Bilateral Edema Research Articles

Advances and Applications of Lung Organoids in the Research on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a sudden onset of lung injury characterized by bilateral pulmonary edema, diffuse inflammation, hypoxemia, and a low P/F ratio. Epithelial injury and endothelial injury are notable in the development of ARDS, which is more severe under mechanical stress. This review explains the role of alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells under physiological and pathological conditions during the progression of ARDS. Mechanical injury not only causes ARDS but is also a side effect of ventilator-supporting treatment, which is difficult to model both in vitro and in vivo. The development of lung organoids has seen rapid progress in recent years, with numerous promising achievements made. Multiple types of cells and construction strategies are emerging in the lung organoid culture system. Additionally, the lung-on-a-chip system presents a new idea for simulating lung diseases. This review summarizes the basic features and critical problems in the research on ARDS, as well as the progress in lung organoids, particularly in the rapidly developing microfluidic system-based organoids. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the three major factors that promote the progression of ARDS and how advances in lung organoid technology can be used to further understand ARDS.

Bilateral renal lymphangiectasia: a rare renal cystic disease managed by minimal invasive approach—a case report

BackgroundRenal cystic diseases are one of the commonest renal lesions encountered in clinical practice. Although common, most of the cysts are solitary, benign, asymptomatic and seldom clinically significant. But, renal lymphangiectasia is an exception. These are rare lymphatic malformation seen around the kidneys and in the retroperitoneum. It masquerades clinically like ADPKD and renal tumors and radiologically like a complex renal cyst. Although the cyst is benign, it possesses a significant impact on the quality of life. Because of its rarity, the management of this condition has not been well defined in the literature. A clinician must be aware of this rare condition and able to differentiate it from other similar conditions to aid in appropriate management. Hence, we present a case report of a female with bilateral renal lymphangiectasia managed successfully by laparoscopic excision.Case presentationA 34-year-old hypertensive female came with complaints of bilaterally progressive flank masses for 3 months and breathlessness for 2 weeks. On examination, she had bilateral pitting pedal edema, bilateral palpable renal mass and ascites. She had nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and normal renal function. Imaging showed 22-cm bilateral peri-renal and hilar multi-loculated cystic lesions, suggestive of bilateral renal lymphangiectasia. Antihypertensives and percutaneous interventions were not successful in relieving her symptoms. Subsequently, she was managed with laparoscopic excision on both sides. After surgery, she had an uneventful postoperative period and good symptomatic relief. No recurrence of the lesion found in follow-up CT imaging after 18 months.ConclusionsRenal lymphangiectasia is a rare yet clinically significant cystic lesion of the kidney. It can be diagnosed confidently by noninvasive imaging modalities. Medical treatment offered for mild symptomatic disease. Patients with severe symptoms need surgical intervention especially if it is not responding to medical management. Minimal invasive approach is feasible and successful in the management of this voluminous disease.

Bilateral thalamic edema caused by tentorial galenic dural arteriovenous fistula and sinus thrombosis: successful endovascular therapy

Bilateral thalamic edema caused by tentorial galenic dural arteriovenous fistula and sinus thrombosis: successful endovascular therapy

Systemic Sclerosis Sine Scleroderma Presenting as Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension - A Case Report

