Bias Lines Research Articles

Comparison of scansys and pentacam HR in healthy eyes

ABSTRACT Background To determine the interchangeability of Scansys (MediWorks, Shanghai, China) and entacam HR (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) in anterior segment measurements. Research designs and methods 42Forty-two healthy individuals’ right eye (mean age 31.5 ± 7.3 years) were assessed for keratometry (K), central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), pupil center pachymetry, corneal volume, anterior chamber volume (ACV), anterior chamber depth (ACD), terior chamber angle (ACA), intraocular pressure (IOP) sum, Q-value (asphericity), and horizontal white-to-white (WTW). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), linear regression analysis, difference of mean, and Bland-Altman plots [bias line and 95% limits of agreement (LoA)] were analyzed. Results Scansys repeated excellently the Pentacam HR for keratometry (except for anterior steep K), ACD, pupil center pachymetry, CCT, TCT, IOP sum, and corneal volume (all ICC > 0.9, r2 > 0.8, and narrow LoAs). There was strong correlations in measuring WTW and ACV (r2 = 0.631 and r2 = 0.623, respectively) and weak correlations in measuring ACA and Q values (all r2 < 0.5). Conclusion The interchangeability of devices were confirmed in measuring ACD, pupil center achymetry, CCT and TCT, IOP sum, corneal volume, and keratometry except for the anterior steep K. However, in measuring WTW, ACV, asphericity, and ACA, Scansys should not be used instead of Pentacam HR.

Gradient-aware trade-off control strategy dynamic optimization for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle

Road gradients not only affect the actual performance of control strategies but also impact battery life due to the drastic changes in power demands. To balance battery degradation with fuel economy using gradient information, this study proposes a gradient-aware trade-off control strategy. Initially, a vehicle dynamics model and a battery degradation model are established. Based on the characteristics of known road information and remaining driving distance, state of charge planning of the battery is conducted. Subsequently, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II is applied for bi-objective optimization, yielding a set of Pareto solutions that represent different levels of energy consumption and battery degradation. Thereafter, by introducing a real-time battery degradation severity factor, an optimized bias coefficient is obtained, which adjusts in accordance with the gradient changes. Through the optimization of the bias line, the optimal bias solution set under different working conditions is determined, achieving the optimal control for power system. The fuel economy of the proposed strategy is improved by 6.8% relative to the mileage adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, and the battery degradation inhibition is improved by 9.3%. After real-world conditions validation, the proposed strategy demonstrates good performance in both economic efficiency and battery life.

Frequency reconfigurable slot antenna utilizing solid-state plasma S-PIN diodes: simulation and experimental analysis

This article examines the feasibility of integrating solid-state plasma surface p-i-n (S-PIN) diodes into on-chip slots using silicon-on-insulator technology. Two categories of solid-state plasma S-PIN diodes are characterized. Simulations analyze the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, carrier concentrations, potential distribution, and thermal considerations of both single and dual S-PIN diodes, with optimization of their structural parameters and sizes. Experimental tests on fabricated S-PIN diodes of varying sizes with bias lines embedded in the on-chip slots show favorable I–V characteristics for both types of diodes. The measured results closely align with simulation predictions for the diodes’ conduction onset voltages. Additionally, a cavity-backed slot antenna is proposed to evaluate and compare radiation characteristics resulting from integrating different types of S-PIN diodes.

Effect of systemic vascular resistance on the agreement between stroke volume by non-invasive pulse wave analysis and Doppler ultrasound in healthy volunteers.

