Biebrich Scarlet Research Articles

Adsorption of the Color Pollutant onto NiO Nanoparticles Prepared by a New Green Method

Green synthesis methods have emerged as favorable techniques for the synthesis of nano-oxides due to their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and non-toxicity. In this study, Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) were synthesized using the aqueous extract of Laurus nobilis leaves as a natural capping agent. The synthesized NiO-NPs were employed as an adsorbent for the removal of Biebrich Scarlet (BS) dye from aqueous solution using adsorption technique. Comprehensive characterization of NiO-NPs was performed using various techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, operational parameters including adsorbent weight, adsorption duration, temperature, pH value, and initial BS dye concentration were optimized for the adsorption process. Isotherm analysis indicated a better fit of the Langmuir model with equilibrium experimental data than the Freundlich model. The kinetic study revealed that the Pseudo-second-order (PSO) model was more suitable to represent the adsorption process compared to the Pseudo-first-order (PFO) kinetic model. Thermodynamic analysis encompassing the changes in Gibbs free energy (∆G˚), enthalpy (∆H˚), and entropy (∆S˚) unveiled that the adsorption of BS dye onto NiO-NPs was a spontaneous endothermic process with an increase in the randomness.

Insights into the enhanced photocatalytic and antioxidant properties of novel biogenically synthesised β-In2S3 quantum dots

ABSTRACT In the field of nanoscience and nanobiotechnology, the use of plant extracts in synthesising metal sulphide nanoparticles has lately come to light as an intriguing issue with several benefits over traditional physicochemical methods. Herein, bio-mediated novel β-In2S3 quantum dots were fabricated using Camellia sinensis var. assamica (tea) leaf extract as a stabilising and capping agent through a facile solvothermal technique to evaluate the photocatalytic and antioxidant characteristics. The prepared green β-In2S3 quantum dots (g-β-In2S3), having a bandgap of 2.0 eV, were employed for the degradation of three major categories of dyes Xanthane (Rhodamine B), Triphenylmethane (Malachite Green), and Azo (Biebrich Scarlet). It also showed excellent antioxidant properties compared to standard ascorbic acid and pure chemically synthesised β-In2S3. The g-β-In2S3 quantum dots were characterised for their crystal structure, morphology, surface functional groups, charge recombination delay, and chemical composition using XRD, PL, FTIR, UV-DRS, SEM, TEM, and XPS analyses. The fabricated material showed high crystallinity of 77.17%, a particle size of 6.97 nm, and spherical morphology. The greenly synthesised β-In2S3 displayed enhanced photocatalytic performance, indicating that bio-synthesis can be a superb method to create flexible and environmentally friendly goods. About 75.28 ± 1.69%, 72.31 ± 1.43%, and 62.21 ± 1.14% for Rhodamine B, Malachite Green, and Biebrich Scarlet could be degraded within 60 min of visible light irradiation via β-In2S3/H2O2 system. The kinetics and the mechanism of the degradation of dyes by g-β-In2S3 are also discussed. This work highlighted the potential of g-β-In2S3 quantum dots for enhanced visible light, advanced oxidation process-assisted degradation of dyes, and outstanding antioxidant properties.

Suitability of high-molecular-weight tissue-derived elastin polypeptides and their particles as cosmetic biomaterials.

