Big Earthquake Research Articles

Türkiye's responses to the 2023 earthquakes: An application of family adjustment and adaptation response model

AbstractAfter devastating earthquakes struck Türkiye in February 2023, the country faced the challenge of addressing the psychosocial needs of the survivors. This article uses the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) model to conceptualize Türkiye's responses to the earthquakes in terms of its demands (i.e., cumulative strains and current stressors), capabilities (i.e., existing resources and coping mechanisms), and meaning/belief systems (i.e., shared meaning, religion/spirituality, and positive outlook/hope). A historical context is provided to better understand the cumulative tensions and resilience of the country, seeking ways to strengthen effective crisis responses in anticipation of an even bigger earthquake in the coming years. Additionally, this article may spark a conversation among family practitioners in different countries about how to collaborate on mobilizing resources during challenging times.

Epidemiology of respiratory infection pathogens using multiplex RT-qPCR in big earthquakes Area in Turkey (2023)

IntroductionThe Kahramanmaraş earthquake, which has been classified as an earthquake with significant and destructive consequences on a global scale, has been referred to as "the disaster of the century.", occurred on February 6, 2023. A considerable number of structures were destroyed and a significant amount of damage was incurred in 11 provinces, including Kahramanmaraş. Respiratory tract infections are a serious public health problem seen in all age groups among earthquake victims living in tent and container cities. ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to determine the causative agents in respiratory tract samples taken for screening purposes from earthquake victims living in tent cities in the earthquake zone and to provide early diagnosis. MethodGaziantep Provincial Health Directorate Infectious Diseases Unit filiation teams collected nasopharyngeal swabs from earthquake victims living in tent cities around Gaziantep province between March 25 and March 30, 2023. The presence of 18 viruses and 6 bacteria that are causing respiratory tract infections were simultaneously detected by the Real-Time qPCR (RT-qPCR) technique. ResultsIn the present study, respiratory pathogens were detected in 470 (56.62 %) of a total of 830 patients. The most frequently isolated agents were rhinovirus (20 %, 94/470), S. pneumoniae (12.87 %, 60/470), RSV A/B (12.12 %, 57/470), H. influenza type b (10. 85 %, 51/470) and others. Rhinovirus was the most frequently detected pathogen in the study. The coexistence of more than one pathogen was also detected. The most common association was found between HRV and S. pneumoniae (20.93 %, 9/43). ConclusionThe results of the present study indicate that public health measures should be prioritized in natural disasters, and ıt demonstrates that infectious diseases became a significant problem in the time period after the earthquake. Early results can be obtained by screening viral and bacterial pathogen in respiratory tract samples with RT-qPCR, and an early diagnosis is ensured.

Examination of emergency assembly areas based on planning criteria after the two major earthquakes on 6 February, 2023: A case study from Turkey

This study aimed to examine the compliance of post-disaster emergency assembly areas with their planning criteria in the Battalgazi district of Malatya province. This district is one of the settlements that was most affected by the two big earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye on 6 February 2023. The emergency assembly areas were evaluated qualitatively based on the criterion of “appropriateness”, with the sub-variables of “usability”, “accessibility”, and “safety”. They were also evaluated quantitatively based on the criterion of “adequacy” with the sub-variable “per capita m2”. There are a total of 103 neighborhoods in the district. However, there are only eight emergency assembly areas in total within its boundaries. According to the results of this study, only 7.5% of the current population of the district resides within 500 m of the emergency assembly areas. The fact that four emergency assembly areas (Hürriyet Park, Şehit Kemal Özalper High School, the Community Garden, Battalgazi Municipality) are situated next to each other and there are emergency assembly areas in only six of the 103 neighborhoods within the municipal boundaries shows that were significant problems in the decisions made regarding their locations. In addition, it was determined that there were disadvantages in terms of accessibility and usability within the criterion of appropriateness, while there were some positive aspects in terms of safety. When examined with regard to the criterion of adequacy, it was determined that the emergency assembly areas at Mişmiş Park, the Community Garden, Battalgazi Municipality, and Şehit Kemal Özalper High School were most adequate, while the emergency assembly areas at Hürriyet Park, Fırat Neighborhood Mukhtar, Nevzat Er Park, and 100 Yıl İmam Hatip Secondary School were least adequate.

