Big Group Research Articles

“You get the money after waiting for long and you get less than you anticipated”: Experiences of persons with disabilities in accessing the district special grant in Uganda

In 2010, Uganda scrapped an ambitious tax incentive provision in the Persons with Disabilities Act, 2006 that had allowed employers to claim up to 15% tax reduction in annual income provided that they hired at least 10 persons with disabilities at any job level. As though it were a trade-off, the 15% tax incentive was replaced with the special grant, a grant intended for persons with disabilities organized in small groups to generate income. The special grant started off as a pilot in 48 districts before it was rolled out nationally. Since 2019, the responsible ministry has been implementing two models of the special grant: the district special grant and the national special grant. This study focused on the district special grant, and primarily explored the experiences of persons with disabilities in accessing and utilizing the district special grant, and the difference the grant is making. The study adopted a qualitative research approach using interviews and focus group discussions to collect data from 10 beneficiary groups drawn from 6 districts. Focus group discussions were conducted with special grant beneficiary groups while district officials responsible for the special grant and disability union representatives were individually interviewed. Data were analyzed using template coding and thematic analysis. Study findings revealed limited access to the district grant, dismal grant amounts, significant deviations from implementation guidelines, operational dilemmas and overlooking disability related expenses like the costs for moving with a personal assistant. Nonetheless, participants commended the special grant for enabling them to build social networks, gain self-confidence and start small income generating activities. The small grant amount disbursed to big group size groups that lack business start-up skills did not support impactful business initiatives. The study revealed a strong evidence from individual grants as opposed to a group grants for starting income generating activities. The ministry of gender should consider remodeling the special grant into a social protection scheme that awards small grants to individual income generating activities.

On the height of some generators of Galois extensions with big Galois group

We study the height of generators of Galois extensions of the rationals having the alternating group An as Galois group. We prove that if such generators are obtained from certain, albeit classical, constructions, their height tends to infinity as n increases. This provides an analogue of a result by Amoroso, originally established for the symmetric group.

The big fat Indian wedding

Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, students will be able to recall the fundamental concepts of group arrival and the check-in process within the hotel industry; explain the various operational procedures used to enhance a smooth group check-in in hotels; use the steps defined in group check-in procedure to improve service efficiency in hotel operations; and examine and evaluate the optimal solution for a smooth group check-in for hotels. Case overview/synopsis “The Big Fat Indian Wedding” delves into the challenges faced by Hotel Plaza Blu, a business hotel in Pune, Maharashtra, in 2023. A big wedding group was arriving at the hotel, which comprised almost 350 adults and 120 children. Mr Parag Patil, the front office manager, had done all the preparations for group arrival but just one hour before the arrival Mr Suresh Menon, the group coordinator, came and informed that 150 additional guests would be arriving, as the other hotel, where arrangements for these guests were made, had a major electricity generator breakdown and the hotel was in complete blackout. Patil had the challenge of formulating an action plan to achieve a smooth group check-in with the last-minute changes. Complexity academic level Executive development programmes and graduate-level courses in non-profit hospitality and tourism management might benefit from this case study. The operational management courses in the BBA, UG management programmes might all benefit from using this case study. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 9: Operations and Logistics.

Solutions for reducing the severe economic burden of musculoskeletal diseases

Abstract Issue In Slovenia the big group of over 150 musculoskeletal and connective tissue diseases (MSCTD) constitute a serious public health problem, a major burden on health systems and society as a whole. Patients with these diseases have a poorer quality of life and often retire early. Any early retirement that could have been prevented represents a loss of human capital, which is a major social and economic cost to society. The aim of this study was to analyze the economic burden of the six most common MSCTD in Slovenia for the period from 2020 to 2022, to contribute to a better understanding of this problem and suggest solutions. Methods At the Slovenian National Institute of Public Health, in collaboration with the Faculty of Economics at the University of Ljubljana, we calculated the burden of six most common MSCTD for the period 2020-2022. We used the National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology to calculate the indirect costs; direct costs were calculated based on the national routine health data. Results The calculated economic burden of the six most common diagnoses of MSCTD represents 5% of total health expenditure or 0.4% of Slovenian gross domestic product on average. Direct costs amounted to 2% of total health expenditure (hospitalizations 22.5%, costs for medicines 9.3%, first curative visits at the primary level and visits to the outpatient clinic at the secondary level 2.7%). Indirect costs amounted to 3% of total health expenditure. Conclusions Despite the reduced access to the health system due to COVID-19 the economic burden of MSCTD is high in Slovenia and would be significantly higher considering all diagnoses from this group of diseases. The research requires interdisciplinary cooperation between medicine and economics regarding demanding NTA methodology which is innovative in our country. Key messages • One of the main public health priorities in Slovenia should be to raise awareness of MSCTD. • In the light of the aging population prevention activities with focus on MSCTD should be intensified as soon as possible.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A DAILY BOOK FOR PROLANIS PATIENTS TO INCREASE KNOWLEDGE AND MOTIVATION IN MAINTAINING DENTAL AND ORAL HEALTH