Stroke volume can be estimated beat-to-beat and non-invasively by pulse wave analysis (PWA). However, its reliability has been questioned during marked alterations in systemic vascular resistance (SVR). We studied the effect of SVR on the agreement between stroke volume by PWA and Doppler ultrasound during reductions in stroke volume in healthy volunteers. In a previous study we simultaneously measured stroke volume by PWA (SVPWA) and suprasternal Doppler ultrasound (SVUS). We exposed 16 healthy volunteers to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) to reduce stroke volume in combination with isometric hand grip to elevate SVR. LBNP was increased by 20 mmHg every 6 minutes from 0 to 80 mmHg, or until hemodynamic decompensation. The agreement between SVPWA and SVUS was examined using Bland-Altman analysis with mixed regression. Within-subject limits of agreement (LOA) was calculated from the residual standard deviation. SVRUS was calculated from SVUS. We allowed for a sloped bias line by introducing the mean of the methods and SVRUS as explanatory variables to examine whether the agreement was dependent on the magnitude of stroke volume and SVRUS. Bias ± limits of agreement (LOA) was 27.0 ± 30.1 mL. The within-subject LOA was ±11.1 mL. The within-subject percentage error was 14.6%. The difference between methods decreased with higher means of the methods (-0.15 mL/mL, confidence interval (CI): -0.19 to -0.11, P<0.001). The difference between methods increased with higher SVRUS (0.60 mL/mmHg × min × L-1, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.72, P<0.001). PWA overestimated stroke volume compared to Doppler ultrasound during reductions in stroke volume and elevated SVR in healthy volunteers. The agreement between SVPWA and SVUS decreased during increases in SVR. This is relevant in settings where a high level of reliability is required.

A comparison of Scansys and Sirius tomography in healthy eyes

PurposeTo assess the level of agreement and evaluate the reliability of measurements between two Scheimpflug imaging modalities, Scansys (MediWorks, China) and Sirius (CSO, Italy), in quantifying the anterior segment parameters in healthy eyes.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, the right eyes of 38 healthy participants without any ocular or systemic diseases were examined. A range of anterior segment parameters including anterior and posterior flat and steep keratometry, central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), corneal volume, anterior chamber volume, and horizontal white to white diameter, derived from the sagittal curvature maps were measured. To evaluate the reliability of the measurements, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and correlation coefficient were measured. Additionally, Bland-Altman plots were employed to examine the agreement in mean (bias line) and 95% limits of agreement between the two devices.ResultsThe mean age was 31.5 ± 6.9 (range: 19–47) years. The ICC indicated that the majority of anterior segment parameters had an excellent or good level of reliability, surpassing the threshold of 0.9. Nevertheless, CCT and ACA exhibited a moderate level of reliability, with ICC values of 0.794 and 0.728, respectively. The correlation analysis showed a strong correlation for all the variables tested. The Bland-Altman plots revealed that the bias line was near zero and the 95% limits of agreement were narrow for most variables, except for the anterior flat and steep keratometry, which were found to range from − 0.57 to 0.84 D and − 0.68 to 0.87 D, respectively.ConclusionScansys and Sirius devices can be effectively used interchangeably for the evaluation of most anterior segment parameters; however, for anterior corneal curvatures, CCT and ACA, their alternative use is not recommended.

Abstract 5166: A multiplexed immunofluorescence assay to assess Rb and phospho-Rb as predictive biomarkers for CDK4/6 inhibitors in HR+/HER2- breast cancer

