Bidi Tobacco Research Articles

Study of gene effects for seed oil yield and its component traits in bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Study of gene effects for seed oil yield and its component traits in bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

Hepato-protective potential of Choline and DHA supplements in rats exposed to tobacco particulate matter-A histological study

Introduction: Smokeless tobacco is known to induce liver damage by decreasing its detoxifying capability. Chronic exposure to tobacco particulate matter in various forms jeopardizes the normal function of vital organs including the liver. The tobacco rolled in tendu leaf; known as ‘bidi’ is an unfiltered cigarette having tobacco content that is different from those used in cigarettes and is referred to as 'bidi tobacco'. Bidi smoking or chronic exposure to bidi tobacco causes multi-organ diseases. Choline and docosahexaenoic acid (C & DHA) are dietary components known to have hepato-protective action. But the combined action of choline and DHA on tobacco particulate-induced liver damage is largely unknown. The present study was designed to assess the hepato-protective potential of choline and DHA supplements to rat dams and pups exposed to tobacco particulate matter. Liver histological changes were analyzed from groups of Wistar rat dams and their pups [Unexposed Normal controls (NC) and those exposed to different tobacco particulate matters namely, tendu leaf smoke, tobacco dust, and bidi smoke] with or without supplementation of both choline and DHA. Results: Hepatocytic morphological architecture showed non-alcoholic fatty changes in all rats exposed to tobacco particulate matter and more so visibly higher in tobacco dust exposed groups compared to the same in age-matched NC group. These changes were ameliorated in rats supplemented with choline & DHA and exposed to tobacco particulate matter. Conclusion: Chronic exposure of mothers and their offspring to tobacco particulates causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with microstructural changes. Dietary supplementation of choline and DHA to rats exposed to tobacco particulate matter provides hepato-protection and ameliorates the hepatocytic morphological changes.

Host Suitability of Tobacco Leaf Eating Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura F.) under Laboratory Condition

A study was conducted at the Bidi Tobacco Research Station, AAU, Anand laboratory during kharif (June-October 2021) to determine the most suitable host plant of S. litura among the groundnut, tobacco and castor. A statistically designed lab experiment using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) having twenty-five Repetitions and three treatments was laid out. Total life span of S. litura was longer on castor followed by groundnut and least duration was observed on tobacco. The egg hatching % was found more or less similar in each of host crop. Eggs were clustered and covered in tiny buff-colored hairs that resembled hairs on the gravid female’s abdomen tip. The total larval period from the first to sixth instar was recorded longer on castor followed by on groundnut and tobacco. Last larval instar was very active and consuming prolifically on leaves, resulting in the whole leaf being fed with just the mid rib remaining. The pupal period was found similar on three different hosts. Pupa become shiny, greenish in color after that color change from greenish to brownish yellow to light brown to dark brown in color with shiny appearance. Adult longevity of both male and female was found to be longer on castor followed by groundnut and tobacco. Adult moths (both male and female) were yellowish brown in colour, with a prominent head and black compound eyes. The female was somewhat bigger and stouter than the male. Fecundity (egg masses female-1) of adult female was noticed similarly in different host crops. Sex ratio of S. litura on groundnut was 1:1, on castor 1:1.09 and on tobacco 1:1.38.

Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Analysis of the Bidi Tobacco Growing Areas of India.

The monsoon extremities, such as heavy rainfall, drought, and cyclones are becoming frequent across India and causing substantial damage to commercial crops. To predict/identify the trend in rainfall of Bidi tobacco growing areas were studied for variability, trend, and detection of any change in monthly rainfall over the years (1990-2020) using Mann-Kendall trend analysis and Sen’s slope tests. Monthly rainfall in three unique Bidi production zones has shown distinct trends. A positive trend was observed in March, April, August, September, November, and December while negative trends were in June and July months in Gujarat. During the crop growth period, the trend is positive except in October, the magnitude of change was negligible. However, supplemental irrigation is to be planned during water deficit periods of the nursery (June and July) and critical crop growth periods. In Karnataka, a positive trend from February to October was observed while a negative trend during November, December, and January. The magnitude was high in January (+) and September (-) and significant. The period of negative trend has coincided with the harvesting hence, the crop may not get affected. However, high rainfall during the crop growth period causes a detrimental effect. To mitigate the inundation proper drainage facility should be created through field channels to flush out excess water to avoid saturation at the root zone as this crop is especially extremely sensitive to poor aeration and anaerobic conditions. A positive trend was observed in January, February, March, June, August, and September months in Andhra Pradesh, whereas a negative trend was high in October & November which coincided with crop growth and might significantly affect Bidi tobacco. The positive trend in rainfall during June is high and the same can be utilized for nursery during July-August through proper moisture conservation measures.