A 60-year-old married male farmer with a significant medical history, including STElevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and Raynaud’s disease, presented to the emergency department with sudden-onset syncope and progressive shortness of breath on exertion. The syncope episode involved an abrupt loss of consciousness, with spontaneous recovery and no associated symptoms like jerky movements or tongue biting. The shortness of breath had been gradually worsening over several weeks, becoming noticeable even during minimal exertion. On examination, the patient appeared chronically ill but had stable vital signs cardiovascular examination revealed bilateral pedal edema, while respiratory assessment and Neurological evaluation were normal. Blood tests indicated normal full blood count (FBC) and urea and electrolytes (U+E), but slight elevations in CRP 29 mg/L and ESR 20 mm/hr. Troponin levels remained stable, but brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was markedly elevated at 2061 pg/mL. The electrocardiogram (ECG) showed right axis deviation and incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB). A CT scan of the brain ruled out any acute pathology, such as stroke or hemorrhage. A previous echocardiogram (ECHO) had shown a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 50-55%, indicating good left ventricular function. Given the findings, the patient was started on Furosemide 40 mg daily and advised to follow a fluid restriction regimen to prevent worsening of overload symptoms. A repeat echocardiogram revealed deterioration in right ventricular (RV) function with a significantly (RVSP) of 80 mmHg, suggesting severe pulmonary hypertension (PHTN). A D-dimer test was negative for pulmonary embolism (PE). Cardiology consultation raised concerns about possible chronic thromboembolic disease, leading to further testing, including a computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) and an autoimmune screen, along with potential right heart catheterization (RHC). The CTPA was negative for PE, but the autoimmune screen returned positive results for antinuclear antibodies (ANA >1200) and anticentromere antibodies. Right heart catheterization confirmed pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension (PAH) with pulmonary artery pressure exceeding 44 mmHg and no nitrate response. A rheumatology review, in light of the patient’s history of Raynaud’s disease, positive ANA, and confirmed PAH, led to the diagnosis of Systemic Sclerosis Sine Scleroderma–a form of systemic sclerosis without skin involvement. The patient was initiated on Tadalafil, (PDE-5) for PAH management and prescribed home oxygen therapy, particularly during exertion. He was discharged with a plan for multidisciplinary followup involving rheumatology, cardiology, and pulmonology to manage his complex condition. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary is essential for optimizing outcomes in SSc and PAH.

An interesting case of acute heart failure: peripartum cardiomyopathy

An interesting case of acute heart failure, which was caused by peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM), is reported. A 29-year-old woman complained of shortness of breath and bilateral peripheral edema with progressive deterioration in the last 7 days after her second childbirth. The electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia with no acute ST-segment changes. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed diffuse left ventricular wall hypokinesis with increased dimensions, an ejection fraction (E.F.) of 30% and moderate mitral and tricuspid regurgitations. Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) was performed, where no narrowing of the coronary arteries or pulmonary embolism (PE) was observed. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was recommended which showed an image compatible with PPCM. Conclusion: Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare but serious complication of pregnancy and TTE is important for the diagnosis.

Efficacy of kinesio tape on bilateral pedal edema in selective types of edema

Abstract Study aim: To determine the effectiveness of kinesiology tape for treatment of bilateral pedal edema in different types of edema patients (renal, lymphatic). Material and methods: Sixty patients of both sexes who had bilateral pedal edema took part in this study. They were randomized to two equal-size study groups. Group A (renal edema) included 30 patients (8 males and 22 females) aged 59.2 ± 5.2 years. Group B (lymphedema) included 30 patients (9 males and 21 females) aged 59.7 ± 5.3 years. Both groups underwent 60 minutes of supervised conventional physiotherapy sessions twice weekly in addition to kinesiology tape for 12 weeks. Pedal edema, functional capacity and quality of life were assessed using volumetric assessment and tape measurements, the six-minute walk test, the lymphedema quality of life scale (LYMQOL) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) for both groups before and after treatment. Results: After completion of the treatment program, the patients assigned to group B (lymphedema) achieved higher results in the volumetric assessment (p < 0.001), tape measurements (p < 0.001), functional capacity (6MWT) (p < 0.001), LYMQOL in all domains (function, appearance, symptoms, mood and overall quality) (overall p < 0.001) and WHOQOL in all domains (physical health, psychological, social, environment and overall quality) (overall p < 0.001). Patients assigned to group A (renal) did not show an improvement in their results (p > 0.001). Conclusion: Kinesiology tape was found to be an effective method for reducing bilateral pedal edema in patients with lymph-edema. This in turn can enhance functional capacity and quality of life.

