Big Earthquake Research Articles

Four Periodical Natural Big Disasters of the Planet Earth during Each Precession Cycle, Caused By Its Motion (New Theory)

Gyroscope moment rotates Earth inner core vertically because of its unstable “egg” shape. The rest ellipsoidal part of the planet has opposite vertical motion. That is the polar shift. The Sun appears on the west. New angular velocity direction of the core and no homogeneous gravity field of the Sun cause acceleration of the core self-rotation with corresponding increasing of the Earth magnetic field, pushing the planet away from the Sun during millenniums. Sinus law of the core rotation makes significant jump in acceleration 6,500 years after causing new centrifugal redistribution of the planet water more concentrated around the equator area, followed by big earthquakes and volcano eruptions. It is a big flood. Planet with accelerating self-rotation of the inner core continues to leave sunny area approaching to the ice period. The shape of the core is ellipsoidal then, giving the chance to the “sunny” moment to rotate it vertically again 13,000 years after. The Sun appears on the east. It is another polar shift. New conditions cause mild slowing down of the core self-rotation pushing the planet toward the Sun. Magnetic field is slowly decreasing. 6,500 years after the same sinus law influences sharp decreasing of the angular velocity of the inner core. New redistribution of the planet water from the equator to the north and south appears, followed by big earthquakes and strong winds. It is famous big flood we “remember” it. The planet is approaching to the Sun losing angular velocity of its core and good shape for good stability. 6,500 new years and new global warming with new polar shift are in front of it, 26,000 years later.

Disaster Protection Triggered by the Big Earthquake Using the Signal Processing

In Japan there was the serious disaster earthquake, tsunami, and the accident of the nuclear power plant. Its earthquake happened in 2:46PM on 2011March11 and it is called Tohoku (The north east district) earthquake. As for the originated earthquake itself the epicenter was Miyagi, the north east. And its seismic intensity was 7. A lot of lives, housings, and facilities were damaged. So in order to protect such a severe disaster worldwide from now on, the effective signal processing was assessed in this paper.

The Multi-period Location-allocation Problem of Engineering Emergency Blood Supply Systems

Unconventional incidents bring great influence to human life, of which the most destructive is earthquake. Blood is a special resource for lives, especially in a big earthquake, in which there will be a sudden increase in demand for blood, therefore sufficient and safe blood supply is a huge challenge. In this paper, we propose an emergency blood supply scheduling model. Providing decision support for the scheduling of engineering emergency blood supply. We propose a multi-period location - allocation model, and give the heuristic algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation. Finally, give an example case study in the context of Beijing.

DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC EARTHQUAKE-PROOF DEVICE UTILIZED EARTHQUAKE EARLY WARNINGS OF THE METEOROLOGICAL AGENCY

The purpose of the investigation is to develop the automatic earthquake-proof device to be set at the openings of the building just before a big earthquake. The automatic device provides a receiver of earthquake early warnings of the Meteorological Agency. The earthquake-proof devices are set in the structure as soon as the receiver catches the earthquake early warning or the seismograph records the designated seismic intensity.

Crack Analysis of Reinforced Wooden Housing Model through Shaking Table Test in Villages and Towns

The paper is special for wooden structure housing in villages and towns, and taken appropriate reinforced measures to achieve the standard of seismic design of no collapse in big or medium earthquakes. The 1/2 scale model that loaded horizontally on the shaking table was designed to observe its damage characteristics and make an analysis of its destruction. And the effectiveness of the reinforced method will be assessed.

Crack Analysis of Reinforced Wooden Housing Model through Shaking Table Test in Villages and Towns

The paper is special for wooden structure housing in villages and towns, and taken appropriate reinforced measures to achieve the standard of seismic design of no collapse in big or medium earthquakes. The 1/2 scale model that loaded horizontally on the shaking table was designed to observe its damage characteristics and make an analysis of its destruction. And the effectiveness of the reinforced method will be assessed.