We aimed to determine the coacervation properties of high-molecular-weight (HMW) tissue-derived elastin (TDE) and to examine the potential use of TDE particles as a cosmetic biomaterial. TDE solutions were filtered and divided into three fractions (1-3) according to the molecular weight of the elastin. The turbidity of fraction 2, which contained a large portion (58%) of HMW elastin polypeptides (>100 kDa), was measured under several pH values (3.0-11.0) and NaCl concentrations (0-1000 mM) to examine its coacervation ability. HMW TDE exhibited coacervation under the physiological conditions (temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration) of the skin surface. We performed inclusion and release experiments using three model chemicals with different molecular weights and measured the size and zeta potential of the fraction 3 particles to investigate the suitability of HMW elastin polypeptides. Fraction 3, which contained a larger portion (64%) of HMW elastin polypeptides, displayed a strong coacervation property at a phase transition temperature of 19.8 ± 0.1°C. The inclusion ratio of the model chemical Biebrich Scarlet (BS) with a molecular weight of <600 was approximately 92.1 ± 0.7%. The release profiles of BS from the particles linearly increased and reached a plateau after 15 days. Moreover, the average size of the particles with BS was 474.2 ± 24.6 nm. The low-molecular-weight (LMW) elastin peptides have moisturizing and whitening functions for the skin. We concluded that TDE, as a mixture of HMW polypeptides and LMW peptides, can potentially serve as a multifunctional and effective cosmetic biomaterial.

Adsorption of Biebrich Scarlet Dye into Remains Chromium and Vegetable Tanned Leather as Adsorbents

Chromium tanned leather wastes (CTLW) and vegetable tanned leather wastes (VTLW) were used as adsorbent materials to remove the Biebrich scarlet dye (BS), as an anionic dye from wastewater, using an adsorption method. The effects of various factors, such as weight of leather waste, time of shaking, and the starting concentration of Biebrich scarlet dye, temperature and pH were studied. It described the adsorption process using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The obtained results agreed well with the Langmuir model, and the maximum adsorption capacities of CTLW and VTLW were 73.5294 and 78.1250 mg.g⁻¹, respectively, suggesting a monolayer adsorption process. The adsorption kinetic was found to follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with correlation coefficients R2 &gt; 0.9982 and 0.9900 for CTLW and VTLW, respectively. The results predicted that chromium leather wastes were more suitable adsorbents for the removal of BS dye from wastewater than vegetable tanned leather wastes, and the adsorption process is endothermic, according to the study of the effect of temperature.

Fabrication of ZnO–SnO2 nanocomposite and its photocatalytic activity for enhanced degradation of Biebrich scarlet

The n-n-type ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposite was fabricated using malic acid following a simple one-pot co-precipitation method. The fabricated ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposite was employed as a photocatalyst in the degradation of Biebrich scarlet dye under UV254 light. TEM, SAED, XRD, XPS, EDX, FTIR, and UV spectra have been recorded to characterize the synthesized ZnO-SnO2 nanostructures. TEM studies found that the average particle size was 10-12nm, and the SAED confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the synthesized nanocomposite. It was found that 97% of 10mg/L Biebrich scarlet dye was degraded by 25mg/L of photocatalyst within 40-min irradiation of UV254 light at an optimum pH of 6. Further studies showed that the degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 5.48 × 10-2min-1. The fabricated ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposite was reusable up to 8 times; hence, it proved to be an efficient catalyst for the photodegradation of Biebrich scarlet dye.

Chemically modified chitosan‑sodium alginate as chemo-sensor adsorbent for the detection of picric acid and removal of biebrich scarlet

We report here on the green synthesis method of hydrogel nanocomposite (Na-Ala/Chit-cl-polyAAm/CQDs) incorporated with carbon quantum dots for picric acid sensing and biebrich scharlet dye removal from industrial waste water. The nanocomposite precursor was derived from chitosan‑sodium alginate hybrid backbone and acrylamide monomer through the formation of semi-IPN matrix (Na-Ala/Chit-cl-polyAAm). The swelling percentage of semi-IPN can be controlled through process parameters such as reaction time, temperature, pH, water volume, acrylamide, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide and ammonium persulphate concentrations. Hydrogel nanocomposite displayed 99% quenching efficiency for the selective detection of picric acid and 96% dye removal efficiency was found to be observed for the removal of biebrich scarlet dye. The sorption was found to be favorable though Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms along with the 2nd order kinetics. The devices were found to be recyclable and reusable up to six consecutive cycles indicating their applicability in textile industries for the treatment of effluents.

