the intended effect of migration policies and the actual strategies that migrants employ, which is largely reliant on the migrant's individual choices and social networks. Upon examination of how migration policies shape migration and integration patterns, it becomes clear that restrictive migration policies, intended to prevent people from migrating, rather have the effect of pushing migrants into insecure circumstance and hampering their integration. Under scrutiny, integration policies are shown to be less able to achieve their intended effect when faced with insufficient intercultural competence of the relevant host country institutions and a lack of gender specific integration measures.

European Migration: Welfare Migration or Economic Migration?

This paper presents an empirical assessment of bilateral migration flows into the EU-15 countries. Using an extended gravity model, it identifies economic, welfare state, geospatial and linguistic variables as the principal determinants of migration flows into the EU-15 countries. As long as its effect is not offset by a high unemployment rate in the host country, the level of social protection expenditure influences migrants' choice of destination. However, albeit acting as a joint force with other economic, cultural and geospatial variables, the welfare state characteristics of the host country need to be reckoned with when studying European migration flows. Our empirical findings lend some support for a more unified or at least better coordinated social policy across the European Union.

Bilateral Migration Agreements and the GATS: Sharing Responsibility versus Reciprocity

Shared responsibility calls on countries of origin and destination to share the costs and gains of migration. We portray this legal principle as the regulatory counterpart to MFN liberalization. The recommendations, guidelines and common understandings of the Global Commission on Migration, the International Agenda for Migration Management and the UN High-Level Dialogue on Migration and Development suggest that shared responsibility may balance out the tendency of destination countries to over-regulate and the one of source countries to under-regulate migration. Bilateral migration agreements have been reinforcing the principle. Free trade agreements, including the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) liberalize the temporary movement of workers on the basis of the principle of most-favored nation treatment (MFN). At first sight, shared responsibility may seem to be the more natural choice for steering international migration. In the final analysis, the MFN principle of Article II GATS emerges as the more efficient steering tool. As it stands, the MFN disciplines preferential labor market openings and so takes the pressure off the traditional corridors of migration, which bilateral migration agreements have tended to cement. MFN treatment allows distributing the costs and benefits of migration evenly among countries, irrespective of historical, linguistic and other ties. Without the reciprocity inherent to trade liberalization in goods, however, conditionality should be available to the MFN principle, not least to reciprocate for MFN treatment.

A New Database of Health Professional Emigration from Africa

The migration of doctors and nurses from Africa to rich countries has raised fears of an African medical brain drain. But empirical research on the issue has been hampered by lack of data. How many doctors and nurses have left Africa? Which countries did they leave? Where have they settled? To answer these questions we have compiled a dataset of the cumulative bilateral net flows of African-born physicians and nurses to the nine most important destination countries. It is the first dataset of bilateral migration flows specific to a skilled profession collected systematically for a large number of developing countries. This note makes the data available to the research community.

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with bilateral impacted teeth at the coronoid process: A case rehabilitated with mini dental implants

Bilateral migration of teeth into the coronoid process in a patient with ectodermal dysplasia has not been reported in the literature except one report in which severe hypodontia and bilaterally ectopic impacted teeth in the coronoid processes of a nonsyndromic patient occurred. This article presents a 15-year-old female with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia who had surgical removal of bilaterally impacted teeth in the coronoid process and was rehabilitated with a dental implant-retained fixed prosthesis in the mandible and over-denture in the maxilla.

BILATERAL MIGRATION OF SACRAL NEUROMODULATION TINED LEADS IN A THIN PATIENT

Sacral neuromodulation is becomingincreasing ly popular in the urological community for the treatment of refractory overactive bladder, nonobstructive chronic urinary retention and the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Recently, Spinelli et al presented promisingresults with a new self-blockingtined lead designed to allow minimally invasive percutaneous placement requiringno additional fascial anchoring. 1 To our knowledge no displacement of a sacral neuromodulation tined lead has been reported in the literature. We describe bilateral migration of tined leads implanted in a thin patient for sacral neuromodulation treatment of overactive bladder refractory to conservative therapy. CASE REPORT

Do migrants follow market potentials? An estimation of a new economic geography model

New Economic Geography models describe a cumulative process of spatial agglomeration: Firms tend to cluster in locations with good access to demand, and similarly, workers are drawn to regions where market potential is high because the price index is lower there. This paper provides an empirical assessment of this forward linkage that relates labour migrations to the geography of production through real wage differentials. In the spirit of Hanson (1998), we use bilateral migration data for five European countries over the 1980s and 1990s to perform quasi-structural estimations of a new economic geography model derived from Krugman (1991). The results show strong evidence in favor of this model. As expected, migrants do follow market potential. Moreover, we provide estimates for all key parameters of the model. These estimates suggest that a sudden emergence of a core-periphery pattern is unlikely within European countries: centripetal forces are too limited in geographical scope, and mobility costs are too high.

Do migrants follow market potentials? An estimation of a new economic geography model

New Economic Geography models describe a cumulative process of spatial agglomeration: Firms tend to cluster in locations with good access to demand, and similarly, workers are drawn to regions where market potential is high because the price index is lower there. This paper provides an empirical assessment of this forward linkage that relates labour migrations to the geography of production through real wage differentials. In the spirit of Hanson (1998), we use bilateral migration data for five European countries over the 1980s and 1990s to perform quasi-structural estimations of a new economic geography model derived from Krugman (1991). The results show strong evidence in favor of this model. As expected, migrants do follow market potential. Moreover, we provide estimates for all key parameters of the model. These estimates suggest that a sudden emergence of a core-periphery pattern is unlikely within European countries: centripetal forces are too limited in geographical scope, and mobility costs are too high.

