History Research Articles

Factors associated with menstrual-related disturbances following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: a Spanish retrospective observational study in formerly menstruating women

Background A growing body of evidence suggests a potential link between the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and menstrual changes in women who were menstruating at the time of vaccination. Nevertheless, the prevalence of this event in those with secondary amenorrhea for different causes, i.e. formerly menstruating women, remains unclear. It is plausible that, analogous to those observed in currently menstruating women, they experienced some degree of alteration in their reproductive health, defined here as menstrual-related disturbances. Objective The aim was to analyze this phenomenon and identify the factors associated with the occurrence of menstrual-related disturbances in this subpopulation. Study design: A retrospective observational cross-sectional study was conducted among adult Spanish in December 2021 using an online survey (N = 17,512). The present analysis includes a subpopulation of vaccinated and formerly menstruating women (N = 548). General characteristics, medical history, and adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination were recorded. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and McNemar mid-P tests were performed. Bivariate logistic regression was then used to identify the key factors influencing this unexpected event. Results In comparison with the first dose, significantly higher percentages of respondents experienced menstrual-related disturbances (dose 1: 38.5 percent vs. dose 2: 44.8 percent) after receiving the second one. Among them, those related to the length and flow stand out, being of long-term nature in about 17–20 percent of cases. Interindividual factors influencing this unexpected event after receiving the dose 1 may include weight, perimenopause, preexisting diagnoses of non-autoimmune rheumatic/articular conditions, use of hormonal contraceptives, suffering from other vaccine side effects − such as arm pain and the number of previous pregnancies; for dose 2, these factors may include suffering from menstrual-related alterations after receiving dose 1, as well as the use of hormonal contraceptives and perimenopause. Conclusion Formerly menstruating women might experience long-term menstrual-related disturbances following COVID-19 vaccination. Potential influencing factors include weight, perimenopause, rheumatic/articular conditions, hormonal contraceptives, vaccine side effects and previous pregnancies.

Subfossils suggest worse-than-realised losses of small-bodied mammals in northern Australia

Context Examining Australia’s late Quaternary subfossil record can be valuable in assessing whether the current diversity of small-bodied mammals seen across some parts of northern Australia is ‘normal’. Such records are important for establishing baselines for measuring historic changes in communities today and into the future. These datasets are becoming increasingly important, given trajectories in current global climate change, and predicted habitat losses and other potential anthropogenic impacts. Aims The main aim of this study is to utilise the local subfossil record from north-eastern Australia to establish a natural baseline for assessing changes in small mammal communities post-European colonisation. Methods Subfossils of vertebrates and other taxa were recovered from surface deposits adjacent to cave entrances at Broken River, near Greenvale in north-eastern Queensland, and were subjected to taxonomic, taphonomic and statistical analyses. These were then compared with local faunal records from modern surveys to compare differences in faunal communities between past and present. Key results Radiocarbon dating showed that these subfossils are geologically young, dating to approximately the time of European colonisation. We provide evidence for the former presence of extinct species of hopping mice (Notomys spp.) and rabbit rats (Conilurus spp.) in the region. Additional locally extirpated taxa such as Cape York bandicoot (Isoodon peninsulae) and Shark Bay mouse (Pseudomys gouldii) demonstrated considerable range contractions since the deposits accumulated, compared with their current distribution. Independent evidence from subfossil land snails recovered from these deposits is, with two exceptions, all modern-day vine thicket, karst-dwelling species indicating a long-term maintenance of vine thicket habitat. Thus, the loss of several mammal species is unlikely to be the result of habitat loss. Conclusions Analysis of the surface deposits showed that local historic small-mammal communities were much more diverse than are the region’s extant faunas recorded by modern surveys. Many extinctions and extirpations evidently occurred prior to such faunas being recorded as local inhabitants of the region. Implications Our data suggested that post-European colonisation small-mammal losses are likely to be substantially worse than previously realised.