Agronomic Practices Enhancing the Productivity of Bidi Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum L.) – A Review

Bidi tobacco is commercially cultivated under rainfed vertisols in late rainy season i.e., September (2nd fortnight). Six week old seedlings should be planted during August-September at planting geometry of 75 cm x 75 cm and ridge planting is advisable for higher moisture conservation. Standard bidi tobacco production requires 110 kg N, 70 kg P2 O5 and 50 kg K2 O ha-1 which is closely dependent on mineral nutrient supply. Topping is done either at bud stage or early flowering stage by keeping 12–15 leaves. Bidi tobacco grown with two irrigations each at 5 cm depth / 0.4 IW/ CPE (first at 60 days after transplanting and second between 35-45 days after first irrigation) increased the yield which resulted from more leaf width. Foliar application of 2.5% KNO3 or 2.5% AS + SOP twice at 45 and 60 DAT to bidi tobacco is optimum for supply of nitrogen and potassium under moisture deficit condition. Application of foliar spray with Triacontanol 0.1% EW @ 2ml /l at early growth stage and grand growth stage is economical during drought period. Bidi tobacco recorded higher seed yield (532 kg ha-1) and oil yield (173.4 kg ha-1) when planted at 60 cm x 60 cm with application of 150 % RDF (165 N+105 P2 05 +75 K2 O ha-1).

Effect of transplanting date and nitrogen levels on quality and nutrient content of bidi tobacco

Effect of transplanting date and nitrogen levels on quality and nutrient content of bidi tobacco

Quality Parameters as Influenced by Different Integrated Nutrient Management of Rustica Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) and Its Residual Impact on Succeeding Summer Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.)

The present research work entitled “Quality parameters as influenced by different integrated nutrient management of rustica tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) and its residual impact on succeeding summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.) ” a field experiment was conducted during rabi and summer season of years 2020-21 and 2021-22 at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. The experimental field had an even topography with a gentle slope having good drainage and sandy loam in texture. The soil of the experimental field at 0-15 cm depth was low in organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and potassium and slightly alkaline in reaction. The ten integrated nutrient management treatments viz., T1: 100% RDF (200-00-00 kg/ha), T2: 75% RDF + 25% N from FYM, T3: 75% RDF + 25% N from poultry manure, T4: 75% RDF + 25% N from castor cake, T5: 50% RDF + 50% N from FYM, T6: 50% RDF + 50% N from poultry manure, T7: 50% RDF + 50% N from castor cake, T8: 50% RDF + 25% N from FYM + Azotobacter, T9: 50% RDF + 25% N from poultry manure + Azotobacter, T10: 50% RDF + 25% N from castor cake + Azotobacter were tested in Randomized Block Design with four replications. Rustica tobacco variety GCT 3 was considered as main rabi crop and green gram variety GAM 5 was considered as summer residual crop. The experiment was conducted on the same site during both the years without changing randomization of treatments. Results of the experiment showed that quality parameters viz. nicotine content was found significant due to various integrated nutrient management during both the years (2020-21 and 2021-22) in pooled analysis, while reducing sugar and chloride content was found non-significant during both the years (2020-21 and 2021-22) but significant result was observed in pooled analysis due different integrated nutrient management in both quality parameters under application of 75% RDF + 25% N from poultry manure (T3). In case of residual summer green gram protein content in seed and protein yield exerted significant result due to various integrated nutrient management during the years 2021, 2022 and in pooled analysis under application of 50% RDF + 50% N from FYM (T5). Interaction effect (Y x T) was found non-significant on all the growth parameters during the experiment.