Background: The prevalence of hypertension has increased by 8.3%. The measurement results for the population aged ? 18 years in 2013 were 25.8% and in 2018 it was 34.1%. As much as 8.8% is the prevalence of hypertension in all provinces in Indonesia1. Oral health plays an important role in achieving general health and quality of life in old age. Poor oral conditions disrupt the function and activities of the oral cavity. Elderly people with a history of hypertension and Type 2 DM often seek treatment with loose or cavities in their teeth. Oral hygiene plays an important role in cases of caries in individuals, especially in the elderly who do not maintain oral and dental hygiene. This program aims to ensure that chronic disease sufferers can achieve an optimal quality of life with cost-effective and efficient health services so as to prevent disease complications. One effort to improve prolanis' quality of life is to maintain healthy teeth and mouth. Objective: Create and develop a dental and oral health daily book for prolanis sufferers. The research method: is R & D research and pre-experiment with a one group pretest posttest design to measure knowledge and motivation in prolanis patients. Sampling using purposive sampling technique on prolanis patients amounted to 34 people (Small Group) and 85 people (Big Group). Results: The average value of expert va;idation of 90,55 shows that the interpretation is very high, which means that the media is suitable foe use. Wilxocon test shows an increase in knowledge of prolanis patients with significance (p-value 0.000). Conclusion: Promotional and Preventive Daily Books are effective in increasing knowledge and motivation in Prolanis patients.

Migrant placemaking as a response to governing through mobility‐making: An ethnic enclave and a digital community in South Korea

AbstractThis paper examines migrant placemaking in South Korea as a proactive response to governing power that works through making (im)mobilities. Unlike previous discussions that have viewed migrants' empowerment in political activities and identity‐related in a particular type of enclaves, this study sees migrant placemaking as a proactive response to governing through mobilities and comprehensively embraces various types of placemaking in South Korea. Based on mix‐up of various qualitative research methods, this study documents the migrant placemaking practices over time of two representative and quite different migrant groups: Chosǒnjok's enclave in Kuro‐Taerim area of Seoul and Latin Americans' digital communities. The former represents a big migrant group's physical and discursive migrant placemaking. Chosǒnjok migrants struggled with their stigmatised images and mistrust towards both China and Korea. The latter represents a small migrant group's digital placemaking. Latin American migrants were left without much knowledge about and recognition from the Korean society. We demonstrate how in seeking a community for themselves they adapt their environment, thereby empowering themselves. In demonstrating the interrelation of migrant placemaking and governing power, this study contributes to the understanding of the circuits of power, mobility and place in the case of migrants in South Korea.

Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Video Canva pada Materi Ajar Aborsi Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Katolik

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of Canva application-based video media on Chatolic Religious Education material “abortion”. The method used in this study is developmental studies. The development of this Canva application-based video product uses the ADDIE model type, which consists of five steps: analyze, design , development, implementation, and evaluation. The target group for product testing is high school students. This product was validated by 1 design expert, 1 media expert, 1 material expert, 5 students for small group trials and 30 students big group trials. result of this research is the development of Canva-based video learning media in Chatolic Religious Education class in material “abortion” in eleventh grade learning obtained feasible and effective results as a developed learning media.