WORD FORMATION AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE WORD

Word-formation structure exists exclusively in derivatives and compound words. It is important to distinguish between changes in word-formation structure at different stages of language development: The diachronic approach takes into account historical changes, while the synchronic approach studies the current state of the language. The differences between these approaches can be quite significant. The word-formation meaning and its formal indicator (derivative) form two sides of a single linguistic sign, i.e. derivateme, which is the signified and the signifier. Changes occur in language that affect morphemic structure and derivation. This includes such phenomena as etymologization, loss of morpheme productivity, haplology, folk etymology, and the law of analogy. KEY WORDS: structure of a word, morpheme, derivative, word-formation meaning, diachronic and synchronic approach.

The External Validation of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Recurrent Pelvic Organ Prolapse After Native Tissue Repair: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background/Objectives: A prediction model for anatomical cystocele recurrence after native tissue repair was developed and internally validated in 2016. This model estimates a patients’ individual risk of recurrence and can be used for counseling. Before implementation in urogynecological clinical practice, external validation is needed. The aim of this study was to assess the external validity of this previously developed prediction model. The secondary aim was to test the performance of this model with a composite and subjective outcome of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) recurrence. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate whether risk factors for POP recurrence were in line with the population in which the original model was developed. Methods: In this prospective multicenter cohort study, 246 patients who underwent anterior colporrhaphy were included. Inclusion criteria were patients scheduled to undergo a primary anterior colporrhaphy (with a POP Quantification (POPQ) stage ≥ 2 cystocele). A combination of a primary anterior colporrhaphy with other POP or incontinence surgery (without the use of vaginal or abdominal mesh material) was permitted. Patients with prolapse or incontinence surgery prior to index surgery could not participate. All patients filled in questionnaires, pelvic floor ultrasound was performed preoperatively, and data from the medical file concerning POPQ stage and obstetric and general history were obtained. Results: Thirty women (12.2%) were lost at follow up. Anatomical cystocele recurrence was present in 107/216 (49.5%), subjective recurrence in 19/208 (9.1%), and 39/219 (17.8%) patients met the criteria for composite outcome. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for anatomical, composite, and subjective recurrence were 65.5% (95% CI: 58.7–72.4), 55.8% (95% CI 47.3–64.3%, NS), and 55.1% (95% CI 45.1–65.2%), respectively. In the multivariable analysis, preoperative cystocele stage 3 or 4 and a complete levator defect on ultrasound were independent risk factors for anatomical recurrence. For composite recurrence, younger age and an active employment status were only risk factors in univariable analysis. No significant risk factors for subjective recurrence could be identified. Conclusions: This external validation study showed a moderate performance for a prediction model for anatomical recurrence. The model cannot be used for a composite or subjective outcome prediction because of poor performance. For composite and subjective recurrence, new prediction models need to be developed.

Evaluating historical changes in a mussel bed community in northern California

Marine foundation species are increasingly impacted by anthropogenic stressors, driving a loss of diversity within these critical habitats. Prior studies suggest that species diversity within mussel beds has declined precipitously in southern California, USA, but it is unclear whether a similar loss has occurred farther north. Here, we resurvey a mussel bed community in northern California first sampled in 1941 to evaluate changes in diversity after 78 years. More broadly, we explore the value and potential challenges of using imperfect historical data to assess community changes. Our 2019 survey documented 90 species/taxa across 10 phyla. The majority of species (~ 72%) were common to all replicate plots, suggesting that variation in species diversity over small spatial scales was unlikely to mask temporal changes. In contrast to results from southern California, we observed no decline in species diversity between timepoints. However, there were shifts in species composition, with an increase in the abundance of southern species and a decrease in northern species, consistent with warming observed at a nearby shoreline site. Overall, our findings are an encouraging sign for the health of this mussel bed community in northern California and illustrate how non-traditional data can contribute to assessments of long-term ecological change.