Migrating Third Molar: A Report of a Case

Pathologic migration is an abnormal change in the position of a tooth within the dental arch. There are many etiologic factors associated with this phenomenon, but the exact cause is often difficult to diagnose. The following is a report of a 42-year-old man exhibiting a unique form of bilateral migration of his mandibular third molars. He was asymptomatic and unaware of this occurrence. The morbidity to remove these teeth was deemed too great to justify extraction. Biopsy of the overlying tissue associated with a left-impacted third molar revealed no significant pathologic process other than inflammation and some hyperplasia within the dental follicle. Histologic-radiographic correlation was inconclusive in determining whether epithelium from pericoronal soft tissue involving the right third molar was from a hyperplastic dental follicle or a small dentigerous cyst. It is speculated that the ultimate cause of the migration of the third molars was severe, aggressive periodontal disease of the adjacent molars.

Estudo da drenagem linfática e eficácia da tomografia computadorizada na detecção de metástases linfonodais em pacientes clinicamente N0 com carcinoma espinocelular de boca e orofaringe

O exame clínico não é suficiente para avaliar, com precisão, o envolvimento linfonodal em carcinomas de boca e orofaringe. Avaliamos 21 pacientes portadores de carcinoma espinocelular de boca e orofaringe, estadiados clinicamente como N0. Em todos os pacientes foi feita tomografia computadorizada de face e pescoço, e linfocintilografia. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da tomografia computadorizada foram de 16% e 73% para o lado homolateral, e 0% e 90% para o contralateral, respectivamente. Drenagem linfática foi vista em 76,2% dos casos. A não-migração ocorreu em casos de difícil injeção do radiofármaco, como fossa amigdaliana e região retromolar. A migração bilateral ocorreu apenas em casos de soalho bucal, em que havia envolvimento da linha mediana. A partir desses resultados conclui-se que a tomografia computadorizada foi menos eficiente que o exame clínico. Porém, o tomógrafo utilizado foi o não-helicoidal e, portanto, a eficácia do tomógrafo helicoidal não foi avaliada. A linfocintilografia foi útil na avaliação de pacientes clinicamente N0 e estamos utilizando o método para avaliar linfonodo sentinela nos carcinomas de boca.

Dermal Versus Intraparenchymal Lymphoscintigraphy of the Breast

Dermal and intraparenchymal (IP) injections of radiocolloid have been used for lymphoscintigraphic identification of the sentinel node (SN) in breast cancer. Because of our institute's extensive experience with dermal and IP lymphoscintigraphy for melanoma and breast cancer, we compared patterns of lymphatic migration after both types of injections to identify any differences in drainage patterns or SN identification. Lymphoscintigrams (n = 31) after dermal injections in 30 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma on the breast were compared with lymphoscintigrams after IP injections in 97 consecutive patients with breast cancer. In each case, 400 microCi of filtered 99mTc-sulfur colloid was injected in four quadrants around the tumor or in the biopsy cavity. All lymphoscintigrams were reviewed for patterns of migration and SN location. Five of 31 (16%) dermal injections demonstrated bilateral axillary migration (n = 3) or a suprasternal SN (n = 2), neither of which was found with IP injections. Conversely, 3 of 97 (3%) IP injections demonstrated direct supraclavicular (n = 2) or costal margin (n = 1) nodes (P = .006), neither of which was found with dermal injections. Low axillary SNs were noted after 26 (84%) dermal and 93 (96%) IP injections (P = .037). The incidence of extra-axillary SNs was 26% (8 of 31) in the dermal group but only 5% (5 of 97) in the IP group (P = .0027). There is a significant difference in lymphatic drainage and SN localization between dermal and IP lymphoscintigraphy. This finding has implications for injection techniques when lymphatic mapping of the SN is undertaken to stage a breast carcinoma.

Altruism and international labour migration

This paper investigates the effect of altruism on the pattern of labour migration in a two-country overlapping generations model. We show that differences in degrees of altruism across countries lead to bilateral migration flows. Starting from the autarkic steady-state equilibrium, restrictions on labour migration are relaxed. In temporary post-migration equilibrium factor prices are equal across countries. We then characterize the unique stable steady-state equilibrium: both countries are populated and this equilibrium is not a Pareto improvement. Some individuals prefer to live in autarky, others in an integrated world economy.

Time preference and international labor migration

This paper analyzes the pattern and welfare implications of international labor migration within a dynamic general equilibrium model. In a two-country overlapping generations world, labor migrates unilaterally from the high (low) to the low (high) time preference country if both countries under (over) invest relative to the Golden Rule. Bilateral migration, a theoretical novelty, occurs if the countries are on opposite sides of the Golden Rule. Steady-state welfare analysis is conducted, where, in contrast to existing results, unilateral migration immiserizes non-migrants in the immigration country while making non-migrants in the immigration country at least as well off. Bilateral migration may improve world welfare.

Study on the Tubular Pinch Effect in a Pipe Flow : I. Lateral migration of a single particle in laminar poiseuille flow

In laminar flow of suspensions through a circular tube, particles migrate into a concentric annular region with the radius about 0.6 of the tube radius. This phenomenon is well-known as the tubular pinch effect. To clarify the mechanism, the influences of relative particle-fluid velocity, Reynolds number and particle diameter on radial particle displacement (lateral migration) were investigated by measuring the motion of a suspended spherical particle in laminar flow through a circular tube. Consequently, it was found that the motions of particles could be classified by the particle Reynolds number. And, especially, the relation between the particle Reynolds number and the equilibrium radial position of particles and the existence of critical particle Reynolds number for shifting from unilateral migration to bilateral migration were clarified.