Big Mystery Research Articles

The advance of neural networks generalization performance

A big mystery in deep learning is the promising generalization performance generated by massive neural networks. While over-parameterization increases the tendency of overfitting in other machine learning models, neural networks seem to magically overcome this hurdle and achieve minor test errors in various tasks. Researchers are motivated to resolve this enigma through a variety of aspects and methods, both theoretically and empirically. This paper aims to comprehensively review the explanations for the generalization power of deep networks. Firstly, the review compares various types of generalization bounds under PAC-Bayes analysis and non-PAC-Bayesian settings. Then, works of regularizers, both explicit (e.g., dropout) and implicit (e.g., batch normalization), and algorithms-caused regularizations are reviewed in this work. Some researchers also explore networks generalization ability from other perspectives, and this review talks about works that investigate the relationship between images and generalization performance. Additionally, works of adversarial examples are included in this review, since adversarial attacks have challenged networks power to generalize well and have become an important field in understanding deep learning. By collecting works from different viewpoints, this paper finally discusses some possible directions in the future.

Big Little Mystery: Researchers are racing to figure out how giant filter-feeding whales find their tiny prey. The answer could be key to saving endangered species.

Big Little Mystery: Researchers are racing to figure out how giant filter-feeding whales find their tiny prey. The answer could be key to saving endangered species.

In the interkingdom horizontal gene transfer, the small rolA gene is a big mystery.

The biological function of the agrobacterial oncogene rolA is very poorly understood compared to other components of the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer during agrobacterial colonization of plants. Research groups around the world have worked on this problem, and available information is reviewed in this review, but other rol oncogenes have been studied much more thoroughly. Having one unexplored element makes it impossible to form a complete picture. However, the limited data suggest that the rolA oncogene and its regulatory apparatus have great potential in plant biotechnology and genetic engineering. Here, we collect and discuss available experimental data about the function and structure of rolA. There is still no clear understanding of the mechanism of RolA and its structure and localization. We believe this is because of the nucleotide structure of a frameshift in the most well-studied rolA gene of the agropine type pRi. In fact, interest in the genes of agrobacteria as natural tools for the phenotypic or biochemical engineering of plants increased. We believe that a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms will be forthcoming. KEY POINTS: • Among pRi T-DNA oncogenes, rolA is the least understood in spite of many studies. • Frameshift may be the reason for the failure to elucidate the role of agropine rolA. • Understanding of rolA is promising for the phenotypic and biochemical engineering of plants.

THE DOLL PHENOMENON IN GAMING AND EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS

Traditional doll – «kuirshak», which balancing between ritual and game has always been the prerogative of female subculture. Since childhood it was transformed and followed its owner in direct and indirect form up to the old age. It would be a mistake to consider this miniature, multifaceted and multidimensional model of a human being as purely childish object. The simple toy has a big mystery: a part of universal culture while preserving the features of the people who created it. Many nations the traditional doll has a deep social meaning, the main value of folk toys. The values of the parents' world should undoubtedly be a natural part of the children's world. Ethno-pedagogy should continue the search for ways to introduce the ethnic culture, historical traditions of life and everyday life of the ethnic group, which has been started in recent years through the efforts of ethnographers, linguists, psychologists and educators. In this case, the game with kuirshak is an example.

TUHAN DAN RUNTUHNYA TEMBOK ARGUMENTASI

Human efforts to understand the existence of God have been proven by the emergence of various arguments about God. Philosophers and theologians have contributed their thoughts in an effort to explain God. However, it must be admitted honestly, that every argument presented still has weaknesses that directly have not been able to define God in a final way. The arguments that arise have not been able to explain God that can be universally accepted, this of course must be acknowledged because of the limitations of humans who try to explain God without limits. The arguments presented by experts are proof that God is still a big mystery that has not been revealed by humans. The existence of God is still a debate between existence and non-existence, although the evidence for its existence is undeniable.

How evolution builds up complexity?: In vitro evolution approaches to witness complexification in artificial molecular replication systems.

