Bicol Region Research Articles

鉱物資源探査における空中物理探査の現状と将来

Airborne geophysical survey methods, such as magnetics, electromagntics, and radiometrics, are well known, have numerous applications, and are regularly employed in regional surveys around the world by both governments and private organizations. Technology regarding each of these methods has gradually improved and along with it, the introduction and necessary accuracy in Global Positioning Systems (GPS), the introduction of image processing techniques allowing a greater range in data display compared with conventional contouring, and the availability of multi-client data sets resulting in significant cost reduction. Airborne geophysical methods have long been recognized as a valuable geological survey tool since the first airborne magnetic survey was flown in 1936 as part of a mineral exploration program. The Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ) has for more than three decades employed airborne geophysical methods in both its domestic and overseas mineral exploration programs. In general, the surveys provide a wide range of data concerning lithological variation, structure, and features peculiar to mineralization. Domestically, the MMAJ has employed airborne magnetic surveys since 1969 as part of their regional exploration program, and airborne electomagnetic and magnetic surveys since 1975, initially as part of their research into the application of these methods in the search for Kuroko and epithermal style mineralization. A direct result of this work was the discovery of the Hishikari deposit, Japan's premier gold mine. In 1996, the MMAJ embarked on a new program of high-resolution airborne magnetic and radiometric surveys, beginning in the Hokusatsu region of southwest Kyushu. The results confirmed the importance and application of these sensors in the search for low sulphidation epithermal style gold mineralization. High-resolution geophysical surveys remain an integral part of the domestic survey departments current activities. Overseas, the MMAJ began its history of airborne surveys in Zaire in 1968 with a fixed-wing magnetic survey. Since that time a range of sensors have been employed around the world for various styles of mineralization, the most recent being a helicopter survey this year in the Bicol region of the Philippines targeting porphyry and epithermal copper-gold deposits. Although the above mentioned methods have been successfully employed in the search for mineral deposits, they are equally important in other fields. The identification and surveying of faults, slope stability, dam site identification, transport and land-use planning, electric power line construction, underground surveying, and the monitoring of radioactive elements, are just a few of the applications currently employed by both government and private organizations. Airborne geophysical surveys provide an important and essential data source which should be undertaken as part of Japan National Mapping Program with both current and future multipurpose users in mind. Additionally, it is critical that the government continue to develop the necessary technology concerning data acquisition, processing, analysis, and interpretation, and build upon the high standards, already established within the MMAJ. Such a program is believed to be a matter of national importance.

Urban Access and Rural Productivity Growth in Post-Mao China

Previous articleNext article No AccessUrban Access and Rural Productivity Growth in Post-Mao ChinaVincent BenzigerVincent Benziger Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 44, Number 3Apr., 1996 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/452231 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 13Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1996 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Yong Tian, Wei Du, Yiwen Hua, Lijun Fan Will infrastructure construction drive Chinese rural families to develop their own enterprises?, Applied Economics Letters 29, no.1818 (Jul 2021): 1665–1669.https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2021.1956677Joachim Vandercasteelen, Seneshaw Temru Beyene, Bart Minten, Johan Swinnen Big cities, small towns, and poor farmers: Evidence from Ethiopia, World Development 106 (Jun 2018): 393–406.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.03.006Yu Qin, Xiaobo Zhang The Road to Specialization in Agricultural Production: Evidence from Rural China, World Development 77 (Jan 2016): 1–16.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.08.007X. Yan, Y. L. Cai Multi‐Scale Anthropogenic Driving Forces of Karst Rocky Desertification in Southwest China, Land Degradation & Development 26, no.22 (Mar 2013): 193–200.https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2209Chloé Duvivier DOES URBAN PROXIMITY ENHANCE TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY? EVIDENCE FROM CHINESE AGRICULTURE, Journal of Regional Science 53, no.55 (Aug 2013): 923–943.https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12054Yu Qin, Xiaobo Zhang The Road to Specialization in Agricultural Production: Evidence from Rural China, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2198039Sanjaya DeSilva Access to Markets and Farm Efficiency: A Study of Rice Farms in the Bicol Region, Philippines, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1935981Shahidur R. Khandker / Zaid Bakht / Gayatri B. Koolwal The Poverty Impact of Rural Roads: Evidence from Bangladesh Khandker, Bakht, and Koolwal, Economic Development and Cultural Change 57, no.44 (Jul 2015): 685–722.https://doi.org/10.1086/598765David Gurarie, Edmund Y.W. Seto Connectivity sustains disease transmission in environments with low potential for endemicity: modelling schistosomiasis with hydrologic and social connectivities, Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6, no.3535 (Sep 2008): 495–508.https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0265David Roland-Holst Infrastructure as a Catalyst for Regional Integration, Growth, and Economic Convergence: Scenario Analysis for Asia, (Jan 2009): 108–149.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230250604_4Scott A. Hipsher, Songporn Hansanti, Suthinan Pomsuwan The Asia-Pacific century, (Jan 2007): 131–158.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-84334-294-6.50005-9 Road Development, Economic Growth, and Poverty Reduction in China, (Jan 2005).https://doi.org/10.2499/0896291413rr138Ashok Kotwal, Bharat Ramswami Economic reforms of agriculture and rural growth, The Journal of Policy Reform 2, no.44 (Nov 1998): 369–402.https://doi.org/10.1080/13841289808523390

