Big Cities Research Articles

Analisis Tarif Suroboyo Bus dengan Metode Willingness To Pay dan BOK

Public transportation in big cities is very important in carrying out one of its main functions as a carrier for people's movements. For this reason, the Surabaya City Government has operationalized the Suroboyo bus, so it is necessary to conduct research to determine whether the current payment method complies with the Vehicle Operational Cost (BOK) regulations. The method used in this research is Willingness To Pay (WTP). After doing the calculations, the Willingness To Pay (WTP) value on weekdays is Rp. 4,751. This condition indicates that the current tariff for using plastic waste bottles is equivalent to Rp. 5000 so that it is still feasible or in accordance with the Willingness To Pay of Suroboyo Bus passengers. The amount of vehicle operating costs (BOK) incurred by Suroboyo Bus is Rp. 2,982 according to standard regulations of the Surabaya City Transportation Service. In terms of service users, the Suroboyo Bus fare of IDR 5,000 is also not considered burdensome or expensive because the difference between the WTP and the applied rate is not large.

Political Socialisation and Capacity Building through Decentralisation Rural Local Leadership

After attaining Independence in 1947, a committee headed by Balvantrai Mehta studied the problems of local government, like the absence of people’s participation, and suggested ways and means for improving the execution of ‘Community Development Programme’ (CDP) and ‘National Extension Service’ (NES) scheme, launched on 1952 and 1953 respectively, in a phased manner. The partial success of both CDP and NES led to the formation of a three-tier arrangement, which is the process of democratic decentralization. The political socialization process is through every human being learning the essentials of socio-political life science he or she comes into the world. The behavioral movement has sensitized scholars in comparative politics to shift their research area from the static aspects of structural, legal, and historical analysis of the rural local governments to the dynamic aspect of the functions of these institutions. This area has received impetus, especially from scholars who have been oriented toward the methodology of functionalists. India is acknowledged for its local administration through the ages. The present local government structure has its roots in Lord Mayo’s strategy of decentralization of 1870, followed by Lord Ripon’s enunciation of local government in 1884, which had heralded a new trend of bringing people to the centre-stage in managing their own affairs. Mahatma Gandhi said that “the centre of power is not in Delhi or Calcutta or Bombay or in big cities; it should be distributed among the seven hundred thousand villages of India.” The significance of local government in India has considerably increased in the post-independent India. There is a paucity of research work on political socialization aspects of the rural local body leaders at the national and international levels. This research work would add to the multidisciplinary research literature relevant to Politics and Public Administration, Social Work, Sociology, Rural Development, Economics, etc. The present research paper examines the political socialization aspects of the rural local body leaders from Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India.

The Implementation of Banjar Regent Regulation Number 46 of 2018 in Karang Intan Sub-District

Waste is a significant problem, especially in big cities, whether it's household waste or industrial waste, it's a source of serious environmental pollution problems. The advancement of industries and the modern human lifestyle, which involves consuming more artificial products that are not easily consumable, leads to the generation of solid waste that is difficult to decompose. Banjar Regent Regulation Number 46 of 2018 on the Policy and Strategy for Household Waste Management and Similar Household Waste is an important regulation in the environmental legal context in Banjar Regency. This regulation aims to implement the provisions of Presidential Regulation Number 97 of 2017 and support Banjar Regency Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2016. This article analyzes the policy, strategy, and challenges in implementing these regulations and their impact on environmental management in the Karang Intan Sub-district area.

HARPSICHORD IN THE SOUND PICTURE OF THE XX CENTURY MUSIC, EXEMPLIFIED BY F. POULENC’S СONCERT CHAMPETRE

At the beginning of the XX century harpsichord went through a major revival. The builders’, performers’, and composers’ approach to reconstruction of this instrument and its sound characteristics have created a whole new system of artistic allusions. That system was unexpected in the context of the instrument’s history, yet logical, considering the aesthetic of the time. Original harpsichord pieces of the early–20th-century composers commonly embody mechanical or automatic movements, imitate life of a big industrial city, show evil underworld forces and at the same time allude to baroque aesthetics, the interest to which triggered the revival of the instrument. Paradoxically, the harpsichord in the beginning of XX century is seen as something new and fresh, something able to replace piano, which had already passed its high point. Yet, the harpsichord revival started thanks to the new generation's interest to the music of XVII–XVIII century. Poulenc’s harpsichord concerto, known also as Concert champêtre, written for Wanda Landowska and her unique Pleyel harpsichord, is treated here as one of the brightest examples of the multiplicity of meanings of the harpsichord sound in early 20th century.