Conservative Management of a Rare Clinical Phenomenon: Paraspinal Compartment Syndrome – A Review of Existing Literature

Introduction: This review of case series and case reports explores conservative management strategies for paraspinal compartment syndrome (PCS), a rare clinical condition. Extremity compartment syndrome has been shown to be managed most effectively with emergent surgical release of the fascial compartment. Given the rarity of PCS and the paucity of research in the literature, some authors have suggested the possibility of conservative treatment. There has been no study to date that has specifically investigated the cases of non-operative management of PCS. Materials and Methods: There are 16 case reports in the literature with 22 cases of PCS treated conservatively. The authors reviewed these cases, specifically viewing the clinical courses, why the decision was made to manage conservatively, and the reported outcomes. Results: The etiology of PCS varied, with weightlifting being the primary cause in 11 out of 22 cases, followed by strenuous sporting events and postsurgical complications. All patients in this review were male, aged between 18 and 61 years old. Acute presentations exhibited severe back pain, rigid paraspinal musculature, and subjective paraspinal paresthesias. Magnetic Resonance Imaging findings of the spine revealed profound bilateral symmetric intramuscular edema. Among the cases, 8 explicitly reported a return to normal function, while 8 continued to experience symptoms related to the initial injury. Nine cases chose conservative measures primarily because of delayed presentation, seven instances reported successful outcomes with conservative measures; one case cited concerns about infection risk. Discussion: The probability of underreporting related to PCS may result in a substantial number of cases being omitted from medical literature. Pathologically, PCS is characterized by increased intra-compartmental pressure, triggering rhabdomyolysis due to significant soft tissue damage. Emergent surgical intervention is the treatment of choice for any compartment syndrome; however, conservative management of these cases has shown satisfactory clinical outcomes. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy emerges as a potential adjunctive treatment to enhance tissue viability, though its efficacy and accessibility warrant further investigation in the context of PCS management. Conclusion: Early recognition and treatment of PCS are critical in preventing chronic pain and permanent complications. Given the limitations identified in non-operative management, further research is imperative to optimize treatment strategies. Keywords: Paraspinal compartment syndrome, conservative management, back pain.

Combined Salvage Treatments in a Case of Neurosyphilis

Purpose: Visual loss and optic nerve head (ONH) edema are hallmarks in diagnosing optic neuritis, perineuritis, neuroretinitis and papillitis, but clinicians often disregard the role that intracranial hypertension could play in neurosyphilis. Methods: A case of syphilitic optic neuropathy with visual loss and bilateral ONH edema was presented, where the detailed diagnosis procedure of chronic intracranial hypertension and its treatment were described.

Mirror syndrome associated with fetal cardiomyopathy

Mirror syndrome is a rare condition of generalized maternal oedema caused by fetal hydrops. A 37-year-old patient was admitted to our hospital because of suspected mirror syndrome caused by fetal cardiomyopathy. At 26th week of gestation patient developed bilateral pulmonary oedema as her condition rapidly deteriorated. Consequently, preterm labor was induced, percutaneous evacuation of fetal ascites was performed, and the patient finally vaginally delivered stillborn fetus. Although the initial postpartum period was severely complicated by hemorrhage, the condition of the patient significantly improved later, and she was discharged seven days after delivery. We believe this case is worth presenting due to its rarity and significant perinatal and obstetric challenges in treatment of those patients. Furthermore, preimplantation genetic testing could be performed to prevent at least some of the cases.

Heyde Syndrome as Cause of New-onset Heart Failure in the Setting of Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve: A Case Report

This report describes the case of a 70-year-old female with a history of bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement. She presented to the emergency department with significant shortness of breath and bilateral lower extremity edema, which was found to be secondary to new-onset acute symptomatic congestive heart failure in the setting of Heyde syndrome.

An unusual case of tubercular liver abscess presenting as pericardial effusion

Tropical nations like India frequently have liver abscess. They are typically amoebic or pyogenic abscesses. It can sporadically be a sign of hepatic tuberculosis (TB). Hepatic tuberculosis should be suspected in cases where the patient doesn’t present with typical complaints of pyogenic/amoebic abscess without response to commonly used antibiotics. Pyogenic/amoebic liver abscesses show the rare complication of rupture into the pericardium, especially if the abscess is left sided. However, a tubercular pericardial effusion presenting with rupture into the pericardium has rarely been reported. We present to you a case of tubercular pericardial effusion in a known diabetic patient secondary to ruptured liver abscess presenting to the emergency department with chief complaints of breathlessness, chest pain and bilateral pedal edema.