Development of Discovery Learning-Based E-LKPD for Linear Equation Material in Class VIII SMP/MTs

This research and development (R&D) aims to produce an electronic Student Worksheet (E-LKPD) on straight-line equation material based on discovery learning that qualifies as valid and practical. This type of research is development research with the 4-D development model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). Data collection instruments involved validation sheets and student response questionnaires. Data analysis techniques used include validity and practicality analysis. The E-LKPD validation results were 89.28% with very valid criteria. E-LKPD testing in small groups resulted in a practicality level of 83.82%, categorized as practical, while testing in the big group reached 82.004%, with practical criteria. The data analysis concluded that the discovery of learning-based E-LKPD on straight-line equation material has complied with the validity and practicality standards. Accordingly, the developed E-LKPD can be used by students in grade VIII.

#2213 APOL1 high-risk genotype in in a Dutch multi-ethnic population

Abstract Background and Aims The presence of 2 APOL1 high-risk alleles (high-risk APOL1 genotype) is associated with an increased risk of ESKD. In the USA, the prevalence of these high-risk alleles is high in people of West African descent and almost absent in patients from European descent. In Amsterdam, there is a significant number of people from Surinam, and (West-) Africa. A big group of Surinamese individuals have a West African heritage. The prevalence, however, of high-risk APOL1 genotype in the Netherlands and thereby the significance is unknown. The aim of this research was to investigate the prevalence of the APOL1 risk alleles in a multi-ethnic cohort of the Amsterdam general population consisting of individuals of African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Moroccan and Dutch origin. Second we correlate the presence of these risk alleles to blood pressure, kidney function and proteinuria. Method HELIUS is a multi-ethnic prospective cohort study including people aged 18-70 who were randomly selected, stratified by ethnic origin, from the Amsterdam general population. Baseline examination took place tween 2011 and 2015. We analysed a population of 5971 individuals with available genotype data, of whom 1287 were of Dutch, 3048 of Moroccan, 1156 of African Suriname and 480 of Ghanaian descent. APOL1 risk was determined by genotyping two APOL1 missense variants, rs73885319A>G, S342G; rs60910145T>G, I384M, together constitute the G1 high-risk allele and the 6-base pair deletion allele, rs71785313 RRRATAA/−, N388Y399/−−, is the G2 high risk allele. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine correlation between creatinine, eGFR, and systolic blood pressure and apol1 high risk genotype, with additional adjustments for age, sex, and BMI. Results The prevalence of high-risk APOL1 genotype was 4.17% in the total sample, in African Surinamese 9.5%, and in the Ghanaian 29.0%. There were no individuals with high risk genotype in the Moroccan or Dutch descent population. The presence of high risk APOL1 genotype was associated with an elevated creatinine level of 10.68 µmol/L (SD 0.91) in the whole cohort. Also, in the Surinamese and Ghanaian populations population the presence of the high-risk APOL1 genotype was associated with an increased creatinine of 2.6 µmol/L (SD 1.00) as compared to the black population with low-risk APOL1 genotype. People with high-risk APOL1 genotype had significantly higher systolic blood pressure 10.69 mmHg (SD 0.091) than those without. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in systolic blood pressure in the black population with high-risk APOL1 genotype in comparison with the black population with low-risk APOL1 genotype 1.38 mmHg (SD 1.17). Also, there was no significant difference in eGFR (CKD CKD-EPI 2009) in any analysis and no differences in proteinuria was seen, between those with and without the high-risk APOL1 genotype. Conclusion In this population, the overall prevalence of the APOL1 risk alleles seems to conform to the African American population in the USA. There is however a much higher prevalence of high-risk APOL1 genotype in the Ghanaian in comparison to the African Surinamese. The group with high-risk APOL1 genotype had significantly higher creatinine levels and higher systolic blood pressure. However there was no significant difference in blood pressure within the black population between APOL1 high-risk genotype and low-risk genotype. There was no significant difference in eGFR, possibly because the CKD-EPI 2009 formula was used which overestimates the eGFR in the black population. Better calculation with cysteine C possibly gives different outcomes. In conclusion, this is the first study in Europe investigating the prevalence of APOL1 high-risk genotype in a large population-based cohort. APOL1 risk alleles, and high-risk genotype, are prevalent in our population of African descent. More analysis in this cohort are pending and also longitudinal data will follow.