RSM-CCD optimized sodium alginate/gelatin based ZnS-nanocomposite hydrogel for the effective removal of biebrich scarlet and crystal violet dyes.

The present work represents RSM-CCD (Response Surface Methodology integrated Central composite Design) optimized synthesis scheme of semi-IPN (semi interpenetrating network) NaAla-Gel-cl-polyAAm and ZnS nanocomposite adsorbent NaAla-Gel-cl-polyAAm/ZnS. Under optimized reaction parameters semi-IPN NaAla-Gel-cl-polyAAm showed maximum swelling percentage of 3191.73%. Maximum dye removal percentage (97.37%) was observed with ZnS nanocomposite for the removal of biebrich scarlet. The adsorption isotherm data indicated that Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm fitted well for biebrich scarlet (R2 = 0.964) and crystal violet (R2 = 0.960), respectively. ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° values indicated the thermodynamic feasibility of the reaction. Excellent recyclability and reusability of the adsorbent materials suggested their applicability towards textile industry and water purification purpose.

Fabrication of DSSCs with biebrich scarlet, alizarine cyanine green and evans blue dyes as new organic photosensitizers

Abstract Dye sensitized solar cells are photoelectrochemical cells mimicking photosynthesis. They represent a new generation of solar cells which is intensively studied nowadays. This cell was fabricated using TiO2 nanoparticles coated on FTO glass, organic dyes as photosensitizer, PEDOT:PSS as counter electrode and iodide-triiodide as electrolyte. The present work aims at the use of low cost new organic dyes viz. biebrich scarlet, alizarine cyanine green and evans blue for DSSC as an alternative to metallic dyes. In the present work, I-V characteristics, energy or power conversion efficiencies of the dyes have been studied in different solvents. The photoelectrochemical properties of the dyes were observed under 1.5 AM condition.

Optimizing Biebrich Scarlet removal from water by magnetic zeolite 13X using response surface method

The aim of this work was to study the removal of anionic Biebrich Scarlet (BS) dyes from aqueous solution by using magnetic Fe3O4 zeolite 13X (Fe3O4/13X). The composite adsorbent, synthesized by co-precipitation method, was characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM), as well as Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) and Zeta Potential (ZP) measurements. The three-factor Central Composite Design (CCD) combined with Response Surface Modeling (RSM) was used for maximizing the BS dye removal from aqueous solution. The three independent variables, namely the solution pH (in the 3–9 range), initial dye concentration (30–100 mg/L) and adsorbent mass (90–350 mg/L) served as inputs to the quadratic model of adsorption capacity. The findings yielded by analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the high significance of the regression model. The predicted values of the BS adsorption capacity were in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. Optimized conditions for maximum BS dye removal by Fe3O4/13X were pH 3.10, 98.05 mg/L initial dye concentration, and 288.82 mg/L adsorbent mass. The validity of the quadratic model was examined by conducting experiments in which the optimum values of process variables were employed, and good agreement was found between the experimental and predicted values. The present study shows that magnetic zeolite can be used as an adsorbent for highly efficient BS dye removal.

Removal of the anionic dye Biebrich scarlet from water by adsorption to calcined and non-calcined Mg–Al layered double hydroxides

A native layered double hydroxide Mg–Al–CO3, denominated LDH, containing Mg(II) and Al(III) in the layers, was prepared by a co-precipitation method. Its calcined form Mg–Al, (CLDH), was obtained by calcination at 500°C. Both materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and the determination of the point of zero charge. The porous structure of the solids was investigated by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The adsorptive affinity of these materials for Biebrich Scarlet was studied as a function of dye–adsorbent contact time, initial pH of the solution, initial dye concentration, and temperature. Sorption kinetics data fitted best to a pseudo-second-order model suggesting that the process of BS adsorption is controlled by reaction rate for interaction of dye molecules rather than by diffusion. Equilibrium data for both adsorbents were in accordance with both Sips and Langmuir isotherm models. The sorption capacity of CLDH was found to be almost independent on the initial pH, while sorption capacity of LDH was lower in neutral and alkaline conditions than at acidic pH. The adsorption process was also found to be spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

