Big Drop Research Articles

“Artificial Rainmaking by using high power laser initiation endothermic reaction, in a way of Natural Lightning Phenomena through Air Craft, in a large scale, in the atmosphereâ€

After lightning, precipitation is formed by endothermic reaction and ionization process in the atmosphere, it is well known process. These same natural lighting phenomena occur in the atmosphere by high power laser which creates artificial lightning. We intend to create artificial rain by initiating endothermic reactions in the cloud using high power laser pulse which creates artificial lightning  through Air Craft.Natural Lightning Phenomena, practically proved in the laboratory, as high power laser induce condensation & water drops formation and also observed NO & O3 formation after laser which is endothermic reactions. It is well known that, in the laboratory, high power laser induce condensation and water drops are formed. This novel technology also proved in the atmosphere, “Laser assisted water drops formation in the atmosphere”. Now, it’s used in large scale in the atmosphere by three air craft with high power laser which creates artificial lightning, proposed  in this Research Project ProposalIn the atmosphere ,after lightning ,heavy rain fall occurs .In lightning phenomena condensation takes place by initiating endothermic reactions and water drops formed ,these  water drops collide with each other due to acceleration and  turbulence by wind force to form big rain drops ,these rain drops act as natural seeding for another sets of rain drops . In this way, chain process occurs with heavy rain fall.Above lightning phenomena, may be used for artificial rain making by using high power plasma laser pulse (Technology available in market) in the atmosphere, through Air Craft’s (available in Market).The advantage of this method is, it is environmentally clean, one time investment so it is economical, can be turned on and off at will, and can be precisely positioned. It will be movable one place to another place easily. It will be used no’s of times and no’s of places, It is one time investment only .Our aim is to create artificial rainmaking by high power laser pulse which creates artificial lightning in the atmosphere, at any place, at any time, as per our human need, for green revolution, in the whole world, If the humidity more than 65% available in the atmosphere. In this proposal, we are presenting “To Design Artificial Rainmaking by using High power laser initiation endothermic reaction, in a way of Natural Lightning Phenomena through Air Craft, in large scale, with needful quantity in the atmosphere”.* International Publication Patent No -- WO/2008/062441 and Revised International Application No.PCT/IN2017/000105Indian Patent Number – 238000 and Revised Indian Patent File Number 201721008920

Freeze-thaw resistance of stabilized soils in Flanders

Clayey and loamy soils, in Flanders, are improved with a wide range of stabilizing products. This paper reports an investigation into the impact of 12 freeze-thaw cycles on the mechanical properties of stabilized soils. Results indicate that freeze-thaw cycles reduce the unconfined compressive strength of all the test specimens by 10%. A weak stabilized material, with a small compressive strength, has a great material loss and a big drop in compressive strength. In this study, the various stabilized test pieces do not undergo volume change after eight cycles. The water content of all test pieces decreases, until equilibrium between forward and reverse water migration.

Big drop in new HIV diagnoses among gay and bisexual men

Big drop in new HIV diagnoses among gay and bisexual men

Interfacial properties and morphological evolution of liquid Ag film on the modified graphene

The interfacial wettability and morphological evolution of liquid on a solid substrate, as natural phenomena, have received great attention in recent years. Although much work has been done to study this process, existing studies mainly focus on the wetting properties of water. Therefore, in this paper, we use molecular dynamics simulation method to study the interfacial phenomena of the nanoscale liquid silver on graphene, whose surface has been modified. By making different comparisons, such as Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential parameters, the surface structures of substrates, the thickness values of films and the shapes of films, the influences of these variables on wetting properties of liquid silver on graphene are studied. The results show that the dewetting of liquid silver occurs on graphene, implying that the wettability of liquid silver is weak, and that the potential parameters, the surface structure of substrates, the thickness of film and the shape of film have great influences on the wettability and morphology evolution of film: the change of these factors can affect the dewetting properties of liquid silver, which is evident by the detachment time and detachment speed. With the increase of LJ potential parameters, the detachment time is larger while the contraction speed and the detachment speed are smaller. Compared with the detachment times on different carbon-based substrates, the detachment time is small on the pillared graphene, followed by the vertical carbon nanotube, and the detachment time is large on the graphene. With increasing the thickness of the film, the detachment time becomes larger. The detachment time of the circle film is smaller than those of the regular hexagon film and square film, manifesting that the films with smooth boundary are beneficial to separating from the substrate. Moreover, by setting a system of two liquid films, we study the formation of silver bridge of two films and the fracture or fusion of the bridge. When two liquid films initially contact each other, the liquid bridge forms. However, the growth behaviors of liquid bridges are different from each other, some liquid bridges become slim and finally fractures, other liquid bridges do not fracture and help two droplets form one bigger drop. These different behaviors mainly depend on the size of film. This study is very valuable for well understanding the superhydrophobic surfaces and the morphological evolutions of Ag films on the graphene. Furthermore, these findings can provide an effective method to control the dewetting behavior of liquid Ag and the fracture or fusion of the two liquid drops by tuning the size of the films.