Seismicity and return period investigation of destructive earthquake in Makran subduction zone

This work uses the frequency-magnitude relation for the earthquakes to analyze seismicity and return period for the earthquakes in Makran subduction and its adjacent region. The data for seismicity analysis and return period range from 1934 to 2022, with moment magnitude and depth ranging from 4.0 to 8.1 and 0 to 115 km. The b-values for eastern and western Makran are obtained by the maximum likelihood technique of 0.7 ± 0.04 and 0.764 ± 0.04, respectively. The temporal decrease of the b-value of the eastern and western vicinities of Makran suggests that stress levels in both regions are increasing, indicating potential big earthquakes may occur subsequentially. Similarly, the spatial variation of the b-value also suggests that stress in both areas is increasing. Notably, the change in the b-value is inversely proportional to the stress level in the region. If the stress level increases, the b-value decreases, and vice versa. The earthquake return periods with magnitude 5 and 5.5 vary from 1 to 2.7 and 2 to 8 years, and magnitude 6 and 6.5 vary from 5 to 30 and 10 to 60 years, respectively. The earthquake return periods with magnitude 7 and 7.5 vary from 20 to 120 and 50 to 300 years, and magnitude 8 and 8.5 range from 100 to 600 and 200 to 1200 years, respectively. The finding demonstrates that both the eastern and western vicinities of the Makran fault zone have high tectonic stress, and significant big earthquakes may occur in the future.

Constraints on Transport of Injured Victims after the Earthquake for Disaster Victims’ Evacuation Model Development: A Phenomenological Study

The big earthquake has an impact on the risk of injury to the victims. The wounded victim needed urgent medical assistance to survive. The effectiveness of this service depends heavily on the response speed of stakeholders. To increase the response rate, a detailed emergency response plan is needed. The study aims to identify restrictive factors in evacuating victims of post-earthquake injuries. This qualitative research has a phenomenological design. Participants in this study were 15 nurses who participated in the Disaster Victim Evacuation (DVE) process and who met the criteria with the purposive sampling technique. Data is collected through a deep interview (IDI) using open questions. Data analysis is done using the inductive content analysis method. Two themes contributed to the DVE process as an ERP, namely, 1) restriction of institutional support and 2) cancellation of evacuation routes. These findings have provided an overview of several factors that directly contributed to the implementation of the DVE process.

Unraveling the Seismic Signal Anomaly at Mount Rinjani Station: In-Depth Exploration with the Detrended Fluctuation (DFA) Analysis Method in Connection with the 2018 Big Earthquake on Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara

We analyzed the seismic signals of the Mount Rinjani station to identify possible seismic anomalies before a series of major earthquakes on Lombok Island in 2018. We observe anomalies before earthquake events Mw >= 5.90. This research applies the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) method to investigate possible earthquake precursors associated with the analyzed earthquake. The results showed a relationship between scaling seismic signals (α) that exceeds the threshold of α values during the analysis period, and there is a deviation of the root mean square fluctuations in the corresponding scaling that should be rising but constant. The value of α with constant root mean square fluctuations occurs one to three days before the preliminary earthquake Mw 6.40 (28/07/2018) UTC and eight to 10 days before the main earthquake Mw 6.90 (05/08/2018). The Mw 6.90 earthquake had the most magnitude and could significantly contribute to the appearance of seismic anomalies.

Utilization of Earthquake Demolition Wastes and Afşin–Elbistan Fly Ash for Soil Improvement after the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake (6 February 2023)