How can evolution assemble lifeless molecules into a complex living organism? The emergent process of biological complexity in the origin of life is a big mystery in biology. In vitro evolution of artificial molecular replication systems offers unique experimental opportunities to probe possible pathways of a simple molecular system approaching a complex life-like system. This review focuses on experimental efforts to examine evolvability of molecules in vitro from the pioneering Spiegelman’s experiment to our latest research on an artificial RNA self-replication system. Genetic translation and compartmentalization are shown to enable sustainable replication and evolution. Latest studies are revealing that coevolution of self-replicating “host replicators” and freeloading “parasitic replicators” is crucial to extend evolvability of a molecular replication system for continuous evolution and emergence of diversity. Intense competition between hosts and parasites would have existed even before the origin of life and contributed to generating complex molecular ecosystems. This review article is an extended version of the Japanese article “An in vitro evolutionary journey of an artificial RNA replication system towards biological complexity” published in SEIBUTSU-BUTSURI Vol.61, p.240–244 (2021).”

Eikon debuts to watch proteins in cells

Eikon Therapeutics has launched with $148 million to explore whether superresolution microscopy, a technique that allows researchers to watch individual proteins inside living cells, can be used to invent drugs. Roger Perlmutter, former president of Merck Research Laboratories, has agreed to come aboard as CEO. Drug developers have long relied on snapshots of proteins to design molecules to control them. More recently, some have shifted to creating movies of individual proteins, hoping that their twisting and folding will reveal new pockets for tucking in drugs. In reality, however, proteins do their work in the complex environments of cells, where they mingle with many other molecules. The founders of Eikon—University of California, Berkeley’s Eric Betzig , Xavier Darzacq, and Robert Tjian, and Janelia Research Campus’s Luke Lavis —have worked for several years on tools and methods that allow researchers to tune into that action. “The big mystery of biology for me

Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis of patchouli essential oils based on different geographical area in Aceh

Studies on the quality difference between oils in various provinces have been conducted with varied results, especially between Acehnese Patchouli and Javanese Patchouli. However, studies on quality differences of Acehnese Patchouli based on geographic differences have never been carried out, thus, still leaving a big mystery in determining whether geographical differences such as coordinates and height from sea level produce different quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of geographic location (coordinates and height of water MASL) of the patchouli cultivations on oil quality by conducting Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the FTIR spectrum of patchouli oil from 3 different districts, namely South Aceh, Aceh Tamiang and South-West Aceh. The results indicate a water content difference as it is close to the O-H group wave number, which usually indicates the presence of Patchouli alcohol. The PCA analysis results show that there is a very significant difference between patchouli oil from South Aceh and Aceh Tamiang and South-West Aceh, caused by the height and patchouli variety difference. The PCA method validation is also quite reliable, which is proven by an explained variance plot.

Demystifying the delayed-choice quantum eraser

The delayed-choice quantum eraser has long been a subject of controversy, and has been looked at as being incomprehensible to having retro-causal effect in time. Here the delayed-choice quantum eraser is theoretically analyzed using standard quantum mechanics. Employing a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, instead of a conventional two-slit interference, brings in surprising clarity. Some common mistakes in interpreting the experiment are pointed out. It is demonstrated that in the delayed mode there is no which-way information present after the particle is registered on the screen or the final detectors, contrary to popular belief. However, it is shown that another kind of path information is present even after the particle is registered in the final detectors. The registered particle can be used to predict the results of certain yet to be made measurements on the which-way detector. This novel correlation can be tested in a careful experiment. It is consequently argued that there is no big mystery in the experiment, and no retro-causal effect whatsoever.

Walking on another world

There's nothing like crash-landing on an alien planet, especially a carefully crafted world containing a big mystery to solve. Just watch out for the chicken, says Jacob Aron

Three Possible Applications of Neutrosophic Logic in Fundamental and Applied Sciences

In Neutrosophic Logic, a basic assertion is that there are variations of about everything that we can measure; the variations surround three parameters called T,I,F (truth, indeterminacy, falsehood) which can take a range of values. This paper shortly reviews the links among aether and matter creation from the perspective of Neutrosophic Logic. Once we accept the existence of aether as physical medium, then we can start to ask on what causes matter ejection, as observed in various findings related to quasars etc. One particular cosmology model known as VMH (variable mass hypothesis) has been suggested by notable astrophysicists like Halton Arp and Narlikar, and the essence of VMH model is matter creation processes in various physical phenomena. Nonetheless, matter creation process in Nature remains a big mystery for physicists, biologists and other science researchers. To this problem Neutrosophic Logic offers a solution. We also discuss two other possible applications of Neutrosophic Logic. In short, Neutrosophic Logic may prove useful in offering resolution to long standing conflicts.

