Bicyclic Ketals Research Articles

Asymmetric iminium ion-catalyzed conjugate addition of 2-hydroxycinnamaldehydes and 2-oxocarboxylic esters: synthesis of chiral polysubstituted bridged bicyclic ketals.

A highly regio-, chemo-, and stereoselective cascade process initiated by enantioselective iminium-catalyzed conjugate addition of 2-hydroxycinnamaldehydes and 2-oxocarboxylic esters is presented. Normal cinnamaldehydes are not reactive under the same reaction conditions. Bridged bicyclic ketals rather than acetals bearing stereocenters on both the bridge carbon and bridgehead ketal carbon are synthesized.

Concise assembly of 7-ethynyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes from acetylenes and ketones.

2-Acetyl-3,4-dihydropyrans, assembled from acetylene gas and ketones in a one-pot procedure, are ethynylated with acetylenes (KOBut/DMSO, 15 °C, 2 h) to give acetylenic alcohols, which readily cyclize (TFA, rt, 5 min) to 7-ethynyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes in up to 92% yield. The ring closure of the above acetylenic alcohols can be performed without their isolation from the reaction mixture. Thus, the synthesis of 7-ethynyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes can be realized in just two synthetic operations from simple and available starting materials under mild transition-metal-free conditions.

Elucidation of Late-Stage Biosynthesis of Phomoidride: Proposal of Cyclization Mechanism Affording Characteristic Nine-Membered Ring of Fungal Dimeric Anhydride.

Antihypercholesterolemic agent phomoidride (PMD) B has a highly elaborated bicyclo[4.3.1]deca-1,6-diene core scaffold derived from dimeric anhydride with a nine-membered ring. This report elucidated the late stage transformation from an anhydride monomer to PMD B through the heterologous expression of three enzyme genes, TstC, TstK, and TstE. Additional in vitro studies of TstK and TstE provided evidence on the formation of PMD via dimerization, three-step oxidation, and unusual methylation-triggered bicyclic ketal formation. Elucidation of the function of cyclase TstC prompts us to examine the cyclization mechanism of TstC by using a computational approach. Computational analytical data on PMD and structurally related glaucanic acid indicated that the initial decarboxylation of monomer results in enolate and subsequent double Michael reactions of another monomer, followed by an optional aldol reaction proceeding in an endo-selective manner to give cycloadducts, supporting the fact that the starting orientation of two monomers is directly transferred to the product configurations.

1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer/Surzur-Tanner Rearrangement: A Radical Cascade Approach for the Synthesis of 1,6-Dioxaspiro[4.5]decane and 6,8-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Scaffolds in Carbohydrate Systems.

The 1,5-HAT–1,2-(ester)alkyl radical migration (Surzur–Tanner rearrangement) radical/polar sequence triggered by alkoxyl radicals has been studied on a series of C-glycosyl substrates with 3-C-(α,β-d,l-glycopyranosyl)1-propanol and C-(α-d,l-glycopyranosyl)methanol structures prepared from chiral pool d- and l-sugar. The use of acetoxy and diphenoxyphosphatoxy as leaving groups provides an efficient construction of 10-deoxy-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane and 4-deoxy-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane frameworks. The alkoxyl radicals were generated by the reaction of the corresponding N-alkoxyphthalimides with group 14 hydrides [n-Bu3SnH(D) and (TMS)3SiH], and in comparative terms, the reaction was also initiated by visible light photocatalysis using the Hantzsch ester/fac-Ir(ppy)3 procedure. Special attention was devoted to the influence of the relative stereochemistry of the centers involved in the radical sequence on the reaction outcome. The addition of BF3•Et2O as a catalyst to the radical sequence resulted in a significant increase in the yields of the desired bicyclic ketals.

Copper-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of bridged bicyclic ketals from 1,1-disubstituted-4-methylene-1,6-hexanediols and related alkenols

Bicyclic ketals via copper-catalyzed enantioselective bis(cyclization) involving radical group transfer is disclosed.