Assessing daily patterns in stimulant use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Melbourne, Australia using wastewater analysis

During the COVID-19 pandemic, one of Australia’s biggest cities, Melbourne, experienced three major isolation (“lockdown”) periods in 2020 (160 days) and in 2021 (111 days) which makes it one of the most locked down cities world-wide. This study assessed how the pandemic affected temporal trends in methamphetamine, MDMA and cocaine consumption using wastewater-based epidemiology. Daily samples were collected for most of 2020 and 2021 (n = 660 days). Concentrations were measured using direct-injection LC-MS/MS and back-calculated to consumption estimates. Results indicate that methamphetamine use was increasing before the first lockdown and decreased after the end of the first lockdown in 2020. Methamphetamine trends appeared to have remained steady throughout the second lockdown period before increasing steeply after it ended. For most of 2020, cocaine use remained steady, with an increase after the second lockdown. MDMA use decreased after the start of the first lockdown and remained steady throughout most of 2020 and 2021. In comparison to 2020, trends in 2021 were less variable and stimulant use did not appear to be as associated with COVID-19 restrictions. Overall, this study was able to show the impact of lockdown periods and the related social restrictions on illicit stimulant use. Environmental ImplicationIllicit drugs are hazardous chemicals, of concern both to humans and the environment. While studies have been undertaken to understand their temporal trends, this work utilizes wastewater-based epidemiology and daily sampling to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of methamphetamine, MDMA and cocaine on one of the most locked-down cities in the world. Understanding the consequences of this significant intervention on illicit drug use could provide valuable insights into its potential environmental impact.

The Use of Content-Marketing in Complex Development of Non-Urbanized Territories in Russia

The article deals with practical aspects of using content-marketing to improve social and economic appeal and complex development of non-urbanized territories in Russia. The author showed that the process of business climate development on territories with low population density is a whole complex of measures. In practice they are connected with target positioning of each region and spot lighting of its concrete benefits for potential partners and economically active people, who would like to swap their megalopolis for more placid life and realize themselves beyond big cities. It was shown that content-marketing can serve as a universal tool for resolving problems of regional development in Russia. It is based on approaches of step-by-step bringing the target audience to decisionmaking about buying goods, services or taking part in an investment project. In case of Russian regions it means a decision to invest in the region, set up highly-technological enterprises or business connected with agriculture. At the same time entrepreneurs could get an additional incentive for realizing their ideas in the form of state support with a broad range of tax privileges and subsidies and as maximum – availability of a preferential zone in the region, where state is interested in creating jobs and intensive development of a concrete territory. It was underlined that in Russia preferential zones are mainly arranged on non-urbanized territories far from big cities and agglomerations. The article provided examples of content-marketing functioning in promotion of existing highlytechnological enterprises and business-projects being developed now in every region of the country. The use of successful experience in developing regions was studied also on less successful territories, which require operative alterations in their positioning. A conclusion was drawn that high-quality positioning of the region is a secure investment in its development and a universal tool for sustainable development of non-urbanized territories in Russia.

Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat Melalui Kampanye Lindungi Bumi: Berhenti Membuang Sampah Sembarangan Dan Mulailah Mendaur Ulang

The waste problem is a reality that often occurs in big cities, such as Yogyakarta. Even though the Special Region of Yogyakarta is a world tourism destination. One tourist attraction that has a waste challenge is Alun-Alun Kidul Yogyakarta. This is because many people do not yet have an understanding of proper waste management. Many visitors to Alun-Alun Kidul Yogyakarta throw rubbish carelessly. Meanwhile, the available trash bins are limited and uneven. This service aims to provide an invitation to the wider community about the dangers and management of waste. Campaign activities were carried out on Friday, April 19 2024 at Alun-alun Kidul Yogyakarta. Based on the implementation of this service, not all visitors and sellers in the area understand about disposing of waste properly. However, the majority of the audience already knows, it just requires more humanistic education. This reality shows that tourists and residents can be agents of change in protecting the environment from waste.