Asymmetric catalysis mediated by a mirror symmetry-broken helical nanoribbon

Although chirality has been recognized as an essential entity for life, it still remains a big mystery how the homochirality in nature emerged in essential biomolecules. Certain achiral motifs are known to assemble into chiral nanostructures. In rare cases, their absolute geometries are enantiomerically biased by mirror symmetry breaking. Here we report the first example of asymmetric catalysis by using a mirror symmetry-broken helical nanoribbon as the ligand. We obtain this helical nanoribbon from a benzoic acid appended achiral benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide by its helical supramolecular assembly and employ it for the Cu2+-catalyzed Diels–Alder reaction. By thorough optimization of the reaction (conversion: > 99%, turnover number: ~90), the enantiomeric excess eventually reaches 46% (major/minor enantiomers = 73/27). We also confirm that the helical nanoribbon indeed carries helically twisted binding sites for Cu2+. Our achievement may provide the fundamental breakthrough for producing optically active molecules from a mixture of totally achiral motifs.

Symmetry Breaking in Self-Assembled Nanoassemblies

The origin of biological homochirality, e.g., life selects the L-amino acids and D-sugar as molecular component, still remains a big mystery. It is suggested that mirror symmetry breaking plays an important role. Recent researches show that symmetry breaking can also occur at a supramolecular level, where the non-covalent bond was crucial. In these systems, equal or unequal amount of the enantiomeric nanoassemblies could be formed from achiral molecules. In this paper, we presented a brief overview regarding the symmetry breaking from dispersed system to gels, solids, and at interfaces. Then we discuss the rational manipulation of supramolecular chirality on how to induce and control the homochirality in the self-assembly system. Those physical control methods, such as Viedma ripening, hydrodynamic macro- and micro-vortex, superchiral light, and the combination of these technologies, are specifically discussed. It is hoped that the symmetry breaking at a supramolecular level could provide useful insights into the understanding of natural homochirality and further designing as well as controlling of functional chiral materials.

Is Homeopathy Heplful In Autism?

Child psychology is really a big mystery. It is quite difficult to understand the mood of the child even when he has no psychological upsets. Just think how difficult is to understand a child suffering from autism. It is a rare variety of developmental disorder seen in early childhood. The child is unable to respond as he doesn’t understand it. Odd behavior, disorder of language and cannot learn etiquettes’ are the classic features of autism. It is also associated with emotional disorder like showing anger or fear suddenly without any particular cause. These children can be hypoactive or hyperactive. The child does not like to speak even a word, he just cries loudly for hours if he is hungry or thirsty. The child is very obstinate, if his demands are not met, he just cry and roll down on the floor. When he starts crying he cannot be stopped for hours together and is very destructive and throws things around. In few cases, disliking for clothes is there, they want to throw away the wearing.

Interspecies hybridization is not the end: the lesson from asexual fishes from European spined loaches complex (Cobitis)

Interspecies hybridization is not the end: the lesson from asexual fishes from European spined loaches complex (Cobitis)

Abscisic Acid Signaling Inhibits Brassinosteroid Signaling through Dampening the Dephosphorylation of BIN2 by ABI1 and ABI2

Abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroid (BR) antagonistically regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. Previous physiological studies have revealed that the inhibition of BR signaling by ABA is largely dependent on ABI1 and ABI2. However, the genetic and molecular basis of how ABI1 and ABI2 are involved in inhibiting BR signaling remains unclear. Although it is known that in the BR signaling pathway the ABA-BR crosstalk occurs in the downstream of BR receptor complex but upstream of BIN2 kinase, a negative regulator of BR signaling, the component that acts as the hub to directly mediate their crosstalk remains a big mystery. Here, we found that ABI1 and ABI2 interact with and dephosphorylate BIN2 to regulate its activity toward the phosphorylation of BES1. By in vitro mimicking ABA signal transduction, we found that ABA can promote BIN2 phosphorylation by inhibiting ABI2 through ABA receptors. RNA-sequencing analysis further demonstrated that ABA inhibits BR signaling through the ABA primary signaling components, including its receptors and ABI2, and that ABA and GSK3s co-regulate a common set of stress-responsive genes. Because BIN2 can interact with and phosphorylate SnRK2s to activate its kinase activity, our study also reveals there is a module of PP2Cs–BIN2–SnRK2s in the ABA signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings provide significant insights into how plants balance growth and survival by coordinately regulating the growth-promoting signaling pathway and stress responses under abiotic stresses.