Effectiveness of biopesticides against Spodoptera litura infesting groundnut under field condition

Among the eight tested biopesticides, SlNPV 250 LE, B. bassiana 1% WP and aqueous bidi tobacco dust extract 2% found most effective and recorded minimum larval population of S. litura as well as per cent damaged groundnut plant. While, treatments of neem oil 1%, Btk 1% WP and M. anisopliae 1% WP were found moderately effective in reducing larval population and per cent damaged plant. Whereas, the treatments of azadirachtin 10000 ppm and N. rileyi 1% WP. Efficacy of biopesticides as reduction in S. litura population was SlNPV 250 LE > B. bassiana 1% WP > aqueous bidi tobacco dust extract 2% > neem oil 1% > Btk 1% WP > M. anisopliae 1% WP > azadirachtin 10000 ppm > N. rileyi 1% WP.

Impact Assessment of Bidi Tobacco in Gujarat

Tobacco, the golden leaf is one of the important high value commercial crops grown in over 15 states in India. It is a highly remunerative crop fetching more economic benefits to the farmers. Among different types of tobacco, bidi tobacco is an important non-FCV tobacco grown largely in Gujarat. The present study was conducted in the year 2019 with an objective to assess the impact of tobacco crop on socio-economic transformation of tobacco farmers in Gujarat state. The total sample size of the study was 160. The average net returns from bidi tobacco were Rs. 65000/ha. in Gujarat compared to wheat (Rs. 25,000/ ha) and jowar (Rs. 15000/ha). The socio-economic impact was high for tobacco growers in terms of land size, annual income, expenditure pattern, possession of assets, net returns, habitat &educational security and social empowerment than non-tobacco farmers. The major constraints identified from tobacco farmers wereprice fluctuation, non-availability of labour, suckers problem and storage facilities. The different factors for growing tobacco were high profit, availability of timely and sufficient credit, location suitability and timely availability of inputs. For non-tobacco crops, the major factors for cultivation were location suitability, adoption of improved technology, quick payment to the produce and government support.

Response of Nitrogen and Sulphur for maximizing the production of Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Rainfed condition of Sub Agro Climatic zone – VI

A field experiment was undertaken at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand for three consecutive years viz., 2017-18 to 2019-20 to study influence of nitrogen and topping levels on yield and quality of bidi tobacco hybrid varieties. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design assigning two hybrid varieties, i.e. MRGTH 1 and GABTH 2, three nitrogen levels i.e. 140, 180 and 220 kg/ha and three topping levels, i.e. 18, 21 and 24 leaf stages with three replications. The data pooled over three years revealed that tobacco variety GABTH 2 recorded significantly the highest tobacco cured leaf yield (3700 kg/ha) with maximum net realization of `117433/ha and BCR value 3.06. Both the upper levels of 180 and 220 kg nitrogen/ha, being at par with each other produced significantly higher cured leaf yield of 3388 and 3407 kg/ha, respectively as compared to lower level of 140 kg nitrogen/ha. Topping levels were failed to exert their significant effect on tobacco cured leaf yield. Application of nitrogen @ 180 kg/ha gave maximum net realization of `102741/ha and BCR value of 2.81 as compared to lower level of 140 kg/ha whereas, tobacco crop topped at 21 leaves gave maximum net income of `105898/ha with 2.86 BCR. Tobacco varieties and nitrogen as well as topping levels had non-significant effect on leaf chemical constituents i.e. nicotine, reducing sugar and chloride contents. Wherein, only nicotine content was significantly changed due to tobacco varieties and different topping levels. Tobacco variety MRGTH 1 and topping level at 18 leaves gave significantly the highest nicotine content compared to others.