Fungal and Prokaryotic Communities in Soil Samples of the Aral Sea Dry Bottom in Uzbekistan

Due to the falling water level in the Aral Sea and Muynak Lake, the content of salts dissolved in the water has gradually increased, and toxic elements have been deposited at the lake’s bottom and subsequently washed into the Aral region by the river. Bacteria, archaea and fungi are crucial for the cycling of several important inorganic nutrients in soils. From 15 genera and 31 species of recovered microscopic filamentous fungi, a big group was melanized, of which most of them were also phytopathogenic. The second group consisted of keratinophilic species. Isolated bacteria mainly included members of the genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Massilia, Rhodococcus and Nocardiopsis. High-throughput sequencing analysis permitted a better view of the mycobiome and prokaryotic communities (comprising archaea). The cultivation and sequencing approaches were shown to be complementary. The aim of the work was to identify soil microorganisms, including the order Halobacteriales, and to discover the differences in species diversity depending on soil salinity and the presence of PTEs in soil.

PENGEMBANGAN MATERI PEMBELAJARAN KETERAMPILAN BERBICARA BAHASA INGGRIS DI SMP

This study intends to describe the process of developing learning materials for Junior High School students, especially transactional utterancess through videos, and to provide media for teaching speaking. This development was necessarily done due to the fact that students’ speaking ability was still poor. This was caused by the lack of media which could support the students in dealing with the issue. Therefore, an development of learning materials of English speaking skills was needed in order to reach an effective and innovative goal. This study follow these five stages. The stages are need anlysis, designing product, production, validation, try out and packing the product. The result of evaluation from the media expert is 81,3%, and subject matter is 84,4%. Based on the small group try out that is done to ten students are 81,4%, while the big group try out that is done to twenty students are 87,5%. There `s an increasing of students` speaking ability that`s shown by the test. The increasing is about 17,55% at small group try out and 22,25% at the big group try out. So It can be said that the product is proper as a media in teaching speaking. In the other hand the use of this English development product in teaching speaking can increase student`s speaking ability. Keyword: development, learning material, speaking skill.

Bagaimana Mempertahankan Karyawan Berketerampilan Tinggi? Studi Ekstrapolasi Faktor-Faktor Yang Menyebabkan Dosen Meninggalkan Organisasinya

Research aim: This paper discusses the factors that cause lecturers to resign based on an extrapolation study at a private corporate University located in South Tangerang, Banten region, Indonesia owned by a big business group in Jakarta. Methods: The research was conducted using the data from exit interviews that were done by the HR for people who had left the university during 2020-2021 with a total of 25 respondents and the engagement survey result done for people who were still working in 2022 with a total of 109 respondents. Finding: The results showed that the top three main driving factors for lecturer turnover are remuneration, recognition, and work-life balance. Theoretical contribution/Originality: These findings provide an important contribution in the context of human resource management in higher education, refer to Maslow's needs theory, and emphasize the need to pay attention to these factors. Practitioner/Policy implication: The results of the study provide input for decision-makers in universities on how to improve employee engagement that will reduce lecturer turnover. Research limitation: The research is limited due to the scope and information gathered only focusing on University X and it does not take into account the individual situation and consideration.

Graphs of curves and arcs quasi-isometric to big mapping class groups

Following the works of Rosendal and Mann and Rafi, we try to answer the following question: when is the mapping class group of an infinite-type surface quasi-isometric to a graph whose vertices are curves on that surface? With the assumption of tameness as defined by Mann and Rafi, we describe a necessary and sufficient condition, called translatability, for a geometrically non-trivial big mapping class group to admit such a quasi-isometry. In addition, we show that the mapping class group of the plane minus a Cantor set is quasi-isometric to the loop graph defined by Bavard, which we believe represents the first known example of a hyperbolic mapping class group that is not virtually free.

Automatic Continuity for Homeomorphism Groups and Big Mapping Class Groups

We show that for any manifold M, compact or homeomorphic to the interior of a compact manifold, the homeomorphism group of M has automatic continuity. The same is true for the relative homeomorphism group Homeo(M,X) where X is homeomorphic to the union of a Cantor set and a (possibly, empty) finite set, and the big mapping class group Homeo(M,X)/Homeo0(M,X). In other words, the algebraic structure of these groups is extremely rigid and determines their topology in a very strong way.