Complete Genome of Nocamycin-Producing Strain Saccharothrix syringae NRRL B-16468 Reveals the Biosynthetic Potential for Secondary Metabolites.

The bacterium Saccharothrix syringae NRRL B-16468 is the producer of nocamycin I and nocamycin II which feature tetramic acid and bicyclic ketal groups. In this study, we presented the complete genome of S. syringae NRRL B-16468 obtained from ARS Culture Collection. It contains a circular chromosome of 10,929,570bp with an average GC content of 73.49%, 9316 genes, 12 rRNAs and 54 tRNAs. Bioinformatics analyses of the genome has demonstrated that it harbors 55 putative biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) involved in synthesizing diverse secondary metabolites. The backbones of the natural products synthesized by these BGCs encoding for type I polyketide synthase (PKS), non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and hybrid type I PKS-NRPS were analyzed, furthermore, the natural products synthesized by these BGCs with > 40% similarity to known BGCs were described in detail. The complete genome of S. syringae reveals its capacity in producing diverse bioactive natural products, and it will also shed lights on mining novel secondary metabolites from S. syringae through rational strategies.

Preparation of Bicyclic Ketal Skeletons with Aldehyde and α-Ketone Acid through Cascade Friedel–Crafts Reaction and Stereoselective Acetalization in One Pot

Bicyclic ketal skeletons are important structure fragments that are frequently contained in natural products. A novel tandem Friedel–Crafts reaction and subsequent stereoselective acetalization were developed with readily available aldehyde and ketone acid. The reaction proceeded smoothly in the presence of catalytic Brønsted acid and afforded the corresponding product with moderate yield and high stereoselectivity.

Convergent evolution of semiochemicals across Kingdoms: bark beetles and their fungal symbionts

Convergent evolution of semiochemical use in organisms from different Kingdoms is a rarely described phenomenon. Tree-killing bark beetles vector numerous symbiotic blue-stain fungi that help the beetles colonize healthy trees. Here we show for the first time that some of these fungi are able to biosynthesize bicyclic ketals that are pheromones and other semiochemicals of bark beetles. Volatile emissions of five common bark beetle symbionts were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. When grown on fresh Norway spruce bark the fungi emitted three well-known bark beetle aggregation pheromones and semiochemicals (exo-brevicomin, endo-brevicomin and trans-conophthorin) and two structurally related semiochemical candidates (exo-1,3-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and endo-1,3-dimethyl-2,9-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) that elicited electroantennogram responses in the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. When grown on malt agar with 13C d-Glucose, the fungus Grosmannia europhioides incorporated 13C into exo-brevicomin and trans-conophthorin. The enantiomeric compositions of the fungus-produced ketals closely matched those previously reported from bark beetles. The production of structurally complex bark beetle pheromones by symbiotic fungi indicates cross-kingdom convergent evolution of signal use in this system. This signaling is susceptible to disruption, providing potential new targets for pest control in conifer forests and plantations.

Rhodium-catalysed vinyl 1,4-conjugate addition coupled with Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation in the synthesis of the CDE ring fragment of pectenotoxin-4.

Our synthesis of the CDE ring fragment of pectenotoxin-4 utilised two key steps to make the complex bicyclic ketal unit: (i) a rhodium-catalysed vinyl group 1,4-addition as the major C-C bond forming step; (ii) a stereoselective Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation (SAD) of the resulting 1,1-disubstituted homoallylic alcohol. Subsequent acid-catalysed cyclisation afforded the desired [5,6]-bicyclic ketal of the target molecule. This methodology was shown to be compatible with the desired E ring fragment 35 in order to construct the CDE fragment 37 of pectenotoxin-4.

