Biking Activities Research Articles

Visualization of explainable artificial intelligence for GeoAI

Shapley additive explanations are a widely used technique for explaining machine learning models. They can be applied to basically any type of model and provide both global and local explanations. While there are different plots available to visualize Shapley values, there is a lack of suitable visualization for geospatial use cases, resulting in the loss of the geospatial context in traditional plots. This study presents a concept for visualizing Shapley values in geospatial use cases and demonstrate its feasibility through an exemplary use case—predicting bike activity in a rental bike system. The visualizations show that visualizing Shapley values on geographic maps can provide valuable insights that are not visible in traditional plots for Shapley additive explanations. Geovisualizations are recommended for explaining machine learning models in geospatial applications or for extracting knowledge about real-world applications. Suitable visualizations for the considered use case are a proportional symbol map and a mapping of computed Voronoi values to the street network.

Bicycle Opportunity Spectrum: a framework for classifying and categorizing the different landscapes for cycling

ABSTRACT There is cycling leisure in various landscapes where different management challenges emerge needing unique, context-specific strategies. Managers must be critical of these landscape nuances to produce suitable planning directives corresponding to the case of these certain environments. In this study, the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) was adapted to the bike activity to create a Bicycle Opportunity Spectrum (BOS) framework. These cycling landscapes were processed into a regional-scale tool based on the compatibilities between landscape types and cyclist needs to produce satisfactory experiences. The development of the tool was based on diverse cycling experiences elaborated during focus group discussions (FGDs). This resulted in a framework of four landscape classifications (Urban, Rural, Natural with Road, and Natural with Trail) and criteria of seven (Bike Route, Path Remoteness, Infrastructure Development, Viewshed, Path Interactivity, Support Facilities and Services, and Pathway Management). The framework was tested by evaluating the cycling landscapes of Taichung City, Taiwan. The results, validated by the FGD participants verified the fitness of the BOS towards evaluating bikeways, creating a tool for bikeway management applicable to various landscape classes.

Investigating Safety in Numbers in Cycling After the Entry of Dock-Based Bikeshare Programs in Three U.S. Cities

This paper investigates the safety in numbers effect in cycling by comparing monthly bicycle crash trends before and after public bikeshare’s launch in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, PA, from 2010 to 2019, and in Portland, OR, from 2014 to 2019. To estimate the bicycle crash trend in each city, the authors conduct time series analysis with a regression discontinuity design using generalized linear quasi-Poisson models. The entries of dock-based public bikeshare programs signal an increase in biking activity on the road and serve as the point of discontinuity in the analysis. For each city, the analysis models pre- and post-bikeshare bicycle crash trends inside and outside bikeshare program’s service area separately to compare crash trends at different biking activity levels within the same local context. Results show that before bikeshare, crash trends inside and outside service areas had similar patterns in Philadelphia and Portland while moving in opposite directions in Pittsburgh. The post-bikeshare crash trends differed across cities for both inside and outside of the service areas. The finding that bicycle crash trends changed in different patterns across the three cities indicates that there may be no single safety in numbers effect on bicycle crashes. The inconsistent patterns of bicycle crash trends within and across cities suggest confounding factors underlying the change in bicycle crashes.

Getting Flow: The Place of Production Forests in the Rise of Mountain Biking

Mountain biking has increased in popularity in many countries over recent decades. Production forests provide not only an outstanding space for mountain bike riding, but also specific characteristics conducive to purpose-built track building. With recreational access to production forests, managers must balance commercial operations and industry environmental obligations with the interests and actions of riders. Production forests in New Zealand have accommodated mountain biking activities for decades. The trend from 1991 to 2022 showed overall increasing opportunities for mountain biking in production forests, particularly in smaller commercial peri-urban plantations and forest parks maintained as dedicated mountain bike parks. Over the same period, public mountain biking access to larger (>1500 ha) forests peaked in 2008. These recreational changes within forests, and the impact these changes have pressed onto forest managers, have not been well documented. This paper explores the rise in popularity of mountain biking in New Zealand’s production plantation forests, and the response of forest owners and managers to increased mountain biking activities in their commercial forest estates. The paper discusses implications for forest planning to accommodate active recreational sports such as mountain biking in production forests, suggesting policies and procedures to help protect commercial interests and forest ecology, while allowing for a contemporary mix of recreational activities.