Similar phylogeographic history in a fig species and its obligate pollinators forms parallel genetic structure

Abstract Closely related and co-distributed species usually share a common phylogeographic history, but it is still largely unclear whether ecologically interacting species can respond synchronously to historical climate changes. Here, we focused on a fig-pollinator mutualism comprising Ficus pumila var. pumila and its obligate pollinators (morphospecies Wiebesia pumilae), and collected samples across most of their distribution ranges. We employed both cytoplasmic DNA sequences and nuclear microsatellite loci to reveal the species composition within the pollinator and to test whether the two mutualists exhibited similar postglacial phylogeographic patterns. In the three cryptic pollinator species observed here, two dominant cryptic species were parapatric, covering the north and the south of the plant’s distribution range, respectively. Similar current spatial genetic structure was detected in the two dominant cryptic pollinator species and the plant, with an eastern and a western genetic cluster. Moreover, for these three species, evidence for postglacial expansion was found, and their potential refugia at the last glacial maximum were located in the east and the west of their distribution ranges. These results suggest their synchronous responses to historical climate changes. Our study therefore shows congruent phylogeographic patterns between obligate mutualists and highlight the role of biogeographic factors in shaping the current biodiversity across trophic levels.

Neruda through copper-coloured glasses: the role of place attachment in the embeddedness of Chilean entrepreneurship

ABSTRACT Despite scholarly interest in how emotional and instrumental place attachments motivate entrepreneurship, the influences on embeddedness remain underexplored. Building on the notion that entrepreneurship becomes embedded in a locality, we argue that this process is packed with place-based interpretations of the material and imagined reality. Engaging with the empirical setting of Chile, the world’s largest copper producer, we embark on a study examining the interactions between the place attachment, embeddedness and natural resource-based entrepreneurship. We uncover these interactions through analysing several works of poetry by Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda, which focus on the diverging place attachment styles between local and multinational agents. Through reflecting on the poems, we show how historical changes within the Chilean mining industry and broader societal changes are visible in Neruda’s imagery of place attachments, emotions and concerns for local conditions. We problematize embeddedness and entrepreneurship through illuminating the place attachments shaping local actors’ entrepreneurial imagination, thus contributing to knowledge about being embedded in natural resource-based entrepreneurship contexts. We provide new insights into how place attachment can evolve alongside different forms of embedded entrepreneurship.

City-level emergy metabolism accounts for China’s 281 cities from 2000 to 2020

Cities exhibit diverse urban metabolism patterns in terms of the natural environment, industrial composition, energy, and material consumption. A chronicled city-level quantification of emergy metabolic flows over time can significantly enhance the understanding of the temporal dynamics and urban metabolism patterns, which provides critical insights for the transitions to sustainability. However, there exists no city-level urban emergy metabolism dataset in China that can support detailed spatial-temporal analysis. In this study, we present a city-level urban emergy metabolism dataset of China’s 281 cities between 2000 and 2020. This dataset meticulously describes the production and import of 41 resource types that sustain metabolic activities in 281 Chinese cities over a span of 21 years. This database, for the first time, provides insights into the historical metabolic changes of China’s cities by detailing emergy flows including production, consumption, and import of resources. Furthermore, these emergy flow inventories serve as valuable resources for studying urban metabolic characteristics, evaluating policy impacts, and formulating sustainable development strategies for China’s cities.

Isidore of Seville's composite anecdote about Corinthian bronze and the editing of the classical past

ABSTRACT Isidore of Seville incorporated a composite anecdote about the origins of Corinthian bronze into his Etymologies. His version combines elements from Petronius’ Satyrica, Pliny’s Natural History, and Orosius’ Seven Books of History Against the Pagans. Scholars have generally argued that Isidore’s credulous use of the comic Satyrica shows his ignorance of ancient history, and perhaps of genre. These arguments often rely on a simple distinction between the scientific Pliny and the comic Petronius, while overlooking Orosius. This article argues that a close examination of how Isidore treated these three sources shows three things: first, that Isidore was an active editor of his source texts; second, that his editing brought his source texts in line with the limits of his historical knowledge; and third, that he was most likely relying on excerpts to write. However, the passages he edited together are likely to have been excerpted specifically for his project, rather than being from an earlier abbreviator or quotation book.

