Sequence Of Bids Research Articles

Three Novel Bid Proteins Generated by Alternative Splicing of the Human Bid Gene

Bid, a BH3-only Bcl-2 protein, is activated by proteolytic cleavage exposing the BH3 domain, which then induces apoptosis by interacting with pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (e.g. Bax and Bak) at the mitochondrial surface. The arrangement of domains within Bid suggested that Bid function might be regulated in part by alternative splicing. We have determined the gene structure of human Bid and identified a number of novel exons. We have also demonstrated endogenous mRNA and protein expression for three novel isoforms of Bid, generated using these exons. Bid(S) contains the N-terminal regulatory domains of Bid without the BH3 domain; Bid(EL) corresponds to full-length Bid with additional N-terminal sequence; and Bid(ES) contains only the Bid sequence downstream of the BH3 domain. Expression of these isoforms is regulated during granulocyte maturation. In functional studies Bid(EL) induces apoptosis, whereas Bid(S) abrogates the pro-apoptotic effects of truncated Bid and inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis. Bid(ES) induces apoptosis but is also able to partially inhibit the pro-apoptotic effects of truncated Bid. These three novel endogenously expressed isoforms of Bid are distinct in their expression, their cellular localization, and their effects upon cellular apoptosis. Differential expression of these novel Bid isoforms may regulate the function of Bid following cleavage and thus influence the fate of cells exposed to a range of pro-apoptotic stimuli.

Decisions and strategies in a sequential search experiment

The strategy method is becoming an important tool in experimental methodology. This study examines how well this method works in an individual decision experiment. Subjects are faced with a sequential search problem. After extensive practice in solving the problem and formulating strategies, they play 20 periods for money. In each period the subjects first make decisions by hand, after that their strategy operates on the same sequence of bids. In each period, only one of the results is paid out (randomly determined). After each period, subjects can change their strategy. This method makes a direct comparison between strategies and decisions possible.

Joint Attention and Toddler Characteristics: Race, Sex and Socioeconomic Status*

In studies of joint attention and sequences of interaction that foster joint attention, limited focus has been placed on toddler characteristics such as race, sex and socioeconomic status (SES). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between joint attention and toddler's race, sex and SES. Eighty‐four dyads of diverse race, sex and SES were videotaped playing, and joint attention and initiating matemal bid sequences were coded. Joint attention related to a “persisting” mother, whether or not the toddler accepted the initial maternal bid. No race differences were found; however, females engaged in more frequent bouts of joint attention and had more frequent nonpersistent maternal responses after the bid was accepted. Finally, SES was generally unrelated to joint attention. The manner in which bids for joint attention transpired and the amount of joint attention that occurred was largely independent of the dyad's SES as measured here. *This research was funded by a university research grant (006‐F95‐URC) awarded to the first author.

Joint attention and toddler characteristics: Race, sex and socioeconomic status

In studies of joint attention and sequences of interaction that foster joint attention, limited focus has been placed on toddler characteristics such as race, sex and socioeconomic status (SES). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between joint attention and toddler's race, sex and SES. Eighty‐four dyads of diverse race, sex and SES were videotaped playing, and joint attention and initiating matemal bid sequences were coded. Joint attention related to a “persisting” mother, whether or not the toddler accepted the initial maternal bid. No race differences were found; however, females engaged in more frequent bouts of joint attention and had more frequent nonpersistent maternal responses after the bid was accepted. Finally, SES was generally unrelated to joint attention. The manner in which bids for joint attention transpired and the amount of joint attention that occurred was largely independent of the dyad's SES as measured here. ∗This research was funded by a university r...

The impact of the nature and sequence of multiple bids in corporate control contests

This paper examines multiple-bidder corporate control contests involving white knights, who are late-entry collaborative bidders. We employ auction theory to structure the analysis and examine the valuation consequences for bidding firms. An immediate white knight response to a hostile bid is met with a strong, negative market reaction. When the white knight and hostile bidder get into a ‘bidding war’ with follow-up bids by each, the white knight (but not the hostile bidder) loses each time it bids. However, if the white knight bid follows two consecutive, hostile bids and the contest ends, there are minimal losses to the white knight, which are statistically indistinguishable from the mildly positive reaction to the preceding hostile bids.

Phantom bidding against heterogeneous bidders

If IPV bidders are distributionally heterogeneous then a revenue maximizing English auctioneer will, in general, find it optimal to use a non-constant reserve price that is a function of the observed bid sequence. An example is provided.

Declarer: A learning bridge-playing program which generalizes and infers

A bridge program has been written which learns to play any combination of declarer/dummy cards in a single suit, given initially only the basic rudiments of the game. The learning process emulates the manner in which a person learns to play bridge, building upon increasing experience to generalize upon familiar situations, to recognize significant card patterns, and to alter a planned line of play on the basis of new information gained from an opponent's play. Opponents' plays are generated automatically by a subroutine. Both the overall line of play and individual trick play decisions may be modified on the basis' of inferences which are drawn concerning the location of cards in the opponents' hands. Estimates of these missing cards, for all four suits, are made initially by analyzing each bidding sequence, and are updated as each card played either reinforces or negates confidence in the current estimate. A confidence score is maintained for each estimate as a function of the amount of information available on which to base it. Deviations from the planned line of play occur only when the confidence in the current estimate exceeds the experience-determined likelihood of success of the planned play.