HPV vaccination could mean big drop in smear tests

HPV vaccination could mean big drop in smear tests

Interaction of Droplets Separated by an Elastic Film.

The Laplace pressure of a droplet placed on one side of an elastic thin film can cause significant deformation in the form of a bulge on its opposite side. Here, we show that this deformation can be detected by other droplets suspended on the opposite side of the film, leading to interaction between droplets separated by the solid (but deformable) film. The interaction is repulsive when the drops have a large overlap and attractive when they have a small overlap. Thus, if two identical droplets are placed right on top of each other (one on either side of the thin film), they tend to repel each other, eventually reaching an equilibrium configuration where there is a small overlap. This observation can be explained by analyzing the energy landscape of the droplets interacting via an elastically deformed film. We further demonstrate this idea by designing a pattern comprising a big central drop with satellite droplets. This phenomenon can lead to techniques for directed motion of droplets confined to one side of a thin elastic membrane by manipulations on the other side.

Experimental investigation on film cooling characteristics of ellipse-shaped tab

Experimental investigations have been performed to investigate the enhanced film cooling performance caused by ellipse-shaped tabs located at the outlet of the film holes. Specific characteristics of three covering ratios of film holes and four blowing ratios are employed in this experiment and a numerical simulation is also performed to predict the flow fields and verify and to be validated by measured results. Both results showed that the presence of ellipse-tabs was in great decrease of intensity of kidney vortices and the penetration strength of coolant jet into mainstream, in consequence to improve the film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient than the ones without tabs. Furthermore, a generation of big pressure drop resulting from the ellipse tabs can be observed, resulting in the smaller discharge coefficient of film hole with ellipse tab than without tab.

Porphyromonas gingivalis induced periodontitis exacerbates progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats.

Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic liver disease that can develop into hepatocirrhosis and hepatic carcinoma. In recent years, epidemiological and animal studies have reported that Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a known periodontopathic bacteria, is closely related to NASH. However, previous studies could not demonstrate a direct relationship between periodontitis, P. gingivalis infection, and NASH. The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of P. gingivalis‐associated periodontitis on the onset and progression of NASH. Forty‐two male Wistar rats were used in this study. Rats were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks in order to induce fatty liver. At 4 weeks from the start of feeding, the animals were performed ligature placement around the maxillary first molar tooth in order to induce experimental periodontitis, and then a P. gingivalis slurry was applied around the ligature twice in a week for 8 weeks (HFD/Pg(+) group). Controls were given the slurry without P. gingivalis after ligature placement using the same protocol (HFD/Pg(−) group). Significant increases in alveolar bone resorption and inflammation in periodontal tissue around the molar tooth in the HFD/Pg(+) group were observed when compared with the HFD/Pg(−) group. Moreover, histological images showing NASH characterized by perivenular lipid deposition including big fatty drops, ballooning degeneration, and focal necrosis with inflammatory cells were confirmed in the liver of rats in the HFD/Pg(+) group. Significant increases in alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and C‐reactive protein levels were observed in the HFD/Pg(+) group. Furthermore, endotoxin levels in serum in the HFD/Pg(+) group were significantly higher than those in the HFD/Pg(−) group. The present study demonstrated that experimental periodontitis induced by P. gingivalis led to the progression of NASH in rats with fatty liver. Increased levels of endotoxin derived from P. gingivalis infection appear to play a considerable role in the progression of NASH.