Tattoo ink products and pigments 2018-19 upfront the new EUREACH regulation: Danish golden benchmark Study of 108 studios and 39687 clients tattooed with inks from 109720 ink bottles.

The new EU regulation on tattoo inks in force January 2022 in a hitherto unregulated market marks a historical change. Mapping of the thousands of tattoo inks de facto used in studios before the new EU regulation and establish a historical reference to tattoo customer exposure, ink toxicology assessment, clinical complications, and the impact on tattooing businesses. A tattooist-operated electronic system (InkBase) for ink registration required by law is used in Denmark since 2018. A local database in studios refers to a central database. Clients, sessions, ink bottles, brand name, and pigment color index (CI) are registered. Person's data protection is respected. Tracing harmful inks is possible, with public warning. Registrations from 108 studios employing about 700 tattooists were collected from March 2018 through 2019. 39687 clients were tattooed in 50604 sessions, using colors from 109720 ink bottles. 10833 were CI-labelled identifying the pigment. 98.1% of inks originated from USA. Detailed statistics on inks and pigments used are provided as a benchmark showing the spontaneous use and preference of "old" tattoo inks before the EU regulation compulsory to member states introduced dramatic restrictions difficult to follow. Denmark can, having detailed ink registration enforced by law and having a commonly used electronic registration system reporting to a central server, function as an index country in future surveillance of use of tattoo inks in studios, toxicology aspects and the impact of regulatory intervention on the tattooing industry, with a large sample of data collected in 2018-19. Wordcount 249.

A global biogeographic regionalization for butterflies.

The partitioning of global biodiversity into biogeographic regions is critical for understanding the impacts of global-scale ecological and evolutionary processes on species assemblages as well as prioritizing areas for conservation. However, the lack of globally comprehensive data on species distributions precludes fine-scale estimation of biogeographical regionalization for numerous taxa of ecological, economic and conservation interest. Using a recently published phylogeny and novel curated native range maps for over 10 000 species of butterflies around the world, we delineated biogeographic regions for the world's butterflies using phylogenetic dissimilarity. We uncovered 19 distinct phylogenetically delimited regions (phyloregions) nested within 6 realms. Regional boundaries were predicted by spatial turnover in modern-day temperature and precipitation seasonality, but historical climate change also left a pronounced fingerprint on deeper- (realm-) level boundaries. We use a culturally and ecologically important group of insects to expand our understanding of how historical and contemporary factors drive the distribution of organismal lineages on the Earth. As insects and global biodiversity more generally face unprecedented challenges from anthropogenic factors, our research provides the groundwork for prioritizing regions and taxa for conservation, especially with the goal of preserving the legacies of our biosphere's evolutionary history.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Bending the curve towards nature recovery: building on Georgina Mace's legacy for a biodiverse future'.

Updated Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy Based on the EAN/PNS Guideline 2021

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) includes a number of clinical subtypes. The major phenotype is "typical CIDP," which is characterized by symmetric and "proximal and distal" muscle weakness. Due to historical changes in the concept of CIDP, multifocal motor neuropathy, anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (anti-MAG) neuropathy, and autoimmune nodopathy were excluded. International guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of CIDP were first published in 2005 and revised in 2010. In 2021, the guidelines of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN)/Peripheral Nerve Society (PNS) were the second revision, reflecting changes in the disease concept and progress of electrodiagnosis, neuroimaging, and novel treatments. This review introduces the outline of the guidelines in addition to typical CIDP; related chronic demyelinating neuropathies were classified as CIDP variants. The diagnosis of CIDP is based on (1)the phenotype of a typical CIDP or variant, (2)electrophysiological evidence of peripheral nerve demyelination, and (3)exclusion criteria. The first-line treatments for typical CIDP are corticosteroids and immunoglobulin therapy. These guidelines recommend intravenous or subcutaneous immunoglobulin as maintenance therapy, as well as unresolved questions on the evolving concept of CIDP and future treatments.