LSVT® BIG versus progressive structured mobility training through synchronous telerehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative illness associated with motor symptoms.AimThe aim of study was to compare the effects of synchronous telerehabilitation-based Lee Silverman Voice Treatment® BIG (LSVT® BIG) protocol and progressive structured mobility training in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).MethodsThirty-two patients diagnosed with PD (aged 40–72 years, Hoehn-Yahr stage 1–3) were randomly allocated into LSVT® BIG (Group 1) and Progressive Structured Mobility Training (Group 2) groups. Exercises were performed in both groups for 60 min a day, 4 days a week, for 4 weeks under the supervision of a physiotherapist with synchronous online videoconference method. Dynamic balance was assessed with Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) as a primary outcome measure. The secondary outcome measurements were Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), spatiotemporal parameters of gait from Kinovea® software, and postural stability from the Biodex Balance System. Other outcome measures were Activity-Specific Balance Confidence Scale-Short Form (ABC-SF), Parkinson’s Activity Scale (PAS), and Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQ-39).ResultsThis study showed significant group-by-time interactions on Mini-BEST (p = 0.042), ABC-SF (p = 0.029), and PAS (p = 0.022) in favor of group 1. Also, TUG (p < 0.01), spatiotemporal parameters of gait (p < 0.01), and PDQ-39 (p < 0.01) were improved in both groups.ConclusionBoth synchronous telerehabilitation-based exercise protocols enhanced balance and gait, as well as activity level and quality of life in patients with PD. LSVT® BIG may be preferred to improve dynamic balance, balance confidence, and activity status in the early stages of PD. These results should be confirmed in future studies with more robust methodology.Trial registrationNCT04694872.

Teaching English as a Second Language in the Early Years: Teachers’ Perspectives and Practices in Finland

Second language (L2) education in the early years has been steadily increasing worldwide. Since second language education at earlier ages is relatively new in many countries, not much research is available regarding teaching practices in this context. Likewise, limited research attention has been directed to teachers’ perspectives on early L2 teaching. This study investigated what characterises teachers’ pedagogical planning, teaching practices and assessment of language learning, and teachers’ perspectives about the opportunities and challenges in early L2 classrooms within the cultural context of the Finnish education system. The data for this study were gathered through an online survey involving teachers of English (n = 49) as a second language in the early years of primary education in Finland. The results show that the teachers based their pedagogical planning on the curriculum, used a variety of L2 tasks and materials, which they often prepared by themselves, and they mostly used observation, instead of formal exams, for assessing the children’s learning in L2. The results revealed that the teachers’ perspectives to the early start for L2 teaching were positive, which stemmed from the children’s enthusiasm for language learning. The teachers draw attention to challenges such as big group sizes, the diversity in children’s skills (e.g., their prior L2 knowledge, social skills, learning capabilities), and the limited availability of teaching materials targeted for young learner groups in L2 education. The findings demonstrate the opportunities and challenges L2 teachers of early learners face in Finland.

Genetic and Phenotypic Variations in Phenylthiocarbamide Bitter Taste Receptors in Iraqi Population

Bitter substances are identified by protein receptors located on surface of taste cell membranes. Mutational polymorphism of the bitter taste receptor (TAS2R38) is a significant determinant in phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) threshold perception. This research's objectives were to find TAS2R38 polymorphisms in Iraqi people and investigate any correlations between genotype and the PTC taste sensitivity. Bitterness sensitivity was determined by assessing the capacity to differentiate and the responsiveness to a representative strip of PTC. Cheek cells samples were collected for DNA extraction, PCR amplification and genotyping. PCR was performed to amplify the short region of the TAS2R38 gene containing the initial polymorphisms of interest (145G &gt; C, rs713598). Amplified samples were digested by the restriction enzyme (HaeIII) to study the genetic variations in TAS2R38 which is involved in PTC bitter sensitivity. This particular study included a total of 32 different cohorts. The phenotypic frequency of PTC strong-tasters and non-tasters was identical at 34.375% which was a greater value than the frequency of weak-tasters (31.25%). While genotypic data analysis showed that weak-tasters had a genotypic frequency of 45.16% which was higher than the genotypic frequencies of strong-taters (22.58%) and non-tasters (32.26%) respectively. In addition to this, 87.1% of the projected phenotypic and genotypic frequencies were in agreement with one another. Even though more detailed statistical analysis with a bigger group is needed. The results of this study suggest that allelic variation in the single locus TAS2R38 rs713598 works as a crucial genetic marker for bitterness sensitivity and has vital roles in the bitter tasting ability among Iraqi population.