On the seasonal variability of raindrop size distribution and associated variations in reflectivity – Rainrate relations at Tirupati, a tropical station

Three years of continuous OTT Parsivel disdrometer measurements made at Tirupati (13.6°N, 79.4°E), a tropical station near the foothills of Nallamala mountains, have been used to examine the climatological seasonal differences in bulk rainfall parameters, gamma parameters, raindrop size distributions (DSDs) and reflectivity – rainfall (Z–R) relationships. These relations are derived for both stratiform and convective rain during southwest and northeast monsoon (SWM and NEM) seasons, the two primary rainfall seasons for this region. The probability distribution functions for bulk rainfall and gamma parameters during the SWM and NEM suggest the dominance of evaporation and drop sorting during the SWM. The seasonal variations are also clearly apparent in DSD with fewer big drops and more small drops during the NEM than in SWM. These differences are seen more prominently at smaller R. As a result, the retrieved Z–R relations are found to be distinctly different during the monsoon seasons. The seasonal variations in Z–R relations are not only observed for the total data but also for the rain type-segregated data. The prefactor of the Z–R relation is found to be larger for SWM and also for stratiform rain, consistent with earlier reports from southeast India, indicating that these features are robust and representative of southeast India. The observed differences in Z–R relations are discussed in the light of microphysical differences between the seasons and rain types.

The Change in Spectrum of Drops in the Exploitation Process of Agricultural Nozzles

Abstract Agricultural nozzles usually produce a different drops size depending on the pressure and the physical condition (work life) of the nozzle besides producing a wide range of the drops spectrum in the spray cloud. In this paper the standard flat fan nozzles were investigated regarding the effect of the working pressure and the nozzle physical condition (new and worn nozzles). The size of drops and the spectrum of drops across the long axis of the spray pattern were examined by using Sympatec GmbH Laser Diffraction. Reducing the working pressure from 3 to 2 and then to 1 caused production of larger drops, also using worn nozzles (especially with lower pressure) changed the drops size which is expected to be produced from the new nozzles. The standard flat fan nozzles produced a wide range of the drops spectrum inside the spray cloud, generally small drops (less than 150 µm) concentrated in the middle of the spray pattern while the big drops (250-350µm) were situated on the edge positions (70 cm from the centerline) of the spray pattern.

Drain use in total knee arthroplasty is neither associated with a greater transfusion rate nor a longer hospital stay.

In recent years, the exclusion of a drain in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is gaining popularity. This retrospective study aims to investigate a tertiary hospital's experience with the use of a drain in TKA. The authors hypothesise that the use of a drain will: (1) increase the peri-operative total blood loss (TBL) and transfusion rate; (2) increase the length of hospital stay (LOS); (3) reduce the 30-day readmission rate and incidence of additional surgical procedure performed. Patients who underwent a unilateral primary TKA in 2012 were included. Seven surgeons performed 575 TKAs with the use of drains, while nine other surgeons performed 902 TKAs without the use of drains. The patients were prospectively followed-up for two years. Peri-operative TBL was calculated using the haemoglobin balance method. All patients followed the hospital's transfusion and post-operative rehabilitation protocol. There was a bigger drop in haemoglobin level by 0.5g/dl (95% CI, 0.4, 0.6) and greater TBL by 169ml (95% CI, 126, 181) in the drain group (both p < 0.001). However, the transfusion rate was 37/575 (6.4%) and 48/902 (5.3%) in the drain and no drain groups respectively (p = 0.370), while the LOS was four (IQR, 4, 5) and four (IQR 3, 5) days respectively (p = 0.228). The 30-day readmission rate was 10/575 (1.7%) in the drain group, compared with 26/902 (2.9%) in the no-drain group (p = 0.165). The incidence of additional surgical procedure performed was 5/575 (0.9%) in the drain group, compared with 15/902 (1.7%) in the no-drain group (p = 0.198). Although the use of a drain in TKA is associated with greater peri-operative TBL, this additional amount of blood loss does not translate into an increased transfusion rate or a longer LOS. It also does not reduce the 30-day readmission rate and incidence of additional surgical procedure performed on the same knee.

Performance analysis of a novel liquid desiccant-vapor compression hybrid air-conditioning system

LDCH (Liquid desiccant-vapor compression hybrid) air-conditioning systems are popular for reducing energy consumption. This work tests a conventional LDCH air-conditioning experimental setup and establishes the corresponding mathematical model to analyze the effect of the concentrated solution branch in the SSHE (solution–solution heat exchanger) on the cooling capacity of the evaporator; the results show that the percentage of cooling capacity loss of the evaporator exceeds 10% with the small concentration difference of 1.5% in the conventional LDCH air-conditioning system. Afterwards, a new LDCH air-conditioning system is proposed by adopting an auxiliary regenerator to cut down the cooling capacity loss of the evaporator, and the analysis results show that there is a big temperature drop of the concentrated solution branch after being pretreated by the auxiliary regenerator; under the condition of concentration difference of 2.65%, the inlet temperature of concentrated solution branch from the regeneration side in the SSHE can decrease over 6 °C; and the extra heat load entering the dehumidification side from the regeneration side obviously decreases. Consequently, the evaporator only needs to spend 1.5% of its cooling capacity on the compensation for the extra heat load.