Abstract Introduction: Cyclin-dependent kinases 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) are used as the first-line treatment of advanced/metastatic or high-risk HR+/HER2- breast cancer (BC) that make up about 60-70% of all cases. However, nearly 50% of patients exhibit drug resistance. Therefore, biomarkers that predict CDK4/6i response are needed to spare patients from toxicities and high costs. Resistance to CDK4/6i [palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib] is associated with the aberrant or loss of Retinoblastoma (Rb). A decline in phospho-Rb (pRb) levels on therapy is also associated with CDK4/6i response. We aimed to develop a multiplex immunofluorescence (IF) assay to assess Rb and pRb levels that can be used on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) to predict tumor response to CDK4/6i. Here, we report the selection of internal controls for Rb and pRb, assay repeatability and reproducibility, as well as compatibility of the CTC isolation protocol with the assay. Methods: Rb and pRb expression was evaluated by western blotting (WB) and IF in parental (P), estrogen deprivation-resistant (EDR), palbociclib-resistant (PalboR), and EDR/PalboR derivatives of two HR+/HER2- cell lines (MCF7 and T47D), Rb1 KO cells of MCF7 and T47D, as well as triple-negative cell lines, BT549 and MDA-MB-468. IF-stained cells were imaged using Leica STED SP8 confocal microscope and Zeiss Axioscan 7. The concordance between IF and WB results was assessed using a Bland-Altman plot. Selectivity and specificity of the assay as well as repeatability and reproducibility between investigators were also assessed. Blood from healthy subjects was used to test the compatibility of the ScreenCell® filtration system to isolate CTC with the IF assay. Results: Our initial approach utilized indirect IF staining for Rb and pRb using the same primary antibodies as WB. On the Bland-Altman plot, most data points were relatively close to the bias line, suggesting that the difference between the two methods was acceptable. The analytical range for mean Rb and pRb staining intensity was 0.744 - 46.779 and 1.001 - 52.919, respectively. Based on WB and IF data, we nominated T47D PalboR and MDA-MB-468 cells as negative controls for Rb and pRb expression. The selectivity and specificity were 100% and 70%, respectively, for the Rb expression and 99% and 61% for pRb, respectively. The IF assay was repeatable and reproducible between two investigators. The ScreenCell® CTC isolation method was not compatible with the assay, as Rb and pRb expression was either not detected or limited when processed using FC2 or PBTFC buffer, irrespective of the antigen retrieval. Conclusion: We have selected internal cell line controls for Rb and pRb and are in the process of optimizing signal-to-noise ratio and specificity using conjugated antibodies. We are also testing the compatibility of other CTC isolation methods with the IF assay. Citation Format: Mantasha Tabassum, Shivaani Suresh Kanna, Wangjia Cao, Mothaffar Rimawi, George E Miles, Meghana V Trivedi. A multiplexed immunofluorescence assay to assess Rb and phospho-Rb as predictive biomarkers for CDK4/6 inhibitors in HR+/HER2- breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5166.

Robustness of GaN on SiC low‐noise amplifiers in common source and cascode configurations for X‐band applications

SummaryCascode HEMTs exhibit high gain and broadband performance. Promising reverse transmission makes matching networks simpler and insensitive to impedance on either side of the HEMT. On the other hand, common source (CS) HEMTs with intentional small inductance at the source provide simultaneous match for optimum noise and input impedance. This paper provides a performance comparison of μm cascode HEMTs‐based low‐noise amplifier and μm CS HEMTs‐based low‐noise amplifiers with specific emphasis on robustness, including survivability and reverse recovery time (RRT). Cascode LNA survives an input power of 33 dBm while CS LNA handles 30 dBm power, each having a 1 k passive limiting resistor on the gate bias line. RRT of cascode LNA is also better. Better survivability and RRT for cascode LNA are attributed to its HEMT's stacked configuration. The designs of LNAs are described, along with their small‐signal, noise, and large‐signal characteristics in the X‐band. Cascode LNA has a better input match, while CS LNA has a better output match. Gains are comparable, while CS LNA has better P1dB at higher band edge frequency. The noise figure for both LNAs is less than 1.9 dB, with CS LNA having a slight edge over cascode. This study benefits RF designers in choosing appropriate HEMT topology as per application for designing robust low‐noise amplifiers.

Design and fabrication of cryogenic multiplexing control chip

This paper presents a design and fabrication process of a cryogenic multiplexing control chip (MCC) for superconducting quantum computers. The working temperature of MCC can be 10 ∼ 30 mK, because it could be integrated with quantum processor in the same package. With a multiplexing ratio of 1:4 and designed working frequency 4–8 GHz, the MCC is a non-reciprocity device which consisted of bandpass filters and isolators, which are based on tunable inductor bridges (TIB). The MCC chip size is 6 × 6 mm2 and includes λ/2 coplanar waveguides resonators, superconducting quantum interference device arrays, capacitors, low pass filters, baluns and bias lines. Adopting self-aligned process of Josephson junctions, the fabrication of MCC constitutes four lithography masks. The modular design of MCC could facilitate the development of large-scale superconducting quantum computers.