Modification of interactive multimedia with the ARA MODEL: study of development of football learning models in pandemic times

Background and Study Aim. The learning process is very important in education. Learning is a process of educational interaction designed to make students learn actively and be able to change their behavior through learning experiences. Learning was done online during the Covid-19 epidemic. As a result, educators must think creatively in order for material delivered to be understood through using interactive learning medium. This study intends to create a product in the form of interactive football multimedia for use in football courses as part of the learning process, particularly during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Materials and Methods . This study uses the research and development method developed by Borg and Gall. Where the stages are divided into 3, namely: (1) Pre-development stage, at this stage, conduct a needs analysis through a survey of the level of product needs for users, then prepare instruments and consult experts. (2) The development stage, developing a product that starts with designing the initial product and compiling the "Football Interactive Multimedia" script. Where in this study, there was a phase I trial of 30 students and a group II trial of 60 Medan State University Sports Science students. Furthermore, small group trials, stage I improvement, big group trials, stage II improvement, and mass production will be carried out. (3) The evaluation stage, product implementation, and product diffusion as a learning media tool for students. Results. The results showed that learning using interactive multimedia on soccer material is very good, with a percentage of 80%. The results obtained are due to the completeness of the material presented and the clarity of the material's explanation. where 15% said good and only 5% answered no. The results also show that the assessment of the media aspect gets a score of 4.46 or is included in the percentage of 80%. The results also show that the assessment of the media aspect scored 4.46 or entered the Very Good category. Furthermore, the material aspect has a score of 4.07, or in the Good category, and the learning aspect has a score of 4.36, or in the Very Good category. Next, the overall average score is 4.28, or in the Very Good category. Conclusions. It can be concluded from the results that the development of interactive multimedia ARA MODEL in soccer lectures is very feasible. Using interactive soccer multimedia as a learning model during a pandemic can increase students' understanding of basic techniques in soccer games. Keywords: Interactive Media, Soccer, ARA MODEL, Learning Model

Analysis of Hidden Danger in Open Water Swimming Competition

Open-water swimming is an exercise that can enhance the athlete's physical fitness. Even though different swimmers enjoy swimming in open water competitions, there are still safety consequences with this competition, and people must plan this hidden danger before the event. Athletes swim in open-water swimming competitions in lakes, rivers, and oceans. The difference between open-water swimming and traditional swimming in swimming causes much more uncertainty. This essay will take place on all the potential threats in an open-water swimming event. The essay will be analyzing in different aspects of the open water competition. First is the natural landscape, temperature, water quality, and water flow. All of these will affect the athlete's performance. Second, the emergency that can happen to the athletes. For example, body issues, cramps, or low body temperature. Third, the athlete's body condition, some of the athletes might have some body issues that do not fit this event, which will cause some additional problems for the hosts of the swimming event. Fourth, the ethics issues in the sporting event. With a sport that includes a big group of people attending it, there will be some unethical moves to get a higher rank.

Developing reading materials using interactive multimedia to improve young learners’ reading comprehension

There are four English skills that students must achieve namely speaking, listening, reading, and writing. However, some English courses focus more on speaking skills; therefore they do not provide enough reading materials for students because they tend to emphasize students' speaking ability. There are three objectives of this research · To describe the target needs of young learners to increase their reading comprehension using interactive multimedia · To describe the learning needs of young learners to increase their reading comprehension using interactive multimedia, and · To develop appropriate reading materials using interactive multimedia for young learners to increase their reading comprehension. The methodology of this research is Research and Development (R&amp;D). The model development is adapted from ADDIE model proposed by Branch (2009) and it consisted of Analysis stage, Design stage, Development stage, Implementation stage, and Evaluation stage. There are four instruments to collect the data namely target need questionnaire, learning need questionnaire, expert judgment questionnaires and test. The data from the target needs result were analyzed quantitatively using percentage and its results were used as groundwork to develop the reading materials for English course. The quantitative data from the expert judgments were analyzed through descriptive analysis, in mean time review and suggestions from the experts also were used to revise the first draft of reading materials. After the revision, the final product was implemented into small group trial and big group trial. The result tests from students were analyzed quantitatively using KKM standards that had been set. Based on research findings, the reading materials for students aged 10 until 12 years old that have been developed is appropriate accordingly to students’ target needs and learning needs.