The effect of place of living on social acceptance of shared PV projects in Switzerland

In Switzerland, solar power has the greatest potential to further advance the energy transition. As conventional rooftop PV excludes a large share of citizens from personally contributing to climate change mitigation, shared PV (photovoltaics) projects offer a more inclusive alternative, e.g. also for urban residents who are less likely to have the option to install solar panels on their own roof. Thus, investigating people’s preferences depending on the degree of urbanity of their place of residence is crucial to determine socially acceptable PV project designs. Using original Swiss survey data (N = 3000) and applying conjoint analysis, different preferences both depending on respondents’ place of living as well as for different dimensions of social acceptance are found. Most notably, big city residents are generally most in favour of such projects but they exhibit the lowest willingness to actually invest. The conjoint experiment showed that, regarding the DVs of project rating and project choice, only the reimbursement by credit vouchers significantly improved project acceptance for big city residents. This also holds true for rural residents, where, in addition, tax deductions (reimbursement), traffic infrastructure, large consumer roofs (location) and electricity provider were also positively evaluated. For the DV specifying the amount of PV modules bought, no project attribute level managed to significantly increase this number, for which only investment-reducing factors were identified: Residents from big cities invest less when a PV project is located in a skiing area or when the investment is made at an information event. For rural residents, large consumer roofs as a location decrease the scale of an investment. These factors should therefore be avoided when planning a shared PV project in order to maximise investments. Fulfilling respective preferences (i.e. according to projects’ place-based target group) may prove relevant to enhance social acceptance of shared PV projects.

The Perception of The Laz People in Ekşi Sözlük: Patriotic, Intelligent and Humorous People

In this study, the researchers have tried to determine what the perception of the Laz people by the Turkish society was. Although the ethnic origins of the Laz people in the past might be different; in the last millennium the Laz people have not only become culturally close to the Turks but also they have become ethnically united through marriages. In this process, the Laz people and Turks came to share the same religious and similar cultural codes and finally became relatives. Almost all Laz people in İstanbul and in other big cities have social, political and cultural integration with other Anatolian peoples, and this integration is evident in all its dimensions, even in Rize and Artvin, the homeland of the Laz people. In this study, the perception of the Laz people by the Turkish society was studied in 247 comments on the articles regarding the Laz people and the concept of Laz in Ekşi Sözlük. The entries were separated and analyzed as positive and negative comments. Consequently, it was understood that the perception of the Laz people by the Turkish society was predominantly positive and the Turkish people perceived the Laz people as patriotic, intelligent and humorous people.

You are what you wear: the effect of religiosity, self-esteem and materialism toward conspicuous consumption of luxury fashion products among Gen Z

PurposeThe market value of luxury goods at the global and national levels continues to increase from year to year. The sales growth of the Indonesian luxury goods market is currently at 6.6% per year. The largest sales sector in the market is the fashion sector, with more than US$700m per year. Several big cities in Asia, including Jakarta, experienced a shift in the age group of luxury goods buyers to a younger group with limited income resources. The behavior of purchasing luxury goods in the low-income group is contrary to Islamic values, which prioritize the fulfillment of needs rather than the fulfillment of desires. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the intention of Muslim Generation Z consumers to buy luxury fashion products.Design/methodology/approachThe purposive sampling method in this study involved 240 respondents who had bought luxury fashion products in the masstige category in the past two years. This study adopts the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) model and a quantitative approach through the structural equation modeling method.FindingsThe results of this study indicate that attitude towards behavior, subjective norms, self-esteem and materialism have a significant positive effect on the intention to consume luxury fashion, while the influence of religiosity was found to be insignificant. At the same time, religiosity has a significant negative effect on attitude towards behavior and subjective norms.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings indicate that if consumers who have a positive attitude toward luxury fashion purchases, can be influenced by their significant others, self-esteem and materialistic nature, then they tend to buy luxury fashion items.Originality/valueThis study extends the theory of TRA by adding religiosity, self-esteem and materialism and it uses Muslim Generation Z as the respondent. Masstige category of luxury brands is also used to take into account the affordability of its generation toward luxury fashion products.