Türkiye is surrounded by active faults that have the potential to produce big earthquakes. Recently, one of these faults has become active. Two earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 and 7.6 occurred 9 h apart on 6 February 2023 in Kahramanmaraş. It is reported that 150 million tons of earthquake demolition waste (EDW) is estimated to be produced as a result of those natural hazards. This waste poses a serious risk to both the environment and human health. Its use in geotechnical applications will provide serious environmental benefits. In this study, Afşin–Elbistan fly ash (AEFA) and EDW were used to stabilize weak clayey soils in different proportions. Samples were prepared by separately adding 5, 10, 15, and 20% AEFA and EDW to high-plasticity clay. The AEFA used in this study was used because the production of AEFA is too high, and it is not used in concrete production because it does not comply with the standards and causes serious environmental problems for the region. The Atterberg limit, standard compaction, unconfined compression strength (UCS), triaxial, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were performed on soil samples, and samples were prepared from soil mixtures with various proportions of AEFA and EDW added. In addition, clay mixtures were prepared with EDW by keeping the AEFA ratio constant at 15% and their effects were also investigated. According to Atterberg test results, the natural soil class was determined as high-plasticity clay, the soil class of the mixtures created by adding EDW and AEFA was determined as low-plasticity clay, and all ternary mixtures were determined as low-plasticity silt. In addition, the maximum dry density increased for all mixtures, while the optimum water content decreased. A significant increase was observed in UCS test results, especially in ternary mixtures. While cohesion increased in AEFA mixtures, it decreased in ternary mixtures as the EDW ratio increased. It was observed that the internal friction angle increased in all mixtures. According to CBR test results, it was determined that the binary AEFA mixture ratio was 20%, the binary EDW mixture ratio was 10% and above, and all ratios of the ternary AEFA + EDW mixtures could be used as road sub-base material. After the major earthquake disaster, the use of EDW is of great importance for the environment. As a result, AEFA and EDW were found to enhance the geotechnical properties of clay.

Children After Earthquake: Maraş Earthquake in Türkiye

Türkiye has experienced the most destructive earthquake disaster in recent years. On February 6, 2023, two earthquakes of more than seven magnitudes occurred in Türkiye, first in Pazarcık and then in Elbistan districts of Kahramanmaraş province. These earthquakes caused the deaths of more than 50 thousand people and billions of dollars in damage. The earthquakes had serious effects on every segment of society, including children. This study, which aimed to examine the opinions of individuals about children in such a big earthquake, examined 3.450 tweets sent in February 2023. While the researchers used Maxqda to analyze tweets regarding hashtags, likes, retweets, and source devices, they used Python for sentiment analysis. The findings highlighted that the words AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency), education, and psychology were frequently used as hashtags in tweets about children. In addition, the study observed that tweets with very few likes and retweets did not arouse much interest in people. The findings of the sentiment analysis indicated that the tweets were quite negatively oriented. The study’s findings can guide future actions and plans concerning the earthquake and children.

Capacity Improvement of PRM Kadirojo in The Role of Family Toward the Formation of Dissaster Resilliance Village.

Abstract. This community service was aimed at improving the community resilience in Kadirojo, Palbapang village, Bantul, a region affected by the big Bantul earthquake in 2006. The earthquake severely damaged Kadirojo, which was upsetting for the people. Support and assistance have been given to the people to build back the community, and more activities are still needed to improve the people's resilience. Villagers in Kadirojo need to be aware of and prepared for their condition, which is located in the active fault of Kali Opak, Bantul, Yogyakarta. The activities done in this community service were generating awareness among the people and improving their behaviour to create a family-based resilient community, generating a pro-active and positive culture in disaster management, and upgrading the family resilience by systematically enhancing the capacity of Aisyiyah and Muhammadiyah as two religious-based social agents in the community. The branches of Aisyiyah and Muhammadiyah in Kadirojo, Palbapang, Bantul have always been with the people and have made big contributions to the social, economic, and religious movements in Kadirojo. Enhancing the capacity of these two organizations and providing them with sufficient instruments will effectively contribute to the development of a family-based, resilient community. This community service used the constructivist approach of Peter L. Berger by conducting collective and interactive discussions to raise the awareness and preparedness of the people.

Machine Learning for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Phyton in Sigi Biromaru Area (Near Palu), Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sigi Biromaru is near Palu City; both experienced the Palu earthquake on 28 September 2018. Unlike Palu City, a flat area, Sigi Biromaru is hilly, so it experienced landslides after the big earthquake. This study performed landslide susceptibility mapping for Sigi Biromaru using a machine learning method, namely random forest. Nine parameters were used, i.e., altitude, slope, lithology, peak ground acceleration, land cover, river density, lineament density, rainfall, and aspect. The total data points were 530, half landslide samples and the other half non-landslide samples. We used 70% of the data points to train the model and the rest to evaluate the model. The landslide susceptibility map produced by random forest with no hyperparameter tuning has an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 for the success rate and 0.91 for the predictive rate. This study used a novel method in which the non-landslide locations represent the safe zone area, sampled randomly from the lowest class of landslide susceptibility area based on a bivariate statistical model. This study is highly recommended for the initial phase of landslide hazard mitigation.