Siladenoserinols M–P, sulfonated serinol derivatives from a tunicate

Four new sulfonated serinol derivatives, siladenoserinols M–P (1–4), were isolated from a tunicate of the family Didemnidae collected in Indonesia. Their chemical structures were elucidated by the interpretation of NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Two of them (2 and 4) were revealed to be disulfonate serinol derivatives, and the others were monosulfonates. Siladenoserinols A (5) and B (6), which we previously isolated from the same tunicate, inhibited the p53–Hdm2 interaction with an IC50 value of 2.0 μM. However, 1–4 did not inhibit the activity. The result suggested that the acetyl group in the bicyclic ketal unit and/or the glycerophospholipid moiety in 5 and 6 were responsible for the inhibition of the p53–Hdm2 interaction.

A Cascade “Prins‐Pinacol‐Type Rearrangement and C4‐OBn Participation” on Carbohydrate Substrates: Synthesis of Bridged Tricyclic Ketals, Annulated Sugars and C2‐Branched Heptoses

A "Prins pinacol type rearrangement followed by C4-OBn participation" in a cascade manner has been observed while probing the fate of carbocation in some carbohydrate derived homoallylic alcohols in the Prins reaction. This has led to an easy access to tetrahydrofuran-fused bridged bicyclic ketals (or tetrahydrofuran-fused 1,6-anhydro-heptopyranose frameworks) which are further converted into some annulated sugars and C2-branched heptoses.

Temperature-Dependent Crystal Structure Study of a Small Heterobicycle, C9H12O4

1,7,7-Trimethyl-2,6-dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3,5-dione is a dipseudoacyl ketal formed by a double intramolecular dehydration/cyclization of 2-carboxy-3,3-dimethyl-5-oxohexanoic acid. The compound is a volatile, colorless crystalline solid (mp 137 °C) which forms prisms and plates from ethanol by slow solvent evaporation. Crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121 (#19), a = 8.0557(2) A, b = 10.3545(3) A, c = 10.7583(3) A, V = 897.37(11)A3 (101 K). The crystal and molecular structure has been determined on a single prismatic specimen at 280, 250, 200, 150 and 101 K (±1 K). The ostensibly rigid molecule possesses mirror symmetry, which is not retained in the solid state. Each six-membered ring has a boat conformation, with torsions-0.2°, 1.3°, −2.7° (101 K). Carbonyl groups are eclipsed with a common methine C–H bond, and the OCC(H) bond angles are enlarged to 126.9°, 127.0°, while the intraring CCO angles are contracted to 112.0, 112.1° (uncorrected for libration). The coefficients of thermal expansion are 3.34 × 10−4, 6.97 × 10−4 and 6.54 × 10−4A/K for the three orthorhombic axes, respectively, over the range studied. A rigid-body librational model fit to the anisotropic librational parameters grows worse at lower temperatures, suggesting at least two lower frequency internal modes make contributions to the librational terms. A bicyclic rigid dipseudoacyl ketal shows libration which on analysis of the thermal motion from 280 to 101 K suggest two active low frequency vibrational modes.

Synthesis of Spiro Ketals, Orthoesters, and Orthocarbonates by CpRu-Catalyzed Decomposition of α-Diazo-β-ketoesters.

Reactions of α-diazo-β-ketoesters with cyclic ketones, lactones, and carbonates are reported. Thanks to the combined use of salt [CpRu(CH3CN)3][BArF] and 1,10-phenanthroline as catalyst for the diazo decomposition, effective and practical syntheses of spiro bicyclic ketals, orthoesters, and orthocarbonates are afforded.

Expedient nonclassical reaction of acetylenes with ketones: controlling the switch between bicyclic ketals and cyclopentenols formation

Expedient nonclassical reaction of acetylenes with ketones: controlling the switch between bicyclic ketals and cyclopentenols formation

Development of an Early-Phase Bulk Enabling Route to Sodium-Dependent Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Ertugliflozin

The development and optimization of a scalable synthesis of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, ertugliflozin, for the treatment of type-2 diabetes is described. Highlights of the chemistry are a concise, four-step synthesis of a structurally complex API from known intermediate 4 via persilylation–selective monodesilylation, primary alcohol oxidation, aldol-crossed-Cannizzaro reaction, and solid-phase acid-catalyzed bicyclic ketal formation. The final API was isolated as the l-pyroglutamic acid cocrystal.