Sistem Informasi Geografis Untuk Visualisasi Daerah Rawan Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Jalan Arteri Primer Kota Surabaya

Accidents are an event that often occurs on the highway, especially in big cities, one of which is Surabaya City. Accidents are one of the main problems for the safety of road users. Almost all activities carried out require transportation facilities, if the transportation facilities do not run well due to traffic accidents, the activities carried out will not run well. Therefore, a solution is needed to reduce accidents by building an accident-prone area information system. In determining the criteria for accident-prone areas, it is taken from the Republic of Indonesia Police, the Department of Transportation, and Public Works, based on the number of accidents, the number of fatalities of victims, and road conditions. This research is an effort to visualize the occurrence of accidents using spatial data of Surabaya City road network maps and non-spatial data, namely accident data and road data obtained from the police and the Bina Marga Service. In the final result of this research, an application is obtained that can provide visualization of accident-prone areas such as Ahmad Yani road which is a road with a high accident rate with the number of incidents and has the highest victim fatality weighting results among 9 other primary arterial roads. Keywords:Accident Prone Areas, Geographic Information System, Surabaya City, Traffic, Transportation

Future land use and land cover simulations with cellular automata-based artificial neural network: A case study over Delhi megacity (India)

According to United Nations projections, future global urban growth will mostly occur in Asian megacities. In this study, a Cellular Automata based Artificial Neural Network (CA-ANN) model is used to simulate the future land use and land cover (LULC) over Delhi megacity (India). Delhi, projected to become the world's most populated city by 2030, is an example of a data poor city in Asia, having millions of climate vulnerable people. The CA-ANN model of Modules for Land Change Simulation (MOLUSCE), an open-source plugin, is first tested to simulate the LULC for 2009. Based on good validation results-structural similarity (SSIM; 0.8288), overall accuracy (79.78 %), kappa index of agreement (KIA; 77.25 %), and minimum validation overall error (0.0379), the same model set-up is used to carry out LULC simulation for 2030. This model is found to be simple, efficient, and computationally less expensive tool, and can be used to model future LULCs with a minimal set of inputs, a constraint often found in data poor cities. Results show continued increase in built-up area from 38.3 % (2014) to 53.8 % (2030), at the expense of cultivable areas, forests, and wastelands. The study incorporates past and future LULC change trajectories to highlight the changing LULC dynamics of the megacity from 1977 to 2030. Rate of urban sprawl, calculated using compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is projected to be 2.51 % for 2014–2030, substantially higher than the estimates for 2006–2014 (0.62 %). Further, the past and future urban growth patterns for Delhi are found to mimic other big Asian cities. The database generated from the present study has wide applicability for scientific research community, governmental bodies, profit and non-profit organizations for topics concerning-future urban climate research, climate risk and adaption policy frameworks, climate finance budgeting, future town planning, etc.

Direct Field Curve Fitting Method to Determine Hardening Soil Parameter for Geotechnical Projects

Abstract In a wide archipelago country like Indonesia, transporting soil samples for laboratory tests are quite a bit of challenge in terms of cost and time as those need to be transported for weeks to nearest big cities. In-situ tests and correlation methods can be used as an alternative solution for preliminary or detailed design beside having on site laboratory. Correlating in-situ test results to hardening soil parameter (e.g. E 50) is common but it is not clear how those should be adjusted for Plaxis input. Two deep excavation projects and a lateral pile load test are used to see the performance of direct field curve fitting method utilizing SPT correlation to HS parameter. From the analysis, using E 50=4000N for clay soils and E 50=2800N for sand soils as upper bound parameters produce the best results with lesser discrepancy with the field measurements compared to calculations with lower bound parameters. For the deep excavation cases (Case 1 and Case 2), calculated lateral displacement results using upper bound parameters overestimates inclinometers measurement for less than 1.5 cm for both cases. For the case of lateral pile load test (Case 3), calculation using upper bound parameters succeed to capture a high detail of unloading-reloading curves similar to the actual measurement. This method can be used as a technique to design geotechnical projects and it proposes a framework for future research regarding a new possibility to establish various E 50 correlations.

Teaching English to Food and Beverage Staff: Problems, Challenges, and Possible Solutions

English is undoubtedly one of the requirements in the hotel and hospitality industry. All hotel staff are required to be able to communicate in English, especially those working in international hotels. This also applies in Indonesia where some international hotels are operating in big cities such as Jakarta. Unfortunately, only a few of the Indonesian hotel staff, including food and beverage employees, have adequate English language competence. Therefore, English training is a must for those working in the hotel industry. The present study, then, was carried out to investigate the problems and challenges of teaching English to food and beverage staff because they communicate with Indonesian and international hotel guests very often, for example, during breakfast, lunch, and, dinner. Careful observation was conducted to look into the problems and challenges, i.e., language problems, trainees’ speaking skills, and in-classroom- participation of each trainee. The findings revealed that most of the food and beverage staff could not communicate in English appropriately and accurately. They were not able to use proper expressions in particular situations with the hotel guests. Meanwhile, the challenges included the use of inappropriate ‘fossilized’ expressions. This implies that there should be solutions to overcome the problems and face the challenges of teaching English to food and beverage staff. Keywords: English, food and beverage staff, language competence