Numb-associated kinases are required for SARS-CoV-2 infection and are cellular targets for antiviral strategies

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to pose serious threats to global health. We previously reported that AAK1, BIKE and GAK, members of the Numb-associated kinase family, control intracellular trafficking of multiple RNA viruses during viral entry and assembly/egress. Here, using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we probe the functional relevance of NAKs for SARS-CoV-2 infection. siRNA-mediated depletion of AAK1, BIKE, GAK, and STK16, the fourth member of the NAK family, suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung epithelial cells. Both known and novel small molecules with potent AAK1/BIKE, GAK or STK16 activity suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, combination treatment with the approved anti-cancer drugs, sunitinib and erlotinib, with potent anti-AAK1/BIKE and GAK activity, respectively, demonstrated synergistic effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Time-of-addition experiments revealed that pharmacological inhibition of AAK1 and BIKE suppressed viral entry as well as late stages of the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. Lastly, suppression of NAKs expression by siRNAs inhibited entry of both wild type and SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. These findings provide insight into the roles of NAKs in SARS-CoV-2 infection and establish a proof-of-principle that pharmacological inhibition of NAKs can be potentially used as a host-targeted approach to treat SARS-CoV-2 with potential implications to other coronaviruses.

Pariwisata Petualangan Berbasis Darat di Kabupaten Karangasem

Adventure tourism is an outdoor activity that has grown and developed in recent years and is becoming increasingly popular as a nature-based regional development model. Adventure activities, especially mountain bikes, are mostly carried out by tourists visiting Bali. Karangasem Regency has a unique geographical condition in the form of a mountainous area that strongly supports the development of mountain biking activities. By examining the potential of adventure tourism owned by Karangasem Regency, it can be seen that the supporting resources of adventure tourism in the implementation of mountain biking activities in Karangasem Regency can be identified.This research is a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. It uses purposive sampling and snowball sampling to determine and select informants. The data were collected by using a participatory observation by trying mountain bike activities in mountain area and interview the informants. The data analysis applied the content and meaning analysis using a qualitative descriptive method. The theory used in the analysis is adventure approach theory and tourism development components.The results of the analysis reveal that the supporting resources for mountain biking activities that are not yet fully available are contained in the location criteria related to permits and regulations, so that an appropriate plan is needed in order to meet the basic criteria in the completeness of supporting resources for adventure tourism. While the criteria for activity, security, natural resources and the environment, as well as the operational sector are almost entirely available, requiring development that is in accordance to make a sustainable mountain biking activities in Karangasem Regency.
 Keywords: Mountain Bike Activity, Adventure Tourism, Supporting Resources Criteria.

Examining the Spatial Variation of the Socioeconomic and Land-Use Factors Associated with Bike Activity: A Case Study Using Crowdsourced Strava Data in Austin, Texas

Examining the Spatial Variation of the Socioeconomic and Land-Use Factors Associated with Bike Activity: A Case Study Using Crowdsourced Strava Data in Austin, Texas

Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches for Weight Management in the Obese Population: The 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

(1) Background: Obesity management has become an important issue due to the COVID-19 outbreak; therefore, periodic surveys on the approaches to obesity management of the entire population and target obese population are required. (2) Methods: The study used nationally representative data from the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants reported all approaches they had used to reduce or maintain weight in the past year. Data were analyzed with multiple response methods. (3) Results: The most commonly reported approach was exercise, which included fitness, yoga, biking, and other physical activities (74.7% of respondents), and the second most commonly reported approach was decreased food intake (69.6% of respondents). The use of approaches differed according to respondents’ demographic characteristics. Regarding sex-related differences, in particular, men preferred to exercise, while women were more likely to decrease food intake. Among men, exercise was highest in the 40–49 years age group (48.3%). Among women, decreased food intake was highest in the same age group (16.1%). (4) Conclusions: These findings indicate that it is necessary to introduce individualized weight management approaches and measures according to target groups in obese adults.