Eleuthesides and their analogs: V. Medium- and large-ring lactones based on levoglucosenone

Ozonolysis of the bridging double bond in bicyclic enol ethers obtained by the Michael reaction and subsequent intramolecular etherification afforded chiral decanolides fused to a tetrahydropyran ring. Three-step procedures were developed for the synthesis of chiral lactones with medium and large rings via oxidative cleavage with pyridinium chlorochromate of mixed bicyclic ketals which were prepared by treatment with methanolic HCl of Michael adducts derived from levoglucosenone and cyclopenta-, cyclohexa-, cyclohepta-, and cyclododecanone.

Synthesis and Polymerization of Bicyclic Ketals: A Practical Route to High-Molecular Weight Polyketals

Polyketals are an important class of materials for drug delivery to sensitive tissues as they degrade in vivo to nonacidic species. We report the synthesis of high-molecular weight cyclic polyketals by the cationic ring-opening polymerization of bicyclic ketal monomers, which were prepared by the metal-catalyzed rearrangement of epoxy ketones. Three different cyclic polyketals with high molecular weights were synthesized using this protocol.

A Pd(ii)-catalyzed asymmetric approach toward chiral [3.3.1]-bicyclic ketals using 2-hydroxyphenylboronic acid as a pro-bis(nucleophile)

Enantioselective Pd(II)-catalyzed construction of [3.3.1]-bicyclic ketals from 2-hydroxyphenylboronic acid and enone is reported, yielding enantioenriched [3.3.1]-bicyclic ketals in up to 97% yields and 98% ee.

Oxy Effects on the Platinum‐Catalyzed Carbo‐ and Oxacyclizations of 2‐Oxiranyl‐1‐(1‐oxyalk‐2‐ynyl)benzenes

AbstractWe report new platinum‐catalyzed protocols for the synthesis of carbocycles and oxacycles from 2‐oxiranyl‐1‐(1‐oxyalk‐2‐ynyl)benzenes. For 1,2,2‐trisubstituted epoxides bearing an acyloxy group, their platinum‐catalyzed cyclizations proceed through an initial 1,3‐acyloxy shift, followed by an intramolecular attack of an allenyl acetate at the carbonyl group, ultimately giving 2‐naphthyl ketones through a selective 1,2‐alkyl shift. 1,1‐Disubstituted epoxides bearing a siloxy group undergo an oxacyclization to give bicyclic ketals with high diastereoselectivity.

Novel compounds produced by Streptomyces lydicus NRRL 2433 engineered mutants altered in the biosynthesis of streptolydigin

Streptolydigin is a tetramic acid antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lydicus NRRL 2433 and involving a hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS)-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) system in its biosynthesis. The streptolydigin amino-acid precursor, 3-methylaspartate, has been proposed to be condensed to the polyketide portion of the molecule by a NRPS composed by three enzymes (SlgN1, SlgN2 and SlgL). On the other hand, biosynthesis of the polyketide moiety involves the participation of cytochrome P450 SlgO2 for the correct cyclization of the characteristic bicyclic ketal. Independent disruption of slgN1, slgN2, slgL or slgO2 resulted in S. lydicus mutants unable to produce the antibiotic thus confirming the involvement of these genes in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic. These mutants did not accumulate any streptolydigin biosynthesis intermediate or shunt product derived from early polyketides released from the PKS. However, they produced three novel compounds identified as 4-(2-carboxy-propylamino)-3-chloro-benzoic acid, 4-(2-carboxy-propylamino)-3-hydroxy-benzoic acid and 4-(2-carboxy-propylamino)-benzoic acid, which were designated as christolane A, christolane B and christolane C, respectively. These compounds have been shown to exert some antibiotic activity.