Bifunctional Effects Research Articles

Synergistic electrocoagulation–precipitation process using magnesium electrodes for denim wastewater treatment: Bifunctional support electrolyte effect

The textile industry is one of the most polluting activities since its processes handle >8000 different types of chemical products. It consumes a significant volume of water, for example, a denim dying process requires from 30 to 50 L/kg. The goal of this study was to determine the synergistic effect of the electrocoagulation–chemical precipitation treatment (EC–CP) on real textile wastewater from the denim industry. MgCl2, CaCl2, and MgSO4 were tested for CP, and CaCl2 exhibited the best results: 77, 76, and 77 % of COD, color, and turbidity were removed, respectively. EC batch treatment was performed with an anode of Mg and a cathode of Fe at a pH of 4.5, treatment time was 29 min, and current density 144.7 A/m2 (1.7 A). The optimal conditions were obtained by using a Box–Behnken model, with removal efficiencies of 93, 87, and 93 % for COD, color, and turbidity, respectively. The main contribution and conclusion of this work were the bifunctional effect of the electrolyte (CaCl2) improves the conductivity and precipitates the pollutants. The Mg anode removes efficiently the organic matter and the nutrients (N and P) by complexation, the synergistic EC–CP achieved removal efficiencies were 91, 93, and 94 % for COD, color, and turbidity, respectively. The energetic costs for EC and EC–CP treatments were 1.82 and 0.25 US$/m3, respectively.

Recent Advances in Anode Electrocatalysts for Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell-II-Platinum-Based Catalysts.

Platinum-based catalysts have a long history of application in formic acid oxidation (FAO). The single metal Pt is active in FAO but expensive, scarce, and rapidly deactivates. Understanding the mechanism of FAO over Pt important for the rational design of catalysts. Pt nanomaterials rapidly deactivate because of the CO poisoning of Pt active sites via the dehydration pathway. Alloying with another transition metal improves the performance of Pt-based catalysts through bifunctional, ensemble, and steric effects. Supporting Pt catalysts on a high-surface-area support material is another technique to improve their overall catalytic activity. This review summarizes recent findings on the mechanism of FAO over Pt and Pt-based alloy catalysts. It also summarizes and analyzes binary and ternary Pt-based catalysts to understand their catalytic activity and structure relationship.

NiMoO4 nanorods derives carbon layers wrapped NiCo alloy decorated with Mo2C platinum-based catalyst for efficient methanol electrooxidation

To the aim of accelerate the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), rationally designing novel MOR catalyst is highly desired. Hence, NiCo alloy resides in carbon layers decorated with Mo2C platinum-based catalyst (Pt/NiCo-Mo2C@NDC) is fabricate. For the fabrication, NiMoO4 nanorods (NRs) are firstly coated with CoZn-ZIF and then subjected to anneal treatment and NaBH4 reduction procedure. In the system, CoZn-ZIF serves as the sacrificial template and reducing agent, rendering bifunctional effect: CoZn-ZIF provides doped nitrogen sources, which are beneficial to the overall conductivity and deposition of Pt nanoparticles. Besides, it could act as the carbon sources for the reaction formation of the Mo2C during high temperature calcination, which delivers the excellent co-catalytic effect. Meanwhile, NiCo alloy can be fabricated during the annealing treatment and alter the structure properties of the catalyst, showing the Ni content-depended electrochemical performance. Therefore, the catalyst exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic activity and stability. Moreover, we also focus on the structure-activity relationships to provide insight into the effect of alloy and molybdenum carbide on catalytic activity.

Pd, Ag and Bi carbon-supported electrocatalysts as electrochemical multifunctional materials for ethanol oxidation and dopamine determination

This manuscript describes the investigation towards the multifunctional synthesis, characterization, and application of different Pd, Ag and Bi-carbon black supported electrocatalysts in two different fields in electrochemistry: fuel cells and electrochemical sensors. Throughout morphological and electrochemical characterizations, comprising scanning and transmission electron microscopies, X-ray powder diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry techniques, the materials were characterized to better understand their properties towards proposed applications. Afterward, the materials were employed for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media, with investigations by chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry, and by closing a direct alkaline fuel cell, which the Pd50Ag45Bi05/C composite presented attractive ethanol catalysis behavior, with a maximum power density of 19.70 mW cm−2, at 30.59 mA cm−2. Also, the proposed device was applied for dopamine determination by square wave voltammetry. In this sense, two linear behaviors, respectively ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 and 4.0 to 40 μmol L−1 were obtained, due to two distinctive mechanisms. This higher activity has been attributed to the synergism among the used metals and proportions contributing to the bifunctional and electronic effects. As synthetic samples investigations were accomplished, data reinforces the proposed material as a possible interfacing composite in electrochemistry.

Graphdiyne reinforced multifunctional Cu/Ni bimetallic Phosphides-Graphdiyne hybrid nanostructure as high performance electrocatalyst for water splitting

Obtaining of non-noble metal catalyst with bifunctional effect for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting is highly desired to get high purity hydrogen. Here in, we design and fabricate Cu/Ni bimetallic phosphides with Graphdiyne (GDY) to form hybrid nanomaterial CuNiPx-GDY on Ni foam for the first time. The synergistical effect between GDY and transition metal phosphides, and the atomic scale heterojunctions between Cu3P and Ni2P, effectively accelerate the catalytical process both in HER and OER, resulting in extraordinarily small overpotentials of 178 mV and 110 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for OER and HER in CuNiPx-GDY(1:1) in 1 M KOH, respectively. Density functional theory results show that, compared with pure CuNiPx, the introduced GDY can considerably improve the activity of OER and generate different active sites for OER and HER in CuNiPx-GDY(1:1). Thus CuNiPx-GDY(1:1) exhibits good catalytical performance and stability as catalyst for overall water splitting. This study provides a new sight into the structure and catalytic properties of GDY and transition metal phosphides hybrid nanomaterial, and also offers a new way to obtain advanced materials with remarkable catalytic properties.

Stable Li Metal-Electrolyte Interface Enabled by SEI Improvement and Cation Shield Functionality of the Azamacrocyclic Ligand in Carbonate Electrolytes.

To promote the reversible cycleability of Li metal negative electrodes, a Li-chelating azamacrocyclic ligand molecule is introduced into a carbonate-based electrolyte intended for lithium metal batteries. Reversible Li plating and stripping on the Cu electrode are found to be the outcomes of the bifunctional effects of adding the lithium nitrate-chelating azamacrocyclic ligand. The negatively shifted redox potential of the Li-chelating macrocyclic ligand, relative to that of the free Li-ion, acted as a cationic shielding molecule for smooth Li deposition, and the Li3N-based solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film derived from the nitrate anion strengthened the interphasial characteristics of the Li metal negative electrode. Cationic shielding and Li3N-based SEI composition could help enhance the cycleability of the Li metal in a cascading manner. Consequently, the physicochemical characteristics of the lithium nitrate-chelated 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacylcotetradecane molecule exhibit stable Li/LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cycleability.

Bifunctional hydrogen-bonding cross-linked polymeric binder for high sulfur loading cathodes in lithium/sulfur batteries

Construction of high sulfur loading electrode is one of the effective ways to achieve high specific energy density lithium/sulfur batteries. Therefore, the optimization of polymeric binders has been considered as effective strategy to improve the volume changes of sulfur electrodes during charge/discharge processes. In this work, an effective route for the preparation of three dimensional polymeric binder (PAA-PANI) via multiple hydrogen bonds was developed and fabricated through in situ