A High-Efficiency Inverse Class-F GaN MMIC Power Amplifier With Compact Output Matching Network

This brief presents a high-efficiency inverse Class-F (Class-F-1) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) power amplifier (PA) fabricated with 0.25-lm GaN-on-Si technology. The design is based on a compact output matching network (COMN), which consists of a harmonic control circuit (HCC), an L-section matching circuit and a bias line. In order to reduce the circuit area that make it suitable for monolithic integration, the HCC uses only three transmission lines to achieve the second and third harmonic control. In addition, the conventional quarter-wave bias line is replaced with a shorter, proper one. The proposed COMN simplifies the matching network while realizing Class-F-1 operation, which improves efficiency, output power and reduce chip size. The maximum power added efficiency of 64.5% is achieved at 3.0 GHz, with an output power of 38.4 dBm and a power gain of 10.3 dB.

Microwave Switch Architecture for Superconducting Integrated Circuits Using Magnetic Field-Tunable Josephson Junctions

We report on the design, fabrication, and measurement of a low-temperature microwave switch architecture that can be fully integrated on chip using single Josephson junctions and superconducting bias lines. The basic switching element used is a reflective single-pole-single-throw switch that is realized by tuning the critical current of a single Josephson junction by way of a local flux bias. A single-pole-single-throw switch is demonstrated at 4.2 K to have an on/off ratio in excess of 20 dB up to 12 GHz. This element is then incorporated into the design of a single-pole-double-throw switch that exhibits an on/off ratio above 20 dB up to 10 GHz. The switches require no intrinsic power dissipation in either state, and their performance was verified for input powers of -100 dBm to -60 dBm. S-parameter simulations using a simple lumped element model are in good agreement with the experimental data, allowing for the design to be extended to larger switch architectures.

Design of Low-Cost Single-Layer 2-Bit Reflective Programmable Metasurface Based on Folded Ground

A low-cost single-layer 2-bit programmable metasurface (PM) is proposed in this article. This PM is processed on a single-layer printed circuit board (PCB) with the microwave structure, ground, and bias lines, enabled by a folded ground. The folded ground design moves a part of the ground from the bottom to the top layer to leave an area for bias lines. Vias are used to connect the ground in top and bottom layers to form a whole. The bias line in the microwave structure area is grounded by two capacitances to isolate microwave current with the bias line area. An asymmetric patch is designed in microwave area as the 2-bit microwave structure. To verify the microwave performance of this PM, functions of generating double beams, electromagnetic (EM) waves with orbital angular momentum (OAM), and a high gain beam are simulated. The far-field pattern of a 16 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 16 PM antenna in beam scanning is measured. The measured results show that the PM antenna has a beam scanning capability of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 60 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and a maximum aperture efficiency of 44.6%. Finally, to illustrate the universality of the folded ground design, the varactor-loaded continuous phase adjustable PM and variable polarization 1-bit PM are discussed.

Design and Implementation of Low Parasitic Inductance Bias Circuit for High-Power Pulsed Power Amplifiers

This article presents a wideband bias circuit with low parasitic inductance for high-power pulsed amplifiers. The proposed bias circuit works similarly to the traditional bias circuit in that it can ensure the transmission of microwaves from the power amplifier to the load while preventing the transmission of microwaves from the power amplifier to the power supply. By making the bias line shorter and the transmission line wider than the traditional bias circuit, the proposed bias circuit reduces its parasitic inductance. The reduction of parasitic parameters is critical for reducing the drain voltage overshoot of the high-power pulse power amplifier and ensuring its safety. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed bias circuit has a lower parasitic inductance and a wider bandwidth. To validate the theory and simulation results, the traditional and the proposed bias circuits are fabricated using microstrip circuits. Both the simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed bias circuit has a one-third lower parasitic inductance than the traditional bias circuit. Furthermore, the proposed bias circuit has a wider bandwidth.

Extended biasplot command to assess bias, precision, and agreement in method comparison studies

Recently, a new statistical methodology to assess the bias and precision of a new measurement method, which circumvents the deficiencies of the Bland and Altman (1986, Lancet 327: 307–310) limits of agreement method, was developed by Taffé (2018, Statistical Methods in Medical Research 27: 1650–1660). Later, the methodology was extended to assess the agreement. In addition, to allow for inferences, simultaneous confidence bands around the bias, precision, and agreement lines were developed (Taffé, 2020, Statistical Methods in Medical Research 29: 778–796). The goal of this article is to introduce the extended biasplot command, which implements these latest developments, and to illustrate its use by applying it to simulated data included with the command. Note that the Taffé method assumes that there are several measurements by one of the two measurement methods and possibly as few as one measurement by the other for each individual. The repeated measurements need not come from the reference standard but from any of the two measurement methods. This is a great advantage because it may sometimes be more feasible to gather repeated measurements either with the reference standard or the new measurement method.