Elephantiasis mimicry in recurrent lower limb skin infections in a diabetic patient: a case report

BackgroundChronic edema as a complication of systemic diseases or infections can mimic filarial lymphedema (also known as elephantiasis) and considered so. We describe a case of chronic lymphedema that mimicked elephantiasis in a diabetic man.Case presentationThe patient was a 70-year-old black man, bed-bound at the time of admission following a diagnosis of stroke and hypertension in the previous 5 years. He had been diabetic for 20 years with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. He suffered recurrent bilateral lower limb skin infections for 5 years prior to admission that culminated into progressive lowerlimb edema. The infections eventually complicated into skin edema, hardening, fissuring, and hyperkeratotic plaques. The physical examination revealed Tinea pedis and bilateral non-pitting edema of lowerlimbs to the level of the knees. Investigations confirmed non-filarial lymphedema-related skin changes. The absence of the classic pebbly/cobblestone skin changes ruled out elephantiasis nostra verrucosa (ENV), with a possibility of it being in the early stages of evolution. The patient’s skin fissuring and infections were successfully treated with antibiotics and antifungals while compression stockings helped to relieve the edema.ConclusionsChronic lymphedema can complicate repeated non-filarial infections of lower limbs. Its fissures are a risk factor for cellulitis, prompting early identification and management of both infections and lymphedema to halt their vicious cycle, especially in at risk populations like diabetics.

Cushing syndrome in a 55-year-old case of small-cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is one of the most fatal types of cancer and paraneoplastic syndromes are commonly associated with lung cancer. Paraneoplastic Cushing can be associated with different types of tumors, especially small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The aim of this report was to describe the status of a patient presenting with progressive weakness, who did not have a previous medical history. Clinical examination revealed bilateral edema of the lower limbs. Lab results exhibited severe hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. physical examination showed elevated blood pressure. Imaging revealed a large mass with necrosis. Bronchoscopy was done and biopsy pathology showed SCLC. The patient underwent chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide. Following SCLC, the patient developed a type of paraneoplastic syndrome called Cushing syndrome. He experienced a severe decrease in saturation in the second session of chemotherapy and eventually died. With respect to the fact that most paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with poor response to treatment, high clinical suspicion is essential for the rapid diagnosis of these syndromes to improve outcomes.

A case of hypertensive uveitis with intravitreal faricimab.

Purpose: To report a novel case of hypertensive uveitis with intravitreal faricimab. Methods: This is a case report. A 69-year-old female undergoing treatment of bilateral diabetic macular oedema with intravitreal faricimab presented for routine review. Ophthalmic examination was performed including visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), gonioscopy, and slit lamp examination. Findings consistent with hypertensive uveitis prompted further infectious/inflammatory/infiltrative uveitis screen. Results: The patient developed hypertensive uveitis in the left eye (four weeks after the third injection) with an IOP of 42mmHg. Slit lamp examination revealed fine keratic precipitates and mild anterior uveitis. Anterior chamber angle was open on gonioscopy, and there was no vitritis or vasculitis. At review a week later, the patient had developed hypertensive uveitis in the right eye (six weeks after the fourth injection) with IOP of 35mmHg. Slit lamp examination revealed fine keratic precipitates, open angles, and mild vitritis. There was no vasculitis. At both presentations the patient had preserved visual acuity with no significant visual symptoms. The hypertensive uveitis resolved in both eyes with a course of steroid and antihypertensive eye drops. The uveitis screen was negative apart from elevated urine protein (negative beta-2 microglobulin) which could be explained by known diabetes and hypertension. Conclusion: Hypertensive uveitis is a potential adverse reaction to intravitreal faricimab. This case highlights the importance of monitoring intraocular pressure in patients undergoing treatment with faricimab and emphasises the need for reporting other cases in the community.