Characterization of an azo-dye-degrading white rot fungus isolated from Malaysia

Sixty-three local white-rot fungi were isolated from soil and wood samples on potato dextrose agar (PDA). All these isolates were screened for their ability to degrade 4 textile azo dyes;Ponceau 2R (C.I. 16450), Orange G (C.I. 16230), Direct Blue 71 (C.I. 34140) and Biebrich Scarlet (C.I. 26905). Out of 40 isolates that gave positive results, only 1 promising isolate which completely degrades all 4 dyes in the minimum amount of time was selected for further investigation. This isolate was sourced from University Putra Malaysia (UPM) Serdang campus.The isolate was tentatively identified as Coriolopsis sp. Strain arf5 based on the analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Nutritional studies on defined solid medium showed that this isolate was only able to degrade the 4 azo dyes under nitrogen-limiting conditions and an additional carbon source (glucose) need to be added to provide sufficient energy for the degradation to occur. Various parameters were optimized.

Improved energy efficiency of photogalvanic cell with four dyes as photosensitizers in Tween 60- Ascorbic acid system

The objective of this work was to increase the energy efficiency of photogalvanic cell using four dyes; Amido Black 10B, Bromocresol purple, Carmine and Biebrich scarlet as photosensitizers in Tween 60-Ascorbic acid system. Observed values of photopotential, photocurrent, fill factor, conversion efficiency and storage capacity for Tween 60 - Amido Black 10B - Ascorbic acid system were 996 mV, 420 µA, 0.38, 1.62%, 130 min, Tween 60 - Bromocresol purple - Ascorbic acid system were 811 mV, 65 µA, 0.50, 0.32%, 150 min, Tween 60 - Carmine - Ascorbic acid system were 844 mV, 190 µA, 0.43, 0.81%, 170 min. and Tween 60 - Biebrich Scarlet - Ascorbic acid system were 919mV, 210 µA, 0.41, 0.89%, 75 min, respectively. Comparative energy efficiency in all four systems studied in detail and all comparative data are discussed in the paper. Finally system with Amido black 10B and Carmine dyes was proposed as efficient system in view of solar energy conversion and storage. Key words: Amido black 10B, bromocresol purple, carmine, biebrich scarlet, energy efficiency.

Electrochemical Reduction Prior to Electro-Fenton Oxidation of Azo Dyes: Impact of the Pretreatment on Biodegradability

The aim of this work was to study the degradation of three azo dyes, Orange II, Methyl red and Biebrich Scarlet by electro-Fenton and the effect of the electrochemical pretreatment on the biodegradability of the solutions. The electrochemical pretreatment showed that an electrochemical reduction on the carbon felt electrode was mainly responsible for the decolorization of the azo dyes. Indeed, the electrochemical behaviour of the azo dyes highlighted their electroactivity; electrolysis with and without ferric ions led to the same decolorization yield, namely 99 % at 15 min for Methyl red, and stable chemical oxygen demand (COD) values were recorded during decolorization. In a second step and owing to the absence of by-product electroactivity in reduction, the formation of hydroxyl radicals by the Fenton reaction led to the oxidation of by-products from the electrochemical reduction. It was illustrated by the decrease recorded for the COD values. The results also showed that the azo bond cleavage occurring during the electrochemical reduction was not sufficient to significantly reduce recalcitrance, as shown from biological oxygen demand (BOD)5/COD ratio examination below the limit of biodegradability (0.4). Contrarily, a positive trend was recorded for Orange II during the electro-Fenton reaction, with a BOD5/COD ratio of 0.81 after 28 h of pretreatment.