Life Table and Dynamic Analysis of Fagus hayatae Population in Micangshan Nature Reserve,Sichuan Province,China

Fagus hayatae,a rare and endangered plant in China( category II),is distributed in China.Understanding the age structure and number of F. hayatae population is useful to reveal population dynamics and life-history traits. We investigated F. hayatae population distributes on the north slope of Laolin Valley in Micangshan Nature Reserve,and obtained a static life table on the basis of age class structure by using the smoothing out technique. Then,we analyzed the population quantitative dynamics of F. hayatae according to the results of survival and spectral analysis. The population was composed of 52% young individuals( including seedlings),45. 5% of mature individuals,and 2. 5% of old individuals. Two peaks of higher mortality rate were in 1st and 17 th age class periods of the lifespan. In addition to two big drops,the population survival rate decreased gradually from 1st to 24 th age class. However,the opposite trend was found in cumulative mortality rate curve. By spectral analysis,the regeneration process of the population showed the marked periodic variations. The amplitude Akhad the largest values at fundamental wave A_1 and harmonic wave A_2 reflecting the lifespan of F. hayatae individuals. The quantitative fluctuation of population exhibited obvious small cycles,such as A_3 and A_7,which closely related with height growth and intense competitions during radial growth phase,respectively. Our results showed that the survival curve of F. hayatae population in Micangshan NatureReserve was agree with Deevey type Ⅲ,and the population dynamics exhibited a trend that population size decreased sharply at young stage,kept stably at mature stage,and declined at old stage.

Inhibition of BRAF kinase suppresses cellular proliferation, but not enough for complete growth arrest in BRAF V600E mutated papillary and undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas.

The aim of our study was to inhibit BRAF kinase expression and investigate its effect on cellular functions in thyroid carcinomas. 8505C (BRAF V600E/V600E) undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma cell line and B-CPAP (BRAF V600E/V600E) papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line were used to develop doxycycline-inducible anti-BRAF shRNA stable cell lines. The inhibitions of BRAF expression in these cells were confirmed with qPCR and Western blot. Impacts of BRAF protein inhibition on cellular functions and signalling pathways were observed through Western blot, proliferation and colony formation assays. BRAF kinase expression was inhibited 83% in undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma and 82% in papillary thyroid carcinoma (p<0.05). As a result of BRAF kinase inhibition, reduction in MEK kinase activity was seen (p<0.05) in both thyroid cancer cell lines (72 and 75%, respectively). Initially, big drop in proliferation (p<0.05) was observed (52 and 54%, respectively), but later an increasing proliferation trend was noticed in BRAF kinase-inhibited cell lines. In addition, reduction in colony formation (p<0.05) was seen in BRAF kinase-inhibited carcinoma cells (13 and 15%, respectively). On the other hand, increase in AKT kinase activity (63 and 70%, respectively; p<0.05) was discovered in both BRAF kinase-inhibited carcinoma cells. Increased activation of alternative proliferation pathways (as determined by the increase of AKT kinase activity) counteracts the effect of BRAF kinase inhibition in thyroid carcinomas. Thus, alternative proliferation pathways should be inhibited for therapeutic suppression of BRAF-induced proliferation in thyroid carcinomas.

Facet injection trends in the Medicare population and the impact of bundling codes