Class Bias in Indonesian’s Post-Reformation Film Revival

This paper describes how the Indonesian film industry has experienced a revival to counter Hollywood dominance since the beginning of the Reformation Era in the 2000s. However, conditions that hinder the growth of the Indonesian film industry are mainly due to the concentration of movie theatres and film screens in big cities. Indonesian films are predominantly consumed by groups from the upper socioeconomic levels and ignored by the middle and lower economic strata. This article seeks to portray whether the movement against Hollywood dominance would be effective if Indonesian films were only directed at this particular audience segment. To analyse the development of the Indonesian film industry in the post-reformation era (2000-current), the authors used a nationwide survey from Saiful Mujani Research and Consulting, conducted from August 31 to September 9, 2019, shortly before the COVID-19 Pandemic hit globally. To corroborate the survey's findings, the authors also distributed a closed questionnaire to 100 students at Undergraduate Program in Communication, Universitas Indonesia, and followed this with in-depth interviews with several students. The authors seek to study the revival of Indonesian films despite the decade-long dominance of Hollywood films and, recently, South Korean films. The research question proposed in this paper is: Can Indonesia break away from Hollywood's dominance? For this reason, this research focuses on the availability and modality of Indonesian market-targeted millennial and post-millennial film audiences to support the revival of the national film industry to compete with the dominance of Hollywood films. Keywords: Class bias, Indonesian films’ revival, taste culture, movie theaters, Hollywood films.

Pembelajaran Kreatif Tari Jaipong Tingkat Anak Usia Dini: Tinjauan pada Sanggar Kartika Chandra Kirana Bekasi

The education system in Indonesia consists of three important sub-systems: formal, informal and non-formal education. The main focus in this research is non-formal education, which has become an alternative for those who wish to explore their talents and interests outside the scope of formal education. This research highlights the significant role of dance studios as a form of non-formal education that has experienced rapid development in Indonesia, especially in big cities such as Bekasi. The Kartika Chandra Kirana dance studio is a type of non-formal education that has an important role in preserving Indonesian arts and culture, especially in the context of dance. The aim of learning dance at this studio is not only focused on developing technical skills, but also on understanding and appreciating cultural values ​​and can increase the creativity of young children. In the learning process, this studio applies various learning methods, including cooperative methods, peer tutoring, demonstrations, discussions and lectures. Students are also evaluated regularly, including through participation in the Jaipong Dance competition at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah every six months. Through these various learning and evaluation methods, students can develop their dance skills, increase self-confidence, and gain a deeper understanding of Indonesian culture. In this way, Sanggar Kartika Chandra Kirana plays a role not only as a place for dance learning, but also as a forum for preserving and developing Indonesia's cultural heritage and forming students' character holistically.

Penggunaan Pseudosa japonica (Bambu Jepang) sebagai Sound Barrier Alami di Markas Militer Komando Pasukan Khusus

The development of the times will always be accompanied by an increase in population, so infrastructure and a comfortable place to live are needed. However, currently many residential areas are close to public facilities such as stations, highways, airports, and so on. This condition causes noise intensity. Noise intensity can cause health, psychological, communication and productivity problems. Noise is a source of anxiety or pollution, especially in big cities in Indonesia. So, efforts are needed to deal with this. One solution is a natural barrier using Japanese bamboo plants (Pseudosa japonica). Noise measurements are carried out based on the Decree of the Minister of the Environment Number 48 of 1996, namely in a simple way. This research aims to determine the effect of using noise dampening using Japanese bamboo plants and the factors that influence it From the measurements and tests that have been carried out, it is concluded that this barrier can have a significant influence on noise reduction. Noise has little effect on temperature and altitude. The reason is the position of the building is still higher than the position of the bamboo plants which serve as barriers. The highest Ls values ​​are found on Mondays and Saturdays because these 2 days are the start of community activities and the start of holidays. Based on these results, it is necessary to improve the source and arrangement of Japanese bamboo plants according to technical instructions.