The problems of human behavior and mental health in case of big earthquake

The problems of human behavior and mental health in case of big earthquake

Creation of Artificial Ground by Recycling Tsunami Sludge

On March 11 in 2011, a very big earthquake occurred in Tohoku district in Japan. Huge tsunami was generated by this earthquake and the coastal area of Tohoku district had catastrophic damage. Many houses were destroyed by tsunami and huge amount of rubble was generated. At the same time, a large amount of tsunami sludge deposited on land. We carried out the actual construction to create the artificial ground by recycling tsunami sludge. The physical properties of tsunami sludge were different if the places were different. However, it was confirmed through the actual construction that creation of artificial ground was possible even if the properties of tsunami sludge were different.

Global risk of big earthquakes has not recently increased

The recent elevated rate of large earthquakes has fueled concern that the underlying global rate of earthquake activity has increased, which would have important implications for assessments of seismic hazard and our understanding of how faults interact. We examine the timing of large (magnitude M≥7) earthquakes from 1900 to the present, after removing local clustering related to aftershocks. The global rate of M≥8 earthquakes has been at a record high roughly since 2004, but rates have been almost as high before, and the rate of smaller earthquakes is close to its historical average. Some features of the global catalog are improbable in retrospect, but so are some features of most random sequences--if the features are selected after looking at the data. For a variety of magnitude cutoffs and three statistical tests, the global catalog, with local clusters removed, is not distinguishable from a homogeneous Poisson process. Moreover, no plausible physical mechanism predicts real changes in the underlying global rate of large events. Together these facts suggest that the global risk of large earthquakes is no higher today than it has been in the past.

Study of Ground Lateral Flow on Piles Foundation due to Soil Liquefaction

The case studies on the damaged pile foundation caused by lateral flow due to soil liquefaction during the big earthquake were discussed. The distributed load method was utilized to calculate the stress and displacement. The effect of the lateral flow to pile foundation in liquefiable soil also is simulated. Through compared the analysis result to the site dig-investigate report, the mechanism of the damaged pile modes were conjectured very well. the calculated stress and deformation of piles indicated good agreement with the actually observed one. The practicability and availability of the distributed load method was substantiated.

The public health impact of tsunami disasters

Tsunamis have the potential to cause an enormous impact on the health of millions of people. During the last half of the twentieth century, more people were killed by tsunamis than by earthquakes. Most recently, a major emergency response operation has been underway in northeast Japan following a devastating tsunami triggered by the biggest earthquake on record in Japan. This natural disaster has been described as the most expensive in world history. There are few resources in the public health literature that describe the characteristics and epidemiology of tsunami-related disasters, as a whole. This article reviews the phenomenology and impact of tsunamis as a significant public health hazard.

AN ANALYSIS OF RISK COMMUNICATION EFFECTS BASED ON WORKSHOP SERIES RELATED TO ISOLATED AREA PROBLEMS AND DISASTER REDUCTION MEASURES

This study examined workshop series for earthquake disaster reduction planning, and risk communication effects through these activities. Workshops were implemented in Koyadaira village of Tokushima prefecture in Japan, where is typical mountain village. These workshops focused on isolated area problems after big earthquake. Then questionnaire surveys were carried out among these participants. Results showed that workshop contents were received favorably by participants, and their incentive tended to be increased through these workshops. Another result indicated that motivations for disaster reduction were structurally different between multiple workshop participants and single workshop participants.

Ionosphere plasma bubbles and density variations induced by pre-earthquake rock currents and associated surface charges

[1] Recent ionospheric observations indicate that the total electron content (TEC) may anomalously decrease or increase up to 5–20% before the occurrence of big earthquakes. The ionospheric density variations can be caused by earth surface charges/currents produced from electric currents associated with the stressed rock. We formulate a coupling model for the stressed rock-Earth surface charges-atmosphere-ionosphere system. The stressed-rock acts as the dynamo to provide the currents for the coupling system. The electric fields and currents in the atmosphere and the lower boundary of ionosphere are obtained by solving the current continuity equation, ∇ • J = 0, where J is the current density. A three-dimensional ionosphere simulation code is then used to study the ionospheric dynamics based on the obtained electric fields and currents. The simulation results show that a current density Jrock = 0.2–10 μA/m2 in an earthquake fault zone is required to cause daytime TEC variations of 2–25%. The simulation results also show that a current density Jrock = 0.01–1 μA/m2 can lead to nighttime TEC variations of 1–30% as well as the formation of a nighttime plasma bubble (equatorial spread F) extending over the whole magnetic flux tube containing the earthquake epicenter. We suggest that observations of daytime and nighttime TEC variations and a nighttime plasma bubble within the affected region can be used as precursors for earthquake prediction.