Hidden in Plain Sight: The Psychological Benefits of Personal Quantification

Background: Behavior analysis relies on the measurement and quantification of behavior. Recent research has argued that measuring and quantifying behavior may have detrimental effects on the measured behaviors. To investigate this claim, the current study surveyed avid cyclists to assess their reported yearly biking habits, use of personal quantification devices, reported interest/enjoyment in biking, and use of exercise-related social media platforms. Methods: Two groups of avid bikers were surveyed about biking and how personal quantification affected interest. Participants were asked a series of questions about their cycling habits in general, their use of a bike computer for personal quantification, questions about their enjoyment in biking activities, and use of exercise-related social media platforms. Results: Nearly all (94%) bikers reported using computerized personal quantification using bike computers, reported high levels of enjoyment, and reported they found quantification made bicycling more enjoyable and interesting. Conclusion: This result refutes claims that personal quantification undermines intrinsic interest, enjoyment, or happiness. Personal quantification facilitates continued activity engagement and sharing quantified information with other interested individuals may make interesting activities even more interesting. Rather than “undermine intrinsic interest” or “turn play into work,” personal quantification is supplemental to the total activity experience. The results obtained here indicate personal quantification can facilitate expert performance and the experience of flow.

The Hydrogen Bike: Communicating the Production and Safety of Green Hydrogen

As the international community aims to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, green hydrogen has great potential to replace methane as a clean source of fuel. A novel public engagement activity, The Hydrogen Bike, has been developed to demonstrate the production and use of green hydrogen from water. The aim of the activity is to educate, entertain and inform young people and adults so that they have an opportunity to form an opinion about the use of hydrogen as a fuel. Using a novel two-part data collection system participants are briefly surveyed for their opinion on hydrogen before and after participating in The Hydrogen Bike activity. Through this we have found that most participants (73%) are considered to have no opinion or a neutral opinion on hydrogen before participating in The Hydrogen Bike activity. After participation 88% of those who were originally neutral or had no opinion on hydrogen self-reported a positive feeling about hydrogen. The method of data collection was quick, intuitive and suitable for an audience attracted from passing footfall.

A geographically weighted regression model to examine the spatial variation of the socioeconomic and land-use factors associated with Strava bike activity in Austin, Texas

Despite evidence showing the spatial nonstationarity of the determinants of bike activity, very few studies have addressed the phenomena, probably due to the limited sample size of the traditional count data. To address this gap, this study demonstrated the applicability of Strava bike activity data by developing a geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) model that can reveal how the influence of socioeconomic and land-use factors vary across a region. The city of Austin was selected as a case study, and Strava bike volume was gleaned from 1494 intersections. The representativeness of the Strava data was first examined by comparing those data with the video-based actual bicycle volume data from 43 intersections in the study area. Despite the high deviation in several locations, Strava volume exhibited moderate linear relationships with actual volume. The GWPR model developed in this study outperformed the traditional global model and revealed significant spatial variability of nine variables related to age, income, education, transit stops, hub locations, offices, schools, trails, and sidewalk facilities. Notable spatial variations on bike activity were observed across the study area in terms of magnitude, direction, and significance of the impact for all model variables. The analysis and discussion offer guidance to practitioners and policy makers in tailoring policies and programs that consider the spatial context. The study also provides insights for understanding the potential use of crowdsourced data in examining bike activity, especially when resources are limited.

The relationship between biking activities and VO2 max level in fixie bike Makassar community members

To determine the relationship between the cycling activity with the VO2 max level on community members fixie bike Makassar. We identified 31 participants from all the Makassar fixie bike community members who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Cycling activity data is taken by giving questionnaires, and VO2 max level data is taken by the 3 Minute Step Test. Based on the Fisher Test=0.005 and Phi value=0.602 showed that there was a strong correlation between activities cycling with VO2 max levels in these community members. The result showed, based on the age group and VO2 max, the good criteria are more in early adulthood while the poor criteria are more in adolescents. It was found that there was a relationship between cycling activity and VO2 max levels in the Makassar fixie bike community members.