13: The Philippines and Southeast Asia: Historical Roots and Contemporary Linkages

13: The Philippines and Southeast Asia: Historical Roots and Contemporary Linkages

Paleomagnetic results from Luzon and the central Philippines

Samples were collected from 86 paleomagnetic sites from the islands of Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, Panay, Negros, Cebu, and Mindanao in the Philippine Arc. The sampling sites range in age from Pleistocene to Jurassic. Characteristic directions of magnetization of the samples were determined by the use of vector plots. Curie temperature determinations, thin section studies, and hysteresis studies showed that remanence of these samples is carried by fine‐grained (pseudo‐single domain) magnetite. Positive fold tests from Miocene data from Panay, Jurassic data from Mindoro, and Cretaceous data from Cebu suggest that the magnetization of these regions was acquired prior to folding. Rotations reported below are measured with respect to the axial goecentric dipole field. The Plio‐Pleistocene data set shows no resolvable rotation for the 22 sites. This data set suggests that the various terranes that make up the Philippine Arc have behaved as a single unit during the past 5 m.y. or that deformation has been below the limits of resolution. The inclination data from the Plio‐Pleistocene sites have anomalously shallow inclination and are consistent with other Plio‐Pleistocene data from Vietnam, Taiwan, and the Marianas. These data support earlier suggestions for a late Neogene offset dipole effect. The late Miocene sites fall into two separate groups. Ten sites from western Luzon show evidence for around 20° of clockwise rotation. In contrast to this, late Miocene samples from the Bicol region, Negros, Marinduque, and Mindanao are not rotated. The cause of the postlate Miocene clockwise rotation of Luzon is unknown, but a Pliocene collision of the North Luzon Arc with Taiwan is suggested. Early Neogene results also separate into two different populations. The population from Marinduque shows evidence for a large counterclockwise rotation. The second early Neogene population comes from Panay, Cebu, and Mindanao and clearly shows evidence for a clockwise rotation. The validity of this rotation is further supported by a fold test and a reversal test. These early Neogene data sets are consistent with a middle to late Miocene collision of the Palawan Continental Terrane and the Central Philippine Arc. Data from six dikes of possible Oligocene age from the Zambales Ophiolite are highly discordant from the present field, being rotated approximately 60° clockwise. The directions from these dikes are similar to a direction reported earlier from late Oligocene sediments also from the Zambales region. These two data sets support the interpretation that the Eocene direction from Zambales is recording a large clockwise rotation of the region. Data from the Mesozoic sites are from two regions. Data from the Cretaceous Pandan formation of Cebu are discordant with data from the Upper Jurassic from Mindoro. The presence of a fold test from each region and a reversal test from Mindoro supports the interpretation that each of these data sets is reliable. The VGP of Mindoro is displaced southward from the Late Jurassic VGP of South China, suggesting a post‐Jurassic southward migration of Mindoro.

The Demand for Primary Health Care Services in the Bicol Region of the Philippines

Mortality is assumed to be strongly reduced by medical care however the effects of medical services on health are often underestimated because some of the same factors which lead to an increased demand for primary health care (PHC) services are also associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Consequently understanding the determinants of the demand for medical services is important for evaluating health outcomes. This paper estimates the parameters of a simple model of the demand for health services using data from the Bicol Multipurpose Survey data from the Philippines. The parameters of the demand for key components of PHC--outpatient prenatal delivery well-child and infant immunizations--are estimated. Findings suggest that the quality of the care may be very important but that economic factors as deterrents to using medical care--inaccessibility cash costs and lack of income--may not be of paramount importance. Finally it is shown that the provision of free services in rural areas may not insure that the services reach the poorest people. (authors modified)

The demand for primary health care services in the Bicol Region of the Philippines.