A dentist’s role: prevention of snoring at temporary refuges for victims of the East Japan earthquake and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident on March 11, 2011

Dear Editors, As a Japanese dentist, I (ST) would like to express my sincere thanks for all of the heartfelt messages and warm encouragement from all over the world after the recent Japanese earthquake, tsunami, and accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The people of Japan greatly appreciate the strong support received from many countries. On March 11, I was at my office in Yoyogi, Tokyo throughout the afternoon. At 2:46 p.m., I felt a small earthquake. However, I quickly became slightly scared because it did not stop soon. Suddenly, the vibrations from the earthquake greatly increased, and this continued for nearly a minute. All of the books fell from the shelf, even PC monitors easily fell down, and I heard people outside screaming. It was the biggest earthquake that I had ever experienced. Fortunately, lifelines were fine in the Tokyo area although the railways went out of service immediately after the event. While some people gave up going home, others (myself included) decided to walk home. My 3-h walk home turned out not bad at all when I later realized that many people struggled with more than an 8or 10-h walk. Fortunately, my family was fine, but I was really shocked when I watched the television. An incredible tsunami had hit the extensive area of Tohoku, northeastern part of Japan. The announcer reported that approximately 300 corpses had been found on the beach at Sendai, but nobody knew how many people were really missing. Coastal villages and towns were completely destroyed. Another unbelievable piece of news was that the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant had been severely damaged due to the greater than 10 m height of the tsunami. As of June 11, 2011 (i.e., 3 months after the disaster), more than 15,000 people have lost their lives and 8,000 people are still missing. Eighty-eight thousand evacuees are being forced to live in schools, hospitals, hotels, gymnasiums, temporary housing, or acquaintances’ or friends’ houses. My dentist friends who survived the earthquake and tsunami have been devoting themselves to the task of identifying who is who one by one from a number of corpses, by examining the number of teeth, prosthetic status, and so on. Although the tsunami blew away most of the charts together with dental offices themselves, any surviving dental records such as oral photographs are absolutely critical for their work. One dentist e-mailed me that “it is a quite physically but much more mentally tough work. Volunteer dentists have to continue their work just S. Tsuiki (*) :K. Maeda Division of Dental Sleep Medicine, Japan Somnology Center, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 1-24-10 Yoyogi, Shibuya-ku, 1510053, Tokyo, Japan e-mail: tsuiki@somnology.com

An Improved Method for Estimating the Seismic Intensity Based on Grey System Theory

When a big earthquake happens, the reliable estimation of the earthquake damage within a short time is very important for the government to allocate the rescue personnel and supplies. A new method to estimate the seismic intensity rapidly based on the grey system theory is proposed in this paper. The seismic intensity is closely related to the ground motion parameters, which indicates it can be obtained simultaneously by knowing the ground motion parameters. Through the preliminary theory and experiment analysis, the method could be used to estimate the seismic intensity accurately with less calculation and strong real time characteristics.

Mechanical Properties of Adobe Masonry in Shear Test

There are many adobe buildings in small towns and villages of China, which have low shear strength of mud in joints and suffer great damages in big earthquakes. Mud with three different proportions of soil and sand are used in adobe masonry to discuss shear behavior and strength in this paper. Adobe samples in tests were laid by mud with clay-silt soil: construction medium sand at ratios of 1:0.8, 1:1.0 and 1:1.2 respectively, and adobe brick at ratio of 1:1.0 which has good workability. Short straws are mixed into mud and brick at 0.5% by weight. By monotonous loading procedure parallel to bed joint, two bed joints in prisms behave double shear failure in sequence. Meanwhile shear strengths and force-displacement curves are also obtained. Fitting equation for adobe shear strength is calculated, and the calculated results are agree with test results well. Shear failure of adobe masonry behaves brittle from force-displacement curves.