Design and Rectangular Waveguide Validation of 2-Bit Wideband Reconfigurable Reflective Metasurface Element in X-Band

This letter presents a new design and rectangular waveguide validation of a wideband 2-bit reconfigurable reflective metasurface (RRM) element in the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X</i> -band. The element consists of a U-slot microstrip patch, a ground plane, and a 2-bit reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS) controlled by four p-i-n diodes. The direct circuit (DC) biases are elaborated for the 2-bit RTPS so that only two DC bias lines are required to regulate the four p-i-n diodes. The proposed RRM element has a wideband 2-bit phase resolution from 9.1 to 10.85 GHz and can be recognized with great angle stability. The rectangular waveguide experiment was conducted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed element further. The experimental results show that the 17.5% relative bandwidth is achieved under a total phase difference of 270° ± 20° with reflection losses less than 3 dB.

Multi-dimensional particle filter-based estimation of phase line biases for single-differenced ambiguity resolution in GNSS-based attitude determination

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have been widely used to provide real-time and high-precision attitude information for land vehicles, ships and aircraft over the past few decades. With the joint use of emerging multi-GNSS common-clock receivers and the single-differenced (SD) model, the accuracy of pitch and roll can be significantly improved to the same level as that of yaw. However, the prerequisite is that the frequency-dependent phase line biases (LBs) in multiple GNSS systems and frequencies are accurately and rapidly estimated. In this contribution, we intend to solve this problem by using a multi-dimensional particle filter (PF)-based approach. We first investigate the relationship between the ratio value and the multi-dimensional phase LBs. Results have revealed that the ratio value can be used to judge the quality of multi-dimensional phase LBs and represent the likelihood function of the observations. We then present the procedure of multi-dimensional PF-based phase LBs estimation for SD ambiguity resolution and attitude determination. An improved strategy is also proposed to reduce the computation time. Finally, we take the two-dimensional case as a representative example to evaluate the performance of the proposed method in aspects of the convergence and accuracy of phase LB estimates, the attitude determination accuracy, and the computation time. Experimental results from two static datasets have demonstrated that the two-dimensional phase LBs basically rapid converge within 20 epochs. Moreover, compared with the double-differenced method, the proposed multi-dimensional PF-based SD method could provide comparable yaw accuracy and much better pitch accuracy. The pitch accuracy is improved to the same level as yaw by approximately 42.9%–50.0%. With regard to the computation time, it is found that with the proposed modification strategy, the single-epoch computation times are significantly reduced by approximately 90.7%–93.5%, and they are mostly within 0.05 s for most of the epochs on a personal computer.

A compact reconfigurable monopulse antenna with close spacing

AbstractA compact reconfigurable monopulse antenna is presented. The proposed antenna consists of two closely spaced patches, a sum‐difference comparator with four PIN diodes, and an embedded inductor between the two patches. The sum‐difference comparator consists of a 1‐to‐2 divider, two feeding lines with four PIN diodes, and the DC bias line. By controlling the states of the PIN diodes, the sum and difference beams are achieved. The embedded inductor is applied to mitigate the difference in resonant frequency at the sum and difference beams. The working mechanism of the inductor is analyzed in detail. A prototype shows that the measured overlapped −10 dB impedance covers the 3.41–3.58 GHz at the sum and difference beams. The measured gain and null depth in the broadside directions are 6.8 and −30.5 dB, respectively. The proposed monopole antenna with close space is a promising candidate for some compact systems, like unmanned aerial vehicles and mobile terminals.