The Process of Plaque Rupture: The Role of Vasa Vasorum and Medial Smooth Muscle Contraction Monitored by the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index

A warning sign for impending cardiovascular events is not fully established. In the process of plaque rupture, the formation of vulnerable plaque is important, and oxidized cholesterols play an important role in its progression. Furthermore, the significance of vasa vasorum penetrating the medial smooth muscle layer and being rich in atheromatous lesions should be noted. The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a new arterial stiffness index of the arterial tree from the origin of the aorta to the ankle. The CAVI reflects functional stiffness, in addition to structural stiffness. The rapid rise in the CAVI means medial smooth muscle cell contraction and strangling vasa vasorum. A rapid rise in the CAVI in people after a big earthquake, following a high frequency of cardiovascular events has been reported. There are several cases that showed a rapid rise in the CAVI a few weeks or months before suffering cardiovascular events. To explain these sequences of events, we proposed a hypothesis: a rapid rise in the CAVI means medial smooth muscle contraction, strangling vasa vasorum, leading to ischemia and the necrosis of vulnerable plaque, and then the plaque ruptures. In individuals having a high CAVI, further rapid rise in the CAVI might be a warning sign for impending cardiovascular events. In such cases, treatments to decrease the CAVI better be taken soon.

Rapid Source Characterization of the Maule Earthquake Using Prompt Elasto‐Gravity Signals

AbstractThe recently identified Prompt Elasto‐Gravity Signals (PEGS), generated by large earthquakes, propagate at the speed of light and are sensitive to the earthquake magnitude and focal mechanism. These characteristics make PEGS potentially very advantageous for tsunami early warning, which relies on fast and accurate estimation of the magnitude of large offshore earthquakes. PEGS‐based early warning does not suffer from the problem of magnitude estimation saturation, that P‐wave based early warning algorithms have, and could be faster than Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)‐based systems while not requiring a priori assumptions on slip distribution. We use a deep learning model called PEGSNet to evaluate the possibility to estimate in real time the evolution of the magnitude of big earthquakes in the tsunamigenic zone of Chile. The model is a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) trained on a database of synthetic PEGS—simulated for an exhaustive set of possible earthquakes distributed along the Chilean subduction zone—augmented with empirical noise. The approach is multi‐station and leverages the information recorded by the seismic network to estimate as fast as possible the magnitude and location of an ongoing earthquake. Our results indicate that PEGSNet could have estimated that the magnitude of the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake was above 8.7, 90 s after origin time. Our offline simulations using real data and noise recordings further support the instantaneous tracking of the source time function of the earthquake and show that deploying seismic stations in optimal locations could improve the performance of the algorithm.

The Impact of Fractal Dimension, Stress Tensors, and Earthquake Probabilities on Seismotectonic Characterisation in the Red Sea

The frequency–magnitude statistics of 6527 earthquakes with 1.0 ≤ ml ≤ 5.7 and focal depths between 0 and 49 km in the Red Sea region between 1980 and 2021 show that the threshold magnitude, above which most of the Red Sea earthquakes are precisely located, is 1.5. The b-value, which identifies regional stress situations and associated energy release modalities, has a value of 0.75, less than in historical data, and averages between 0.4 and 0.85 as it varies over time, indicating modest stress accumulation. We utilised these instrumental data to examine dynamic stress patterns in the Red Sea region, shedding light on the region’s geodynamics and providing a foundation for estimating the region’s seismic hazard. The computed fractal dimension (Dc) has a relatively high value of 2.3, which is significant for the Red Sea’s geological complexity and structural diversity. This result indicates the regular distribution of Red Sea earthquakes, which occur in clusters or along fault lines. The low b-value and comparatively high Dc were most likely due to major earthquakes in the past and the greater stress they caused. The focal mechanisms of the big earthquakes, predominantly normal solutions, are consistent with the movement and extensional regime. The pressure and tension (P-T) axes show a compression axis trending NW-SE and a tension axis trending NE-SW. According to the stress inversion results, the maximum principal stress (σ1) is oriented vertically, the minimum stress axis (σ3) is subhorizontal and strikes in the NE-SW direction, and the intermediate principal stress (σ2) is trending in the NE-SW direction. The variance in the region that characterises the homogeneity of stress directions within the range is 0.19. The stress ratio (R), which identifies the faulting type, is 0.76, suggesting a normal faulting pattern for the region. The hazard parameters are expressed by the probability of exceedance for 1-, 10-, 50-, and 100-year return periods. The highest probability that an earthquake will occur within a 50-year period is thought to be around 6.0. The largest observed catalogue and instrumental magnitudes in the area, 5.7 and 6.7, respectively, show average recurrence intervals of 36 and 142 years.