Acute myelomonoblastic leukemia in children, the particularities of extramedullary infiltration based on a clinical case

Childhood acute myeloidleukemia (AML) represents approximately 5% of childhood malignancies and 15% to 25% of pediatric acute leukemia. The extramedullary manifestation of infiltrating clonal blast populations in a variety of organs and tissues in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is defined as a distinct entity in the 2016 WHO classification of myeloid neoplasms, myeloid sarcoma The rate of complete remission after induction chemotherapy was lower in patients with extramedullary infiltration, overall survival and event-free survival were not different between patients with and without extramedullary infiltration. Purpose of the study: Presentation of a clinical case of ALM type M4 with the presence of an extramedullary infiltrate in the tissue of the central nervous system in children. Materials and methods: The clinical, paraclinical, imaging data of the patient were studied in parallel with the specialized literature on similar cases. Results: Boy, 5 years old, goes to the doctor with accusations of bilateral palpebral edema, bilateral temporal region edema and bilateral exophthalmos , more pronounced on the left. In the general analysis of the blood: - Hemoglobin - 89 g/l , Leukocytes - 7.2 x 10^9/l; unsegmented neutrophil - 1%; segmented - 18%; lymphocytes - 44%; monocytes - 20%; blast cells - 16%; Platelets - 70 x 10^9/l;VSH - 44 mm/h. During the physical examination: the peripheral lymph nodes are palpable. No signs of central nervous system damage. It is supposed the diagnosis: Acute myeloid leukemia, sarcoma, or neuroblastoma. A medullary puncture: moderately cellular marrow was determined, with blastcells 15.2%. Morphologically, it is more similar to acute myelo-monoblastic leukemia FAB-M4. Computerized Tomography-multiple, hyperdense pathological foci, with localization with inand bilateral extraorbital, associated with exophthalmos. The formation from the sphenoid sinus extends to the nasopharynx , through the pterygopalatine fossa, with narrowing of the lumen and mass effect on the palatine tonsils. Immunophenotyping: CD45-/+ SS low 8% population, CD36+ 6%CD64+ monoblasts 8%, Promonocytes /monocytes – (CD64+/CD14+) 25%.He underwent treatment according to the AML BFM 2004 program with numerous complications, andcranial radiotherapy. At the moment, the child is in morphological remission. Conclusions. The differential diagnosis of hyperdense intracranial masses may include neuroblastoma, meningioma, lymphoma, metastases, or sarcomas. Correct and early diagnosis and initiation of specific treatment are essential to increase the survival rate in cases of acute leukemia in children.

Solutions to Enhance Health with Alternative Treatments (SEHAT) protocol: a double-blinded randomised controlled trial for gut microbiota-targeted treatment of severe acute malnutrition using rice bran in ready-to-use therapeutic foods in Indonesia

IntroductionCurrent formulations of ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs) to treat severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children focus on nutrient density and quantity. Less attention is given to foods targeting gut microbiota...

Renal Amyloidosis Secondary to Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance in a Young Patient: A Case Report

Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS), a subtype of plasma cell disorder, usually occurs in individuals >50 years. Amyloid light chain (AL)-associated primary amyloidosis can occur in both young and elderly individuals. However, the progression of AL amyloidosis is usually reported in aged MGRS patients several years after its onset. Herein, we report the case of a young patient with persistent proteinuria and bilateral edema. Histopathological examination confirmed a differential diagnosis of MGRS. Further, Congo red and immunohistochemical staining of the renal biopsy confirmed the presence of lambda-light-chain-derived amyloid deposits in the affected kidney. We report the predominance of MGRS-associated renal amyloidosis in a young patient, conflicting with the age criteria. This case report highlights age as an independent risk factor, signifying the need to diagnose amyloidosis in young people.

Rare coexistence of spinal muscular atrophy with membranous nephropathy - A clinical conundrum with management dilemma.

A 48-year-old male presented with proximal muscle weakness of the shoulder with difficulty in lifting objects above the shoulder in July 2012. Electromyogram was suggestive of chronic motor axonal loss with a myogenic pattern, and a deltoid muscle biopsy revealed groups of atrophic muscle fibers and hypertrophic fibers with pan fascicular atrophy suggestive of adult-onset spinal muscular atrophy. He was managed conservatively and developed bilateral pedal edema in August 2022. He had nephrotic range proteinuria, and renal biopsy revealed capillary wall thickening of glomeruli with serum PLA2R antibody positivity suggestive of primary membranous nephropathy. He was managed with telmisartan for 6 months, and there was a reduction in proteinuria. In January 2023, he was given Injection Rituximab due to worsening proteinuria. He failed to have a clinical resolution. This case report describes the management dilemma in membranous nephropathy with SMA due to the risk of toxic myopathies associated with tacrolimus and steroids.