Metaphase chromosome structure is dynamically maintained by condensin I-directed DNA (de)catenation.

Mitotic chromosome assembly remains a big mystery in biology. Condensin complexes are pivotal for chromosome architecture yet how they shape mitotic chromatin remains unknown. Using acute inactivation approaches and live-cell imaging in Drosophila embryos, we dissect the role of condensin I in the maintenance of mitotic chromosome structure with unprecedented temporal resolution. Removal of condensin I from pre-established chromosomes results in rapid disassembly of centromeric regions while most chromatin mass undergoes hyper-compaction. This is accompanied by drastic changes in the degree of sister chromatid intertwines. While wild-type metaphase chromosomes display residual levels of catenations, upon timely removal of condensin I, chromosomes present high levels of de novo Topoisomerase II (TopoII)-dependent re-entanglements, and complete failure in chromosome segregation. TopoII is thus capable of re-intertwining previously separated DNA molecules and condensin I continuously required to counteract this erroneous activity. We propose that maintenance of chromosome resolution is a highly dynamic bidirectional process.

Mitotic Chromosome Assembly In Vitro: Functional Cross Talk between Nucleosomes and Condensins

The mitotic chromosome is a macromolecular assembly that ensures error-free transmission of the genome during cell division. It has long been a big mystery how long stretches of DNA might be folded into rod-shaped chromosomes or how such an elaborate process might be accomplished at a mechanistic level. Cell-free extracts made from frog eggs offer a unique opportunity to address these questions by enabling mitotic chromosomes to be assembled in a test tube. Moreover, the core part of the chromosome assembly reaction can now be reconstituted with a limited number of purified factors. A combination of these in vitro assays makes it possible not only to prepare a complete list of proteins required for chromosome assembly but also to dissect functions of individual proteins and their cooperation with unparalleled clarity. Emerging lines of evidence underscore the paramount importance of condensins in building mitotic chromosomes and shed new light on the functional cross talk between nucleosomes and condensins in this process.

Advent and Nature of Dark Matter - A Brief Summary

Thanks to the recent developments in observational technology, the study of cosmology today is often called precision cosmology. Nevertheless, present cosmology still involves a big mystery. That is, among the Universe's energy budget, cosmologists have known for some time that dark matter occupies 23% of the Universe, dark energy occupies 73%, and the baryon occupies the remaining 4%. That is, 76% of the Universe still remains a complete mystery. In the present work, therefore, we would like to present our current understanding of dark matter, as well as the puzzle associated with its existence. That the nature of dark matter in the present Universe still remains a complete mystery or puzzle is fair to say. In the present work, however, we challenge a brief, albeit reliable, summary of up-to-date observational evidence for the existence of dark matter and introduce the theories underlying it.

Creating Order From Chaos

> It’s always seemed like a big mystery how nature, seemingly so effortlessly, manages to produce so much that seems to us so complex. Well, I think we found its secret. It’s just sampling what’s out there in the computational universe. > > –Stephen Wolfram, 2010 Pathogenesis of nearly all arrhythmia relies on a fundamental premise—that there exists within the cellular milieu regions of unexpected or unwanted heterogeneous conduction that may allow for initiation and propagation of wave fronts along a nonstandard pattern. The simplest paradigm for this may be atrioventricular reentrant tachycardias wherein 2 paths exist, both capable of propagating signals in either the antegrade or retrograde direction, but with fundamentally different conductive properties that ultimately allow for development of reentry with an appropriately timed stimulus. This appropriately timed stimulus, or trigger, has for the past 3 decades been the focus of electrophysiologists in the treatment of more complex arrhythmias that exist outside the ability of our modern day understanding and technology to map and ablate. Where a single circuit exists, mapping and ablation is straightforward, and we must prove it exists and that it participates in the tachycardia, identify its location, and then determine the best means by which to ablate it. However, in the case of atrial fibrillation, understanding, identifying, and determining an ideal ablative solution for the substrate is eminently more difficult. This is because the propagation and continuation of atrial fibrillation is fundamentally dependent on the continuous activity of many sites simultaneously. Thus, we have often referred to atrial fibrillation almost as chaos, throwing up arms at the seemingly inexplicable and indescribable complexity and focused instead on the elimination of triggers, whether by pulmonary vein isolation or targeting other sites, rather than the myocardial substrate responsible for arrhythmia maintenance as we would with any other simpler arrhythmia, such …