The future is not ours to see? With data, yes!

At 2:46 pm, March 11, 2011, it was certainly a biggest earthquake I ever experienced in my lifetime and it was the same for most of the people living in Japan. The biggest hit was with the magnitude of 9.0 (5.5 in Tokyo), followed by the multiple waves of 15 m-Tsunami to the East Japan, which took over 15,000 lives away in a short time. There was also simultaneous damage on the nuclear reactors leaving much concern not only to the people in the area, but also to the people in other countries. It will take time until it is settled, at least half a year or more according to the governmental sources. Was it possible to predict this disaster? Many geological scientists with formulas and statistics said that the prediction was not possible because the magnitude was way beyond their calculations. Almost all the sea banks around the towns which was devastated by last tsunami, had been built to cope with tsunami up to 6 m, which was considered to block most tsunami imaginable at that time. Their study is based on the tsunami in 1896 and 1933 where its height was less than 5 m. On the other hand, some historians have found the old literature of earthquake (M8.3) in the year of 869 when the following tsunami was as high as that of the last one. A few geologists has been announcing, since 2007, the risk of the greater tsunami after their survey on the sediments of the huge tsunami in 869. It was unfortunate that their alarm were not recognized then by most of the geologists nor utilized for building higher sea banks. And ‘The Tsunami’ reappeared as it was precedent 1142 years ago. Through study of the past data should have made some differences. In the field of Pediatric Dentistry, we deal with growing children and growth evaluation and prediction is essential to establish proper diagnosis, treatment planning and even the prognosis assessment. However, there were limited sources of data for prediction of tooth and jaw growth, at present, to make reasonable prediction of the future growth of child teeth, dentitions and jaws. (‘Bolton Study Data’ and ‘Michigan Growth Data’ are rare examples.) More data are still needed for the prediction of other ethnic group of children. The modern science needs data sets, and only then the prediction will be feasible.

Life science must go on: standing up after the 311 disaster

Just 1 month has passed since the biggest earthquake ever recorded in Japan occurred in the Tohoku-Kanto area. The earthquake was followed soon afterwards by an unexpected huge tsunami that destroyed many villages and towns near the coast. Perhaps even more seriously, nuclear power plants in Fukushima were damaged, resulting in electricity interruptions and radioactive contamination. It is sad that nearly thirty thousand people died or are still missing as a result of this disaster. I wish to express my deepest sympathy to all the victims and for those that are still being affected by what happened. The 311 earthquake and the ensuing problems have shaken us to the bottom of our hearts, not only physically but also mentally. As one of the persons present in the area at the time of the earthquake, I would like to report how I experienced the 311 disaster in our laboratory in Tohoku University and how this experience has changed my outlook on many things.

Interpretation of intensity attenuation relation of 1905 Kangra earthquake with epicentral distance and magnitude in the Northwest Himalayan region

Seismic intensity information of historical earthquake of NW Himalayas has been utilized for evaluating the attenuation of the intensity with the epicentral distance. Purposefully, the observed intensity of big historical earthquake may implicitly incorporate some site effects arising due to the near surface geology or deposited soil. The isoseismal map of the 1905 Kangra earthquake yields an area of perceptibility defined by the intensity VII (RF Scale), which is mainly elongated in the NNW-SSE direction. However, the higher isoseismals of intensity VIII and IX are more symmetrical and elongated in the SE direction. These isoseismals are more compressed in the northeast and northwest direction indicating fast attenuation characteristics, which may be either due to the presence of any transverse geotectonic feature or change in lithology. In the present study the regression relation has been derived to incorporate the attenuation of intensity with variable magnitudes at different epicentral distances. The derived attenuation relation is useful for assessing damage of a potential future earthquake (earthquake scenario-based planning purposes) for the Kangra region, Northwest Himalaya. The derived relation is mentioned below: $$I(R,Ms) = 2.856 + 1.31*Ms - 0.0017 * R - 0.9598*\ln (R)$$

Regional Collaboration in Healthcare: A view from a health care initiative for people with epilepsy in rural areas of China

Regional Collaboration in Healthcare: A view from a health care initiative for people with epilepsy in rural areas of China