Service quality dimensions in Austrian food retailing – a text mining approach for physical retail stores

ABSTRACT Investigating Service Quality (SQ) and its implications for customer satisfaction has become an increasingly popular research area. Especially in the context of physical grocery retailing, ensuring customer satisfaction has become a key success factor. Most previous research studies apply traditional methods (e.g. surveys) for physical shops and utilize text mining-based approaches mainly for e-commerce. In our paper, we propose a novel approach based on LDA. By combining expert-based word counting analysis with the LDA approach, we confirm that unsupervised text mining based on LDA can be used as a reliable approach to cluster textual comments to SQ dimensions in physical retail settings. We have analyzed over 163,000 publicly available textual customer reviews related to the Austrian market, which is special in terms of its extremely high density of retail outlets, high price levels and a tendency towards traditional form of shopping. Our results show that personal interaction, policies, and product-related aspects seem to be positive drivers of customer satisfaction, while reliability is a clear driver of customer dissatisfaction. Results also show a significantly higher relevance of personal interaction in smaller stores and cities with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants than in other store types and bigger cities. Regarding practical implications, hypermarkets should focus on physical aspects to reduce negative reviews and increase efforts in personal interaction to increase positive reviews. On the other hand, smaller stores should continue to rely on personal interaction to avoid negative reviews and might focus on higher reliability to generate more positive reviews. The applied text-mining approach enables future research with a starting base to analyze SQ dimensions and their relevance in additional countries or area, as e.g. fashion or hardware retail.

URBAN UPGRADE IN BISKRA’S SHANTYTOWNS SAMPLE: THE NEIGHBORHOODS OF SIDI GHAZEL AND SIDI ROUAG (ALGERIA)

The shantytowns or slum area started to appear in the urban fabric within town zones in Algeria during the colonial period. This situation endured after the independence, in particular during the seventies of the last century. The reasons : a population growth and an increasing urbanization in big and intermediate cities, in addition to the industrial establishment resulting from the development choices. This latter wasn’t supported by balanced development. The impact was obvious on the urban development of the Algerian cities. Hence, the slum areas increased outside the town urban perimeter, where the public lands and the lands inconvenient for urbanization such as river shores, old quarries and hills. The citizen, in cause of that, stood in a permanent conflict with the relevant authorities, in particular municipalities, to settle the situation or to remove definitively the house. Hence, this situation leads to a degradation in the urban fabric and planning of numerous cities. The Governorate of Biskra was also affected by this phenomenon starting from the 1970s. It results, among other reasons, from its elevation to the status of Governorate in 1974 following the second administrative structuring in Algeria after the independence.

Housing conditions and risk of incident COPD: a Danish cohort study, 2000–2018

BackgroundMore knowledge is needed on the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with housing conditions and indoor environment based on cohort studies with a long follow-up time.ObjectiveTo examine the association between housing conditions and indoor environment and the risk of developing COPD.MethodsIn this cohort study, we followed 11,590 individuals aged ≥ 30 years free of COPD at baseline. Information on incident COPD and housing conditions and indoor environment was obtained from the Danish national registers and the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey year 2000. Poisson regression of incidence rates (IRs) were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of COPD.ResultsThe overall IR of COPD was 8.6 per 1,000 person-years. Individuals living outside the biggest cities vs. living in the biggest cities (≥ 50,000) had a lower risk of COPD (200-4,999; IRR 0.77 (95% CI 0.65-0.90). Individuals living in semi-detached houses had a higher risk compared to individuals living in detached houses (IRR 1.29 (95% CI 1.07-1.55)). Likewise, individuals living in rented homes had a higher risk (IRR 1.47 (95% CI 1.27-1.70)) compared to individuals living in owned homes. The IR of COPD was 17% higher among individuals living in dwellings build > 1982 compared with individuals living in older dwellings (< 1962), not statistically significant though (IRR 0.83 (95% CI 0.68-1.03)). Likewise, the IR of COPD was 15% higher among individuals living in the densest households compared with individuals living in the least dense households, not statistically significant though (IRR 1.15 (95% CI 0.92-1.45)). This was primary seen among smokers. There was no difference in risk among individuals with different perceived indoor environments. Overall, similar patterns were seen when stratified by smoking status with exception of perceived indoor environment, where opposite patterns were seen for smokers and never smokers.ConclusionIndividuals living in semi-detached houses or rented homes had a higher risk of developing COPD compared to individuals living in detached or owned homes. Individuals living in cities with < 50.000 residents had a lower risk of COPD compared to individuals living in cities with ≥ 50.000 residents.