Influence of Nitrogen and Topping Levels on Yield and Quality of Bidi Tobacco Hybrid Varieties

A field experiment was undertaken at Bidi Tobacco Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand for three consecutive years viz., 2017-18 to 2019-20 to study influence of nitrogen and topping levels on yield and quality of bidi tobacco hybrid varieties. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design assigning two hybrid varieties, i.e. MRGTH 1 and GABTH 2, three nitrogen levels i.e. 140, 180 and 220 kg/ha and three topping levels, i.e. 18, 21 and 24 leaf stages with three replications. The data pooled over three years revealed that tobacco variety GABTH 2 recorded significantly the highest tobacco cured leaf yield (3700 kg/ha) with maximum net realization of `117433/ha and BCR value 3.06. Both the upper levels of 180 and 220 kg nitrogen/ha, being at par with each other produced significantly higher cured leaf yield of 3388 and 3407 kg/ha, respectively as compared to lower level of 140 kg nitrogen/ha. Topping levels were failed to exert their significant effect on tobacco cured leaf yield. Application of nitrogen @ 180 kg/ha gave maximum net realization of `102741/ha and BCR value of 2.81 as compared to lower level of 140 kg/ha whereas, tobacco crop topped at 21 leaves gave maximum net income of `105898/ha with 2.86 BCR. Tobacco varieties and nitrogen as well as topping levels had non-significant effect on leaf chemical constituents i.e. nicotine, reducing sugar and chloride contents. Wherein, only nicotine content was significantly changed due to tobacco varieties and different topping levels. Tobacco variety MRGTH 1 and topping level at 18 leaves gave significantly the highest nicotine content compared to others.

Management of phosphorus and potassium in bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) under rainfed conditions

A field experiment was undertaken at Regional Agriculture Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh for four consecutive seasons from 2015-16 to 2018-19 on Vertisols under rainfed condition to find out the economics and management of phosphorus and potassium in bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) for higher cured leaf yield and quality. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 8 treatments and replicated thrice. The data pooled over four seasons revealed that significantly higher leaf length (42.8 cm) and leaf width (17.3 cm) was recorded with 100% RDF (110 kg N + 70 kg P2O5+ 50 kg K2O ha-1) every year. Significantly higher cured leaf yield (1551 kg ha-1) and net returns (Rs 63,375 ha-1) were recorded with application of 110 kg N + 70 kg P2O5+ 50 kg K2O ha-1every year and on par with 100% RDN (110 kg N ha-1) +PK (70 kg P2O5+ 50 kg K2O ha-1) once in two years (1408 kg ha-1and net returns of Rs 59,275 ha-1). Leaf chemical constituents namely nicotine, reducing sugars and chlorides did not differ significantly due to different treatments and were in permissible limit. Post harvest soil analysis indicated that soil available N, P2O5 and K2O differed significantly due to different treatments and maximum amounts of available N (158.9 kg ha-1), available P2O5 (56.3 kg ha-1) and available K2O (537.3 kg ha-1) were recorded under treatment T5, T3 and T5, respectively. Soil pH and EC values were not affected significantly with the various treatments.

Effect of nitrogen and topping on performance of bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties under rainfed conditions

A field experiment was undertaken at Regional Agriculture Research Station, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh for two consecutive years viz., 2018-19 and 2019-20 on Vertisols under rainfed condition to study the effect of different levels of nitrogen and topping on performance of bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) varieties. The treatments consisted of two varieties as main plots, three nitrogen levels as sub plots and three topping levels as sub sub plots in split split plot design and replicated thrice. The data pooled over two seasons revealed that significantly higher leaf length (47.6 cm), leaf width (21.3 cm) and cured leaf yield (2217 kg ha-1) were recorded with variety ABD 132 over other variety Nandyal Pogaku 1. Application of 140 kg N ha-1 recorded higher leaf length (47.7 cm), leaf width (20.9 cm) and cured leaf yield (2110 kg ha-1). The topping at 15 leaf stage recoded higher cured leaf yield (2147 kg ha-1) over other topping stages. Higher net returns (Rs 105544 ha-1) with BCR of 2.72 were recorded with ABD 132 over Nandyal Pogaku 1. Application of 110 kg N ha-1 recorded higher BCR of 2.55 whereas topping at 15 leaf stage recorded higher net returns (Rs 100275 ha-1) with BCR of 2.64. ABD 132 recorded higher nicotine (5.94%), lower reducing sugars (2.25%) and higher chlorides (1.61%) when compared to Nandyal Pogaku 1 (5.71%, 2.97% and 1.23% respectively). The levels of nitrogen and topping had non-significant effect on leaf chemical constituents. The interactive effect among various treatments had significantly beneficial effect on cured leaf yield of bidi tobacco and maximum cured leaf yield was obtained with ABD 132 with 140 kg N ha-1and topping at 15 leaf stage.