Particle filter-based real-time phase line bias estimation for GNSS-based attitude determination with common-clock receivers

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based attitude determination has been widely adopted in a wide variety of terrestrial, sea, air, and space applications. Recently, the emergence of commercial multi-GNSS common-clock receivers has brought new opportunities for high-precision GNSS-based attitude determination with single-differenced (SD) model. However, the key requirement of using this approach is the accurate estimation of the troublesome line bias (LB) in real-time. In this contribution, we propose a particle filter-based real-time phase LB estimation approach that apply to SD model with single-system single-frequency observations from common-clock receiver. We first analyzed the relationship between the integer ambiguity ratio value and the phase LB. It is proved that the accuracy of a given phase LB value can be qualified by the related ambiguity resolution ratio value, and the normalized ratio value can therefore be used to represent the likelihood function of observations. Then, we presented the particle filter-based real-time phase LB estimation procedure, and assessed its performance using GPS L1/BDS B1I observations from two datasets collected with different types of common-clock receivers in terms of the accuracy and convergence time of phase LB estimation, the computation load, and the positioning and attitude determination accuracy with respect to the double-differenced (DD) model. Experimental results demonstrated that the phase LB could be accurately estimated with short convergence time (generally within 15 epochs). Moreover, compared with the classical DD approach, the particle filter-based SD approach delivers comparable positioning root-mean-square (RMS) errors in the North and East components but significantly smaller RMS errors in the Up component. Accordingly, the achievable yaw accuracy is comparable whereas the pitch accuracy is remarkably improved. The improvements of positioning accuracy in the Up component and pitch accuracy are approximately 35.7 % to 63.7 %, and 33.3 % to 63.1 %, respectively. Additionally, the single-epoch computation time with our particle filter-based SD approach is generally 0.08 s, which is obviously larger than the DD approach but could still meet the requirements of real-time applications below 10 Hz sampling.

An X-Band Reflective Active Polarization Conversion Metasurface

In this paper, an active polarization conversion metasurface (APCM) operating in the X-band (8–12 GHz) is presented. Active unit cells consist of three metal layers and two substrate layers. Anisotropic metal patches, positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes, and bias lines are integrated into the surface layer to form a chiral structure. A simple and efficient polarization conversion function is realized in this designed structure. The operating mode is switched between linear-to-linear (LTL) polarization conversion and linear-to-circular (LTC) polarization conversion by switching the loaded PIN diode. In the LTL polarization conversion state, the polarization conversion ratio of APCM is over 90% in X-band. Reflected wave circular polarization axis ratio &lt;3 dB in 8–12 GHz when in LTC state. The proposed structure is verified by experimental measurements.

A Wideband Low-Cost Reconfigurable Reflectarray Antenna With 1-Bit Resolution

A wideband 1 bit reflectarray antenna (RA) with two-dimensional (2-D) electronically beam-scanning capability is presented in this article. Based on the basic structure of the magnetoelectric (ME) dipole antenna, a novel reconfigurable RA (RRA) element is proposed for wideband operation by combining electric dipole resonance and magnetic dipole resonance. Each element is integrated with only one p-i-n diode to change the types of resonances, leading to a reconfigurable reflecting phase with a 1 bit resolution. As a demonstration, a wideband electronically RRA with 16 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times16$ </tex-math></inline-formula> elements is developed, fabricated, and measured. In the proposed RRA, each element is connected with a separate bias line to independently control the working state and reflecting phase. Measured results show that the proposed RRA can achieve a 3 dB gain bandwidth of 38.4% with a peak aperture efficiency of 24% at 12 GHz. Besides, the proposed antenna can support the wide scanning angles ranging from – 60° to + 60° in the E-plane and 0° to + 60° in the H-plane within the whole operating bandwidth. The proposed simple design could be a promising candidate for intelligent reflective surface (IRS) applications.

The Immigration of Galician Jews to Hungary in the Age of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, 1867-1914

This study is concerned with the immigration of Galician Jews to Hungary. The first section examines the newspapers in circulation in the counties along the border and asks: What rhetorical devices did they use, and what commonplaces did they employ to justify their stereotypical and biased lines of argument in relation to the coexistence of Jews and established local societies. This section is followed by a description of the central government’s efforts to regulate migration. The study concludes with a study of the different types of migration (temporary, circular, repetitive, etc.) and provides an opportunity to interpret the contradiction between statistical data and contemporaries’ perception of “reality.”