Urban Resident Views About Open Green Spaces: A Study in Güzelyurt (Morphou), Cyprus

A dramatic demographic shift regarding urbanization is occurring globally. Between 2000 and 2050, the ratio of individuals in urban spaces is projected to rise from 46.6 % to 69.6%. Environmental pollution, urban heat island effect and climate change are among the hazardous effects of urbanization. Critical ecosystem services can be provided with urban green areas such as parks, roof gardens, streams, forests and community gardens etc. Walking, running or biking activities, psychological well-being and public health of urban inhabitants can also be supported via green space. Urban landscape areas are also significant for Cyprus as there is an on-going remarkable urbanization. Particularly, due to urbanization, the importance of green spaces in cities is becoming important. During this study, open and green space as urban landscape areas in Güzelyurt (Morphou) was investigated. This is the first study to examine user satisfaction and views of open and green spaces in Güzelyurt (Morphou) region, Cyprus. A questionnaire with 60 participants were conducted in order to understand respondents’ suggestions about several aspects of existing open and green spaces in Güzelyurt, north Cyprus. According to the findings, respondents were mostly dissatisfied about urban and open spaces in the city. Our results indicate that local authorities or municipal organizations should legalize the planning of urban parks, open spaces and green areas with long term perspective. Keywords: Urbanization, Green space, urban park, landscape, Güzelyurt, Cyprus

Identification of Bicycling Periods Using the MicroPEM Personal Exposure Monitor.

Exposure assessment studies are the primary means for understanding links between exposure to chemical and physical agents and adverse health effects. Recently, researchers have proposed using wearable monitors during exposure assessment studies to obtain higher fidelity readings of exposures actually experienced by subjects. However, limited research has been conducted to link a wearer’s actions to periods of exposure, a necessary step for estimating inhaled dosage. To aid researchers in these settings, we developed a machine learning model for identifying periods of bicycling activity using passively collected data from the RTI MicroPEM wearable exposure monitor, a lightweight device capable of continuously sampling both air pollution levels and accelerometry parameters. Our best performing model identifies biking activity with a mean leave-one-session-out (LOSO) cross-validation F1 score of 0.832 (unweighted) and 0.979 (weighted). Accelerometer derived features contributed greatly to the model performance, as well as temporal smoothing of the predicted activities. Additionally, we found competitive activity recognition can occur with even relatively low sampling rates, suggesting suitability for exposure assessment studies where continuous data collection for long periods (without recharge) are needed to capture realistic daily routines and exposures.

Economic Benefits from Biking Trails and Greenways

Due to a growing need for health and wellbeing of the urban population and revitalization of the rural economies biking has become one of the top recreational activities is the U.S. While the impact of individual health and wellbeing from biking activities well recognized in the literature, the economic impact of bike tourism in rural communities is less recognized. The purpose of this paper is to review the studies on the economic impact of biking trails and greenways on the local communities and provide a guideline on how to undertake such studies based on available methodologies in the literature. In doing so, the paper discusses the objectives and goals for creating infrastructure for greenway and biking trails in the local communities including methodologies used to assess the economic impacts. This study concludes that for a long-run sustainable development, local community’s social and economic resources that already exist can be utilized for building biker friendly communities.

743-P: New Insulin Algorithm Reduces Carbohydrate (CHO) Requirements during Prolonged Outdoor Exercise

Individuals with T1D are generally advised to reduce basal rates and increase CHO intake during aerobic exercise. We assessed the effects of a different insulin regimen guided by rtCGM data on CHO intake and glucose levels in 17 T1D adults treated with insulin pumps (11 male, 42±8.8 years, 24±10 years DM duration, 6.6±0.8% A1C) vs. traditional insulin adjustment guidance during 2 consecutive days of extended biking activities (30 miles [49 km]). On day 1 (D1), subjects reduced their basal rate by 50% and consumed CHO as guided by their rtCGM (Dexcom G6) data to maintain target range (70-180 mg/dL). Basal insulin infusion was stopped 1 hour at the start of the day 2 activity (D2) then resumed at a minimal rate (0.23±0,1U/hour) during biking. All CHO from 1 hour before, during and 10 min after the activity was recorded. Times within/below target range, glycemic variability (GV) and mean glucose were calculated from rtCGM data. CHO intake was notably lower during D2 vs. D1 (36±32 vs. 40±27 g, p=NS), with slightly more time in range and <70 mg/dL but no difference in time <54 mg/dL (both p=NS). (Figure 1) Significant reductions in GV (34±7 vs. 47±13 mg/dL, p<0.01) and slight reductions in mean glucose (124±24 vs. 110±14 mg/dL, p=NS) were seen. No severe hypoglycemic events occurred. T1D individuals using rtCGM in conjunction with insulin pump therapy can safely reduce their CHO requirements during prolonged exercise using the new algorithm. Disclosure M. Mueller-Korbsch: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Insulet Corporation, Menarini Group, Novo Nordisk Inc. L. Frühwald: None. M. Heer: None. M. Fangmeyer-Binder: None. D. Reinhart-Mikocki: None.