Impact of East-Asian monsoon on sandstorm activities over the past half century: Insights from a genetic algorithm.

For nearly half a century, the East Asian sand-dust system (SDS) has undergone complex changes in intensity and has become a new focus of attention. To date, there are many uncertainties in understanding the complex observational facts of SDS using commonly used single-climate models. This study suggests that the SDS is an organized weather system that grows under the support of an atmospheric westerly belt environment (including water, soil, aerosol composition, and climate change). The novelty of this study lies in the development of a new genetic algorithm that can decipher the generation, motion, decay, and regeneration of SDS. It focuses on analysing the historical evolution of SDS over the past half century and establishing a digital coding system based on the Genetic algorithm Chromosome-sequencing Chronology of SDS (GCC-SDS). This approach can decipher the inter- and quasi-annual fluctuations of SDS, as well as the impact of changes in climate conditions. It also reveals the influence of the Earth's rotation on the distribution and changes in winter air currents in East Asia and their influence on SDS activity the region. This further deepens our understanding of historical changes in SDS and the mechanisms behind their impact.

Distribution of zoobenthos diversity in the Lake Donghu (Wuhan): Driving factors and historical changes

Distribution of zoobenthos diversity in the Lake Donghu (Wuhan): Driving factors and historical changes

Spatial distribution and isotopic signatures of N and C in mosses across Europe.

The accumulation of nitrogen (N) in moss tissue has proven to be a reliable marker of increasing N deposition. However, this measurement does not offer additional data about the origin of pollution. In this respect, the analysis of the N isotopic ratios might be a helpful tool in providing supplementary information about the nature of the nitrogenous species in biomonitoring surveys. Furthermore, isotopic signatures have been extensively used in the study of N and carbon (C) biogeochemical cycles. The main purpose of this study was to determine N and C elemental contents and their stable isotopes in mosses to investigate atmospheric pollution patterns across Europe. We aimed at identifying the main N polluted areas and evaluating the potential use of isotopic signatures in the attribution of pollution sources at a regional scale. With these objectives in mind, >1300 samples from 15 countries from Europe, all of them participants of the ICP-Vegetation programme 2005-2006, were analyzed for their C and N contents and δ15N and δ13C. The results were compared to those derived from EMEP model, which provided modeled deposition and emission data, as well as to the predominant land uses at the sampling sites (based on CORINE Land Cover). This evaluation suggests that additional measurements of stable C and N isotopes in mosses could be a valuable tool in European environmental surveys. Such measurements not only provide useful information for identifying probable pollution sources but also enable the quantification of their contributions, serving as biological indicators of significant environmental processes. This study presents the first quantitative assessment of major atmospheric nitrogen (N) sources based on stable isotope analysis on a European scale, establishing a framework for evaluating historical changes in N across the region.

Accounting for Australia’s threatened species: Estimating historical and recent change in terrestrial habitat

Accounting for Australia’s threatened species: Estimating historical and recent change in terrestrial habitat

High genetic variation, low differentiation, and Pleistocene expansions of the migratory and endangered long-nosed tequila bat, Leptonycteris nivalis, inferred using both maternal and paternal genetic markers.