The demand for primary health care services in the Bicol Region of the Philippines.

The demand for adult outpatient services in the Bicol region of the Philippines

The absence of demand analysis for primary health care services has hampered efforts to finance these services and to make them permanent parts of Third World medical systems. This paper introduces a demand model for adult outpatient services, describes the types of data required for estimating it, and presents the results of a preliminary estimation using data from a poor rural region of the Philippines. The results indicate that prices and distance are not nearly as important as determinants of demand in this sample as has usually been assumed by planners. There appears to be considerable room for full or partial financing of outpatient services from user fees.

The Demand for Primary Health Services in the Third World

Making services available does not ensure that they will be used; supply is a necessary but not sufficient condition for utilization. For example, the establishment of up-to-date government-run health clinics in less-developed countries does not guarantee that the poor will receive modern medical care. As economists, Akin et al focus on the demand for primary health care. Their book attempts to identify the crucial factors affecting actual consumption of available health services in the Third World. After reviewing the diverse and often noneconomic theoretical and empirical literature, the authors analyze data from the Bicol region of the Philippines. Surprisingly, there is no dearth of medical resources available in this poor rural area. The sick have a variety of options; the book tries to explain statistically their choice among self-help, traditional providers, modern private practitioners, and government clinics. The government clinics are nominally free, but there are drug prices, transportation expenses,

Infant Formula Promotion and Infant-Feeding Practices, Bicol Region, Philippines

A 1978 household survey and a 1981 survey of stores and health facilities document the availability of breast milk substitutes, promotion of infant food and formula through the medical sector, and the effects of such promotion on the infant-feeding practices of mothers in the Bicol region of the Philippines. Breast milk substitutes were universally available in the region. Infant food and formula companies were active in the modern medical sector with promotional efforts that included distributing free formula samples, providing pamphlets and posters, and organizing professional meetings. Industry activities had mixed effects on health professionals' knowledge of breast-feeding and attitudes towards the practice. Activities of multinationals tended not to affect mothers' breast-feeding behavior directly but increased the probability of their introducing breast milk substitutes within the first six months, and thus in practicing a program of mixed feeding.

Infant formula promotion and infant-feeding practices, Bicol region, Philippines.

A 1978 household survey and a 1981 survey of stores and health facilities document the availability of breast milk substitutes, promotion of infant food and formula through the medical sector, and the effects of such promotion on the infant-feeding practices of mothers in the Bicol region of the Philippines. Breast milk substitutes were universally available in the region. Infant food and formula companies were active in the modern medical sector with promotional efforts that included distributing free formula samples, providing pamphlets and posters, and organizing professional meetings. Industry activities had mixed effects on health professionals' knowledge of breast-feeding and attitudes towards the practice. Activities of multinationals tended not to affect mothers' breast-feeding behavior directly but increased the probability of their introducing breast milk substitutes within the first six months, and thus in practicing a program of mixed feeding.

Environmental impacts of integrated fisheries development in the Bicol river basin, the Philippines

Abstract This article is based on a study conducted from March 15 to August 15, 1983 at the proposed Naga‐Calabanga Integrated Fisheries Development Project in the Bicol region, the Philippines. Baseline studies were conducted on all environmental parameters and impact predictions were made. The Bicol River, the main source of water supply for the proposed fishery estate was found to be polluted in terms of total solids; BOD, phenol, cyanide and bacteria, but these would not be a limiting criteria for fish production since milkfish have a wide tolerance for physical, chemical and biological conditions. The project area was marginal with respect to agricultural activity. Conversion of the site to the proposed fishery project would cause some localized adverse ecological impacts but the net impact would be beneficial and enhance estuarine environment. Some adverse impacts include barriers to migratory fish such as mullet, arid catfish and shrimps, deterioration of water quality downstream, probable increase...

Infant formula promotion and infant-feeding practices, Bicol region, Philippines.

Infant formula promotion and infant-feeding practices, Bicol region, Philippines.