Analyzing Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes at the Corridor Level: Structural Equation Modeling Approach

Pedestrian and bicycle crashes have been increasing at an alarming pace in recent years. Between 2009 and 2016, annual U.S. pedestrian fatalities increased 46%, and bicyclist fatalities increased 34%. Crashes involving pedestrians and bicyclists, or vulnerable road users (VRUs), are negatively correlated with roadway factors, and positively correlated with environmental and socioeconomic factors. However, specific variables representing these factors are often correlated, making it difficult to accurately characterize relationships between individual variables and pedestrian and bicyclist safety. This study used the structural equation model technique to overcome this problem. Pedestrian and bicyclist crash frequency and more than 60 explanatory variables for 200 highway corridors in Wisconsin were collected. The interrelationships between observed “manifest” variables and unobserved “latent” variables were tested. The results suggest that the most important latent variables influencing the crash frequency of VRUs are bicycle/pedestrian-oriented roadway design (e.g., paved shoulders, sidewalks, and bike lanes), exposure (e.g., walking and biking activity, and employment density), and low social status (e.g., educational level, and wage percentage). The benefits of this study may help community planners, transportation researchers, and policymakers with a better understanding of the intricate interrelationship of the influential factors contributing to VRUs road crashes.

The Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Blood Glucose Concentration in Healthy Girls and Girls with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Regular aerobic exercises are benefi cial not only for healthy people. Physical activity plays a big part in the lives of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus too. Walking, biking, swimming, dancing, and many other activities are considered to be aerobic exercises and they are all healthy. What kind of physical exercises are the most useful for the youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus? So, the aim of the present study was to estimate and compare the effect of aerobic exercise such as swimming and aerobics, on blood glucose concentration of young girls. 19 girls aged 16.5 ± 0.24 years with the duration of diabetes for 8.1 ± 0.9 years and 28 healthy girls aged 16.9 ± 0.36 years participated in the study. Two experiments were carried out. The fi rst experiment was a 7-day physical exercise program, consisting of aerobics and swimming training sessions each day. The other experiment was a 14-week swimming program, where all the participants attended swimming training sessions two times per week, and there were all in all 28 training sessions. Glycemia control was assessed by blood glucose level (mmol / l) monitored before and after every training sessions during the 7-day and 14-week physical programs. After the analysis of blood test it was found, that the 7-day physical program decreased blood glucose concentration for all subjects (p < 0.05) but, swimming had a greater effect on blood glucose control for girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus than aerobics (p < 0.01). After the 14-week duration swimming program, hyperglycemia signifi cantly decre-ased for all subjects too, but it’s response to the regular physical activity in the water was the highest for diabetics (p < 0.001).The evidence obtained in this study showed that both swimming and aerobics decreased blood glucose concentration for healthy subject and for subjects with diabetes. But swimming had a greater effect on the dynamics of blood glucose level for girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus than aerobics.Keywords: type 1 diabetes mellitus, swimming, aerobics, blood glucose, glycemia.

Risk management among mountain bikers in selected clubs in Malaysia

Mountain biking is the best pedal sport on road and off road trails. The element of adventure in this sport make many people like to join this challenging sports. This study examined the risk among mountain bikers in selected clubs in Malaysia. The main objective of this study is to reveal injuries among mountain bikers during their cycling session. All data in this study will be shown descriptively. Survey forms were distributed via active cycling clubs in Perak states. The respondents need to testify their previous injuries during their previous activities. The data shows the age of the mountain bikers, their experiences and abilities. From a total of 225, only 192 repondents experienced and had an injury during the activities. The result showed only 43.2% seeked medical attention and went to the hospital or clinic after experiencing an injury. Mountain biking activities require the cyclist to be physically and mentally fit and the equipment, which is the bike itself. Best practice and proper skill trainingshelp them to avoid accident during the activities. The new discipline called ‘down hill’ is getting more popular and can be one of the future studies because this new discipline is more risky.

The Embodied Space by Sportive Bike Activity

The Embodied Space by Sportive Bike Activity