Tequila bats (genus Leptonycteris) have gained attention for their critical role in pollinating different plant species, especially Agave spp. and columnar cacti. Leptonycteris nivalis is the largest nectar-feeding bat in the Americas, and the females exhibit migratory behavior during the breeding season. Due to its relatively small and seemingly declining population sizes, this species is protected by government agencies in the United States and Mexico. We conducted population genetics and phylogeographic analyses to elucidate the genetic structure and demographic history of the species using two mitochondrial markers and a Y chromosome-associated gene, to describe both maternal and paternal lineages. We estimated high haplotypic diversity measures for the different markers (Dloop-Hd = 0.775; Cyt-b-Hd = 0.937; DBY -Hd = 0.946). We found that geographic genetic differentiation is very low, and there is high connectivity among localities. The estimated divergence time between L. nivalis and L. yerbabuenae, the other species in the genus found in Mexico, aligns with previous estimates for the genus (6.91-9.43 mya). A demographic expansion was detected approximately at 600 ka-700 ka (thousands of years ago). The historical demographic changes observed in L. nivalis appear to be associated with environmental shifts during the Pleistocene, which likely impacted the distribution range of the plants that these bats feed on, such as Agave species.

Lived Religion and Shared Experience in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe

This special issue of JMEMS takes up the classical debate on the “shared” and the “individual” through the concepts of “lived religion” on the one hand and “experience” on the other. The collection presents the state-of-the-art within the emerging field of history of “lived religion,” exemplifying its differences from earlier notions of “popular religion.” The articles take a step forward in the field of lived religion by approaching it from the perspective of experience as an analytical category. The issue considers experience as it occurs in three fundamental stages: (1) ways in which individual people and communities encounter the world; (2) the simultaneous relational, intersubjective process making sense of those encounters; and (3) the social and physical structures born from the repetition of these processes so as to produce knowledge of the “real” world. Approaching the topic in terms of these stages of experience allows the articles to investigate negotiations between individual and communal or shared experience in the field of lived religion within various geographical contexts of medieval and early modern Europe. Such an approach helps to better identify the drivers of historical change across medieval and early modern periods.

대한민국 상해 임시정부 경찰의 역할에 관한 연구 - 독립운동 유형을 중심으로

The 「Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea」 promulgated the 「Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea」 on April 25, 1919 and the Provisional Control of the Republic of Korea in November, forming the organization of the Provisional President and the State Council. The 「Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea」 became the cornerstone of the establishment of the police bureau to announce the departure of the police, and although it was changed according to the pending issues of the provisional government, it remained a police agency of the provisional government until August 1945. According to data from the National Police Agency in korea, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai, China, established the beginning of the police organization as a police bureau immediately afrer its establishment. This study aims to examine the historical implications of today's police forces and types of independence movements based on the Provisional Government of the Republic of Shanghai. It also aims to examine the historical changes of the police and to illuminate the primary purpose of the independence movement in the provisional government. The functions and roles of police in the independence movement during the Shanghai Provisional Government are largely divided into three types. First, it shows the function and type of intelligence police that defend various types of information and search for traffickers in order to protect the provisional government from Japanese(倭) and the safety of factors that campaign for independence. Second, it is a communication system Third, it is the police unit. From the history of the police during the Shanghai Provisional Government to the present role of the police should inherit the police spirit for the Shanghai Provisional Government Independence Movement in order to grow into a memorable organization from the people in the future.

Emotions on the Battlefield: Towards A Sociological Analysis

The focal point of this article is the relationship between emotions and close-range fighting. Emotions play a central role in warfare. Nearly all soldiers who encounter combat zones experience intense emotional reactions. Some of these emotions are negative, such as fear, panic, anger, rage, or shame, while others are more positive, including pride, elation, joy, or exhilaration. Some scholars argue that there is inherent uniformity of emotional reactions on the battlefield. However, recent studies indicate that the emotional dynamics in the combat zone are more complex and flexible. Following this research, I argue in this article that there are pronounced historical and cultural differences in the emotional responses of fighters in combat zones. Facing the same realities of close-range fighting, soldiers tend to display different emotional reactions and these reactions are more variable as the cultural and historical contexts change.