Energy efficiency, solar energy conversion and storage in photogalvanic cell

Solar generating photogalvanic cell collect the energy from the sun for conversion to electricity. In the present work photogalvanic effect was studied in photogalvanic cell consisting Tween 60 – Biebrich scarlet – Ascorbic acid system. The photopotential, photocurrent and power generated in cell were 919.0mV, 210.0μA and 93.15μW respectively. The conversion efficiency and storage capacity reported in this article as 0.8967% and 75.0min. respectively. The effects of other parameters on the cell electrical output were investigated and a cell photoreaction mechanism for the generation of the photocurrent has also been proposed. The results also shown the efficiency along with storage performance of a photogalvanic cell based on Tween 60 – Bibrich scarlet – Ascorbic acid system.

Intense low threshold nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction in a new organic–polymer nanocomposite

Intense reverse saturable absorption is reported for the first time in solid films of a new organic–polymer nanocomposite, cast by doping Biebrich Scarlet dye in a vinyl polymer host polyvinyl alcohol for various concentrations, as studied employing the Z-scan technique at 442 nm under different peak incident intensities ranging from 9.37 × 10 2 to 104.18 × 10 2 W cm −2. The sample also exhibited nonlinear refraction under the experimental conditions. The estimated values of the effective coefficients of nonlinear absorption β eff(0.27 × 10 −2 to 45.5 × 10 −2 cm W −1) as well as nonlinear refraction n 2 (−1.5 × 10 −7 to −2.75 × 10 −7 cm 2 W −1) measured up to the highest reported ones for low power continuous wave excitation. The composite films were characterized as nanoclusters consisting of dye molecules encapsulated between larger molecules of the amorphous polymer and having a low average roughness (≈1 nm) for the surface. These results, together with the simple and flexible processing method for the dye–polymer composite, imply that BS–PVA composite films have promising optical properties as an efficient low threshold nanocomposite material for potential applications in nonlinear optical devices.

The characteristics of type I, III collagen and LN in pulmonary fibrosis induced by uranium ore dust in rats

To explore the characteristics of LN and type I, III collagen in pulmonary fibrosis induced by uranium ore dust in rats. 60 adult Wistar rats were divided randomly into two groups, control group (30 rats) and uranium ore dust group (30 rats). Non-exposed intratracheal instillation method was used. Uranium ore dust group was exposed 20 mg/ml uranium ore dust suspension 1ml per rat, meanwhile control group was exposed normal saline 1ml per rat. Post-exposed the 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60 d, 6 rats in each group were killed randomly, lung tissue were collected. The pathological changes in lung tissue were observed by microscope using HE staining, the collagen I and III in lungs were observed by polarizing microscope using Biebrich scarlet staining. The expression of LN protein in lung tissue was observed by immunohistochemistry-SP. During lung fibrosis, a large amount of the proliferated I and III collagen in lungs were observed. Post-exposure to uranium ore dust, the characteristics in proliferated collagen in lungs were type I collagen deposited in lung interstitium mainly in the early stage. The area percentage of collagen I and III was increased significantly at 7, 14, 21, 30 and 60d in the experimental group as compared with that in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The over expression of LN in the lung tissue were observed. The expression of LN was distributed in the lung tissue as thickening of the linear or cluster. The integral optical density of LN was increased significantly at 21, 30 and 60 d in the experimental group as compared with that in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). After exposure to uranium ore dust, the characteristics in proliferated collagen in lungs are the type of I collagen deposited in lung interstitium mainly in the early stage, while the type of III collagen increase significantly at the later period. The overexpression of LN exists in the process of pulmonary fibrosis. It suggests that LN has a role effect in the process of pulmonary fibrosis.