Effect of crop stage and leaf number for topping on performance of bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) rainfed vertisols

Effect of crop stage and leaf number for topping on performance of bidi tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) rainfed vertisols

How the Bidi Tobacco Industry Harms Child-workers: Results From a Walk-through and Quantitative Survey.

ObjectiveBidi is an inexpensive, low-processed, hand-rolled tobacco product. In Bangladesh, especially in Rangpur, tobacco farming and bidi processing are common. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of bidi making on children working in bidi factories.MethodsThis qualitative(walk-through survey) and quantitative(questionnaire-based survey and a urine cotinine level quantitation) study was conducted in Rangpur, Bangladesh in 2017. Study population included child-workers aged ≤14 years who were regularly employed as bidi makers.FindingsThe results of the walk-through survey revealed hazardous working environments at bidi factories. For the quantitative survey, 171 child-workers were categorized into “less-working”(<5 hours/day) and “more-working”(≥5 hours/day) groups; additionally, “forced-working”(forced into work by parents) and “voluntary-working”(working voluntarily) groups were delineated within the same population. In the logistic regression analysis, odds ratios(ORs) of respiratory symptoms and unusual absence(absent ≥5 days/month) were higher in the “more-working” group than in the “less-working” group(unusual absence: OR, 2.91; 95% confidence interval[CI], 1.43-5.94), and this association became higher in the “forced-working” group with longer working hours(OR, 5.68, 95%CI 2.30-14.00).ConclusionsCheap, hand-rolled tobacco(bidi) is harmful to the health of bidi-making child-workers. Children in poverty bow to the demands of cheap labor and poverty and jeopardize their health and future prospects by working in bidi factories. Tobacco control policies should consider the social effects of tobacco beyond its biological effects.

English

English

Studies of weather effect on frog-eye spot disease in Bidi tobacco using logistics regression

The frog-eye spot (FES) disease caused by Cercospor anicotianae Ell. and Eve. is a major problem in both nursery as well as in the main field of bidi tobacco growing environments. Eight years data (2008-2015) on occurrence of disease and weather parameters were used for logistics regression analysis. The results indicated that sunshine hours (BSS) and minimum temperature (Tmin) were positiveand highly significant, whereas maximum temperature (Tmax) and rainfall (R) were found negative and highly significant.Further results of odd ratio indicated that every increase in 1 unit in BSS and Tmin, the risk of FES increases 1.7 and 1.4 times, respectively, whereas increase in 1 unit in Tmax and rainfall, the risk of FES decreases at rate of 0.6 and 1.0 times, respectively.

Synthetic Insecticides for the Control of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) Infesting Bidi Tobacco under Nursery Condition

Synthetic Insecticides for the Control of <i>Spodoptera litura</i> (Fabricius) Infesting Bidi Tobacco under Nursery Condition

Serum ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol levels in bidi smokers and tobacco chewers

Serum ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol levels in bidi smokers and tobacco chewers

Control of broomrape in Bidi tobacco by different management practices

An experiment was conducted on loamy sand soil at Bidi Tobacco Research Station Farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat during Kharif-Rabi season of 2011–12 and 2012–13. Twenty treatment combinations comprising of four levels of fertilizer management and five levels of herbicide management were tested in a factorial RBD with four replications. It was concluded that for controlling broomrape effectively and securing maximum cured leaf yield of Bidi tobacco as well as economic returns with management through different fertilizers, an application of ammonium sulphate at 200 kg/ha along with irrigation should be carried out. With regard to management of broomrape, manual weeding of broomrape was found to be the best practice.