Background ContextInterventional spine procedures have seen a steady increase in utilization over the last 10 to 20 years. In 2010, the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for facet injections were bundled with image guidance (fluoroscopic or computed tomography) and limited billing to a maximum of three levels. This was done in part because of increased utilization and to ensure that procedures were done appropriately with image guidance. PurposeThe study aimed to evaluate if the CPT code changes correlated with a decreased utilization of facet injections. Study DesignThis is a retrospective time series study. Patient SampleThe sample was composed of 100% Medicare Part B claims submitted for facet joint injections from 2000 to 2012, as documented in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Physician Supplier Procedure Summary (PSPS) master files. Outcome MeasuresProcedure numbers and trends were the outcome measures. MethodsThe trends of facet injections were analyzed from 2000 to 2012 using the CMS PSPS master files. The total number of lumbosacral and cervical-thoracic facet injections was noted. Changes over those years were calculated with specific attention to 2010, when CPT were bundled with image guidance and injections were limited to no more than three levels. Also, to account for the growth in the Medicare population, a calculation was done of injections per 100,000 Medicare enrollees. No funding was used for this study. ResultsFacet injection utilization increased from 2000 to 2012, with an average growth rate of 11% per year for lumbosacral facet injections and 15% for cervical-thoracic facet injections (per 100,000 Medicare enrollees). The largest growth occurred from 2000 to 2006 (25% growth per year for lumbosacral and 32% for cervical-thoracic injections per 100,000 Medicare enrollees) and this leveled off from 2007 to 2012 (−3% growth per year for lumbosacral and −2% for cervical-thoracic injections per 100,000 Medicare enrollees). The biggest drop in these procedures was in 2010, when there was a drop of 14% for lumbosacral facet injections and 15% drop for cervical-thoracic facet injections (per 100,000 Medicare beneficiaries). ConclusionsFacet injection utilization notably increased from 2000 to 2006 but began to level off from 2007 to 2012. The most notable drop was in 2010, which correlated with the release of new CPT codes that bundled image guidance and limited procedures to three levels or less.

Enzymology properties of two different xylanases and their impacts on growth performance and intestinal microflora of weaned piglets.

The enzyme xylanase is more and more widely used in feed production, but different xylanase have different properties, mechanism and application effects. To provide a theoretical basis for choosing more suitable xylanase in feed production, we selected bacterial xylanase (BX), labeled enzyme A, and trichoderma xylanase (TX), labeled enzyme B, and studied the enzymology properties and application effects on growth performance and gut flora in weaned piglets. The results showed that the activity levels of both appear parabolic along with increasing pH or temperature, but the amplitude of enzyme activity changing curves and the pH/temperature of optimal activity level are different, where enzyme A has the optimal activity level at 50 °C with a pH value of 5.0. The optimal activity level of enzyme B was achieved at 70 °C with a pH around 6.0. Enzyme B suffered very little activity loss with moisture level at 16% and temperature from 80 °C to 90 °C. Enzyme A suffered a big drop in activity level when processed with high temperature from around 80 °C to 90 °C, and it was even completely inactivated at 90 °C. Enzyme A has very low activity level after being processed in acid environment, but enzyme B has minor changes in activity level with respect to changes in acid level, indicating significantly different enzymatic properties between the two different sources of xylanases. In feeding experiment, the control group, was fed the basal diet, and the BX group and TX group were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.01% bacterial and fungal xylanases, respectively. The results showed that ADG of the BX group and TX group increased by 3.25% (P > 0.05) and 8.22% (P < 0.05), respectively, and the feed conversion ratio decreased by 6.74% and 7.86% (P > 0.05), respectively compared with the control group; TX group had significantly higher (P < 0.05) ADG compared with BX group; BX group and TX group had significantly lower ileum Escherichia coli level than the control group, which were reduced by up to 12.98% (P < 0.05) and 11.68% (P < 0.05), respectively, but the ileal lactic acid bacteria levels were significantly increased by 16.21% (P < 0.01) and 27.02% (P < 0.01), respectively. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) between BX group and TX group in terms of lactic acid bacteria E. coli level. We concluded that fungal xylanase (enzyme B) has better performances in improving weaned piglet growth and in increasing ileal lactic acid bacteria level compared with bacterial xylanase (enzyme A).

Cirugía de hombro en posición en silla de playa: prevención de complicaciones isquémicas

Shoulder arthroscopic surgery performed in the beach chair position is common and is associated with good results. The report of cases of cerebral ischaemia associated with morbidity and mortality is a cause for concern. This article presents a review of the literature concerning these cases, as well as an analysis of the factors involved and the changes that occur in patients when the beach chair position is used under general or regional anaesthesia. It is very important that the surgical team understands the limitations of the technique, and combines a good surgical exposure along with the least haemodynamic impact. Beach chair positions with angles not greater than 45°, are now suggested in order avoid errors in the blood pressure reading, which may lead to an adequate cerebral blood flow. When measuring cerebral oxygenation using NIRS (ScO2), the biggest drops in the values are associated with general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation with hyperventilation and position angles of 80-90 degrees. Regional anaesthesia is associated with lower falls of ScO2, but requires an experienced team.