Effective Decolorization of Azo Dye Utilizing SnO2/CuO/Polymer Films under Simulated Solar Light Irradiation

AbstractSnO2/CuO/polymer flexible thin films were prepared by a solution casting technology and characterized by high‐resolution TEM and XRD. The influences of key operational parameters on photocatalytic decolorization of azo dye (Biebrich Scarlet Red, BSR) were investigated systematically. The results showed good crystalline and clear lattice spacings of the novel composite photocatalyst. BSR was bleached effectively and the decolorization efficiency was &gt;98 % in the presence of 1.0 g L–1 photocatalyst under simulated solar light irradiation. The decolorization was more effective in acidic solution with the optimal pH in the range of 4–6. The tested co‐anions in general decreased the decolorization rates by decreasing the adsorption of BSR on the surface of the photocatalyst and reacting with positive hole (h+)/hydroxyl radicals (HO·).

Photocatalytic decolorization of biebrich scarlet dye in aqueous phase using different nanophotocatalysts

In the present study, the photocatalytic decolorization of biebrich scarlet dye (BS) has been investigated in a batch reactor under UV light in slurry mode using different nanophotocatalysts (TiO 2, ZnO, CdS and ZnS). ZnO was found to be a better photocatalyst among others for the decolorization of BS. The optimum values of different parameters viz. catalyst dose, pH of the solution and initial concentration of the substrate affecting the decolorization rate of BS were obtained by varying catalyst dose (0.25–1.25 g/L), pH (3–11) and initial concentration (5–100 mg/L). The nano-sized ZnO was synthesized by using precipitation method. The characterization of the prepared ZnO was done with XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM and TEM analysis. Then the photodecolorization of the model compound was investigated by using prepared ZnO under optimized conditions. Further the comparative evaluation of the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO and commercial ZnO powder was made. It was observed that the synthesized nanoparticles exhibited better photocatalytic activity. Experiments were also performed to investigate the reusability of the synthesized ZnO.

Supported photocatalysis as a pre‐treatment prior to biological degradation for the removal of some dyes from aqueous solutions; Acid Red 183, Biebrich Scarlet, Methyl Red Sodium Salt, Orange II

AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of coupling photocatalysis and a biological treatment for the removal of azo dyes from aqueous effluents. Biological processes do not always appear relevant for dyes removal, owing to the low or total absence of biodegradability of this class of pollutants.RESULTS: During photocatalysis pre‐treatment, a decrease in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) indicated oxidation of the target compound and thus a change in the chemical structure; better biodegradability or less toxicity could then be expected. However, the concomitant decrease in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), characteristic of a high mineralization yield, led to nearly constant COD:DOC ratios, which was unfavorable for an increase in biodegradability. It was confirmed by the low values found for the ratios biological oxygen demand (BOD5) to COD, which remained in the range 0.09–0.19, namely below 0.4 after photocatalytic reaction. Moreover, toxicity increased or remained at a high level after irradiation of the azo dyes for 3 h, and decreased only for Orange II, from toxic (EC50 = 53%) to moderately toxic (EC50 = 76%).CONCLUSION: An integrated process involving photocataysis and biological treatment to treat azo dyes appeared unsuitable under the conditions tested and may only be considered for Orange II among the four dyes tested. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

Resonance Rayleigh scattering for detection of proteins in HPLC

An HPLC-resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) (HPLC-RRS) detection system is described for separation and detection of proteins. This system is based on the modification of a commercial HPLC instrument involving the addition of a pump and a T-shaped interface, and a common fluorescence detector was used for detection. The detection principle is based on the change of RRS intensity of the ion-association complex formed from biebrich scarlet (BS) and protein. The RRS signal was detected at lambdaex=lambdaem=376 nm. The utility of the presented method was demonstrated by the separation and determination of four proteins involving cytochrome (Cyt-c), lysozyme (Lys), HSA, and gamma-globulin (gamma-Glo). An LOD of 0.2-1.0 microg/mL was reached and a linear range was found between peak area and concentration in the range of 0.20-3.0 microg/mL for Cyt-c, 0.25-2.5 microg/mL for Lys, 1.5-10 microg/mL for HSA, and 2.0-15 microg/mL for gamma-Glo, with linear regression coefficients all above 0.99. The method presented has been applied to determine HSA and gamma-Glo in human serum samples synchronously.