Study of Aerated Lightweight Mortar Using Aluminium Powder and Local Materials

Conventional burnt clay bricks are still mostly used as building materials for both load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls in Nepal. The use of brick walls not only increases the dead loads on the structures but also becomes the main cause of casualties during the earthquake. This paper describes the development of an alternative lightweight mortar using aluminium powder to replace the bricks. The base mixture of the mortar was experimentally determined and the properties were studied with the ranging content of the aluminium powder by weight of cement. The result showed a decrease in the density and compressive strength but an increase in the water absorption while increasing aluminium powder content. The density was possible to decrease by about 52% with the use of 0.9% aluminium powder. The decrease was very less while increasing the aluminium content from 0.6% to 0.9%. The 28-day compressive strength was decreased by 59% and 63% at aluminium content of 0.6% and 0.9% respectively. With the achievement of a density of less than 1000 kg/m3 and a 28-day compressive strength of more than 7.5 MPa, the optimum content of the aluminium powder was 0.6%. The implementation of this result implies producing lightweight bricks, blocks and panels replacing the burnt clay bricks. It not only lightens the building structures and avoids the casualties during big earthquakes but also saves the environment by minimizing the carbon-di-oxide, avoids the degrading of agricultural soils and even minimizes the risk of climate change.

The Turkey/Syria Earthquake 2023: Theoretical Framework of Post-Disaster Logistics and Its Flawed Application

This paper discusses the effects of theoretical planning and framework of humanitarian aid and disaster relief. In order to ease the understanding of this theoretical topic this essay will preoccupy itself by conducting a case study: Therefore, the theoretical framework of the Turkish disaster relief institution “Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency” (AFAD) will be analyzed in depth and set into the context of the number of earthquake that took place in South East Turkey and Syria in February of 2023. The more, the success of the theoretical framework established by AFAD will be critically analyzed by comparing it to its practical implementation during the first seven days following the first big earthquake. The study results by concluding that the practical application of the framework on disaster relief and humanitarian aid was highly flawed due to interpersonal problems, affiliations and as a result of a centralized bureaucratic reform.

In Challenge of Approaching Casualties and Injured People Due to a Damaging Earthquake

During big earthquakes, one of the challenges for the decision maker is the estimation of the resources for the attention of the disaster which is computed based on the casualties and injured people, which is generated by damaging earthquake. In this investigation, two criteria for the estimation of casualties during damaging earthquake were presented forMw>6.5 in one target area, namely, Chorrillos district in the Lima metropolitan. First criterion considers the compilation of existing data that reports the casualties on damaged cities with a population density involved, considering the lifestyle, the time of occurrence, the season of the year, that could influence in the number of victims, which is normalized to avoid temporary effects in the estimation. The second criterion considers the output generated prior computed process such earthquake hazard, microzoning and risk analysis of the target area. Here a series of identification of parameters has been computed such as location of the source of earthquake, depth and epicentral distance, distribution of population, social levels, and others, to estimate the risk. For the computing of the number of casualties in the affected area, a relation between the magnitude and risk is developed. Both criteria provided results which with an uncertain measure, but not so far from each other. That gives us confidence in this approach. Also, we evaluate the estimation with the major earthquake’s scenarios for the region especially in Peru, with reasonable results.