Study of highway lane-changing model under rain weather

Rainfall decreases road adhesion coefficient and sight distance of drivers, these can easily lead to traffic accidents which affect the road traffic efficiency. To study the vehicle lane-changing behavior under rainfall conditions, the adhesion coefficient parameter and drivers' reaction delay time parameter are introduced into the safety distance model. Based on the relationship between rainfall intensity and the water film thickness as well as the relationship among the road adhesion coefficient, water film thickness, and vehicle speed, the influence of rainfall on the road adhesion coefficient is quantified. And based on the relationship between visibility distance under rainfall condition and safe distance upon stopping sight distance, the influence of rainfall on drivers' reaction delay time is quantified. Therefore, the safety distance is different under different rainfall conditions and vehicle speed, it no longer is a fixed value like in other lane-changing models by quantifying the two parameters. The improved lane-changing model is established by considering the influence of the speed difference on vehicle lane-changing behavior; the speed difference is not only existing between the research vehicle and the adjacent lane vehicle ahead, but also between the research vehicle and the adjacent lane after the car. And the safety distance model including the two parameters is embedded in the improved lane-changing model by the lane-changing rules. For the three-lane traffic, the lane-changing rules which take into consideration the safety distance and the speed difference are established respectively for each lane, and the simulation analysis is conducted using cellular automata based on the above mentioned rules. Simulation results show that in the medium density the lane-changing rates in the rain condition are significantly lower compared with sunny days, the biggest drop is about 25%. Through comparison and analysis of the space-time diagrams and the speed-time curve of one vehicle at different traffic density on rain days and sunny days, the improved model redisplays the phenomenon of free flow, free flow into dynamic blocking flow in the absence of external cause, and the phenomenon of vehicles stopping and going under blocking flow. In the medium and high densities, the rain causes more traffic congestion, and the frequency and duration of traffic congestion in space-time diagram increase accordingly; the low speed and the speed of zero state increase gradually in the speed-time curve.

THE STUDY OF CHANGES IN ARDABIL PLAIN GROUNDWATER LEVEL USING GIS

Uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater in many parts of the world has led to a sharp drop in groundwater levels. In this study, changes in Ardabil plain groundwater level were studied using geographic information system (GIS). For this purpose, the interpolation table method was used, the intrinsic data as table data of piezo metric wells was used. In order to implement the model, the Majol Geoestatical in geographic information system software was used. The data entered as regions into the geographic information system, and then done for the entire zoning area, due to zoning 8 models, the IDW, GPI, RBF, LPI, KO, KS, KU and EBK in geostatical extension were evaluated. The ordinary kriging method (KO) with the lowest RMSE, was determined as the most accurate one, and finally, as the ultimate method for zoning and map providing for the changes in groundwater levels drop of the region. The results of classification showed that the biggest drop of about 40 meters was in the areas close to the southeastern parts of the study region and in other areas, little changes were observed, this rate of the change and decline in some parts of the desert like southern regions is very tangible and specified .

The Concentration-Profitability Relationship in Turkish Industry

The concept of industrial concentration refers to the control of a given industry by a small number of leading firms which are exclusively engaged in that industry. In economic theory concentration is an important concept to understand a departure away from competitive market structure which is accepted as a reference point for efficiency. Using the traditional structure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm many researchers found that the higher the level of concentration is the higher the level of profitability. In an earlier study I attempted to determine the level of concentration in the Turkish manufacturing industry for 84 sectors. In addition, I conducted a multiple regression analysis in various forms to identify the determinants of concentration and its effects on profitability. In most regression results, the relation between concentration and profitability was found positive and statistically significant. The present paper takes one step further and summarizes two new dimensions of industrial concentration. The first is to understand the current level of concentration for the Turkish manufacturing industry using a larger set of data. The new data set obtained from the TurkStat provides some basic statistics over the period 2009-2012 for 224 four-digit manufacturing industries. A brief analysis of the current data shows a slightly declining trend in the overall concentration ratio. CR4 (four-firm concentration ratio) fell from 51 to 49, CR8 (8-frim concentration ratio) fell from 61 to 60, and HHI (or H for short, Herfindahl-Hirschman index) dropped from 0. 173 (or from 1730) to 0. 153 (or to 1530). However a much bigger drop is observed for a longer period in the data coming from the top 500 industrial firms of ICC (Istanbul Chamber of Commerce). The latter data show a sharp fall in CR8 from 32 percent to 24 percent. These results together reflect a falling tendency in the dominant role of large firms in the Turkish economy which is a sign of increased level of competitive environment.