Abstract 14364: Atrial Fibrillation With Rapid Ventricular Response Induced Ventricular Tachycardia Terminated by Intrinsic Anti-Tachycardia Pacing - A First in Literature Case Report

Background: Intrinsic anti-tachycardia pacing (iATP) is a novel tailored algorithm that has shown increased efficacy against ventricular tachycardia (VT), including fast VT. We describe a case of atrial fibrillation (AF) with rapid ventricular response (RVR) induced VT terminated by iATP. Case description: A 71-year-old male with coronary artery disease, heart failure (EF 30-35%), atrial fibrillation, VT status post biventricular implantable cardioverter defibrillator and failed renal transplant presented with syncope during dialysis. His home medications included amiodarone, metoprolol, apixaban. He was hemodynamically stable on presentation. He had bilateral pitting edema with a systolic murmur and bilateral basilar crackles on exam. His labs were consistent with anemia and end stage renal disease. His device interrogation (Figure) showed AFRVR which degenerated to VT with final cycle length (CL) of 290 msec. First round of ATP with S1x10 burst pulses (88%, CL 250msec) and S2 extra stimuli (CL 230 msec) failed to terminate the VT. Post pacing interval (PPI) was 450 msec. Given calculated remote distance, another five rounds of adaptive iATP with similar S1 pulses but faster S2 and addition of S3 extra stimuli were delivered but were unsuccessful in terminating VT. Finally, the seventh round of iATP (S1x10 at CL 260 msec, S2 at 240 msec) was successful at conversion to sinus rhythm briefly before reverting to AF with controlled ventricular pacing. Discussion: ATP decreases ICD shocks but is programmed empirically and there is less success with fast VT. iATP analyses the PPI of the prior failed sequence to adjust the subsequent ATP therapy by altering the number of burst pulses (S1) and addition of ramp extra stimuli. Computational models and early clinical experience have shown increased efficacy of iATP in terminating fast VT without concomitant increase in VT acceleration. To the best of our knowledge, this is first case report of AFRVR induced VT terminated by iATP.

A study of adverse maternal-foetal outcomes in nephrotic syndrome combined with preeclampsia

BackgroundAlthough the majority of pregnancies with preeclampsia are characterised by elevated blood pressure, preeclampsia is often associated with nephrotic syndrome with similar symptoms such as high proteinuria and bilateral lower limb oedema. In this study, we compared the maternal–foetal outcomes of pregnant women with preeclampsia in a population with nephrotic syndrome and explored the factors that contribute to the corresponding outcomes and disease development.MethodsA total of 90 pregnant women were included in this study, of whom 30 had nephrotic syndrome and were diagnosed with preeclampsia during pregnancy, and 60 had nephrotic syndrome alone. Descriptive statistical analyses of baseline data were performed to analyse the effect of combined preeclampsia on maternal and foetal pregnancy outcomes using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models.ResultsIn this study, the baseline data of the two study populations demonstrated no differences except for the history of caesarean section and 24-h proteinuria results, which were significantly different (P < 0.05). The risk of preterm birth in the nephrotic syndrome with preeclampsia group was 8.25 (95% CI:3.041–22.084 P < 0.05); for a low birth weight, the risk was 6.00 (95% CI:2.302–15.638 P < 0.05); for foetal distress,the risk was 5.667 (95% CI:2.070–15.514 P < 0.05); and the risk of foetal birth restriction was 7.429 (95% CI: 2.642–20.885 P < 0.05). A risk-based analysis of adverse maternal outcomes yielded a risk of miscarriage of 2.200 (95% CI: 0.584–8.291; P > 0.05). After adjusting the model for each outcome, significant risks of preterm labour, foetal birth restriction, and low birth weight were revealed (P < 0.05).ConclusionCombined preeclampsia has a significantly higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes for the foetus.Therefore, the prevention and control of eclampsia in pregnant women should be improved to ensure maternal and neonatal health.