Structural damage evaluation of mosques and minarets in Adıyaman due to the 06 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes

This paper evaluates the failures of masonry and RC minarets and mosques during the February 06, 2023, Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Two big independent earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6), which can be called the disaster of the century for Turkey and occurred at nine-hour intervals, caused a lot of loss of life and destruction in the region where approximately 16% of the country's population lived. It has been observed that the accelerations obtained from many stations exceed the response spectrum values predicted by the Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC). Numerous aftershocks occurred after the earthquakes. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the field and evaluate the structural damages of 27 different mosques and minarets in Adıyaman province, which is one of the provinces with significant losses after these earthquakes and is located on the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). Significant structural damage and total collapses occurred in mosques and minarets, which were built in masonry and reinforced concrete style, as in other types of structures. However, due to the occurrence time of the earthquakes, no loss of life caused by these structures was experienced. Very few of the mosques and minarets examined in this study behaved like earthquake-resistant structures without any damage. As a result of the field investigations, the main reason for the damages in such structures is that they were built by local masters without any engineering service.

Dynamics, interactions and delays of the 2019 Ridgecrest rupture sequence.

The observational difficulties and the complexity of earthquake physics have rendered seismic hazard assessment largely empirical. Despite increasingly high-quality geodetic, seismic and field observations, data-driven earthquake imaging yields stark differences and physics-based models explaining all observed dynamic complexities are elusive. Here we present data-assimilated three-dimensional dynamic rupture models of California's biggest earthquakes in more than 20 years: the moment magnitude (Mw) 6.4 Searles Valley and Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest sequence, which ruptured multiple segments of a non-vertical quasi-orthogonal conjugate fault system1. Our models use supercomputing to find the link between the two earthquakes. We explain strong-motion, teleseismic, field mapping, high-rate global positioning system and space geodetic datasets with earthquake physics. We find that regional structure, ambient long- and short-term stress, and dynamic and static fault system interactions driven by overpressurized fluids and low dynamic friction are conjointly crucial to understand the dynamics and delays of the sequence. We demonstrate that a joint physics-based and data-driven approach can be used to determine the mechanics of complex fault systems and earthquake sequences when reconciling dense earthquake recordings, three-dimensional regional structure and stress models. We foresee that physics-based interpretation of big observational datasets will have a transformative impact on future geohazard mitigation.

Energy Expenditure of Disaster Relief Operations Estimated Using a Tri-Axial Accelerometer and a Wearable Heart Rate Monitor.

The management of nutrition, food, and health for disaster relief personnel is one of the crucial aspects for carrying out effective rescue activities during large-scale natural disasters, such as a big earthquake, flooding, and landslide following heavy rainfall or man-made disasters, such as widespread fire in industrial areas. Rescue workers, such as fire fighters and rescue teams who work on the disaster relief operations, have to work long, hard, and irregular hours that require energy (both intake and expenditure), with especially altered eating patterns. Reliable estimates of the energy expenditure (TEE) for such disaster relief operations have not been fully established. Here, we propose to clarify the energy expenditure for each type of large-scale disaster activity conducted by fire fighters. Thirty fire fighters (survey participants in this research) who participated in the simulation training of large-scale disaster activities wore tri-axial accelerometers and heart rate monitors during training; and, post-training, 28 fire fighters submitted complete activity record tables. An estimation formula combining tri-axial accelerometer and heart rate monitor data was used. Additionally, energy expenditure per hour (excluding resting energy expenditure: REE) (per average body weight of participants) was calculated for 10 types of large-scale disaster response activities. We propose utilization of these data as a reference value for examining the TEE of firefighting and rescue operations in future large-scale disasters.

Developing pedestrian evacuation path parameters based on the requirements of Indonesia National Agency of Disaster Management and the Indicators of the Global Walkability

The tsunami incident in 2004, in Aceh, was killed around 230,000 people and destroyed more than 1,000 buildings. Many accidents also occurred related to the earthquakes and tsunamis in Indonesia. For example, when the big earthquakes happened in Padang City, people evacuated themselves by using cars or motorbikes (motorized movement). It created a problem; and became worse when the movement was not effective. All research related to evacuation movement suggested that walking is better than moving using vehicles. Thus, people who will evacuate by walking should be supported by good and sufficient infrastructure, such as the path. Up to recent time, there has been no research conducted in relation to finding the solution this problem. Therefore, this article reports on the research that focused on the parameters of the path design. The validity and reliability of the test, were measured by experts. The research respondents filled the form and their responses were taken as the data analyzed to get the parameters, indicators, and levels based on the adjustment of BNPB (National Agency of Disaster Management) and GWI (Global Walkability Indicators) guidelines. In conclusion, the four parameters: walking path mode conflict, availability of walking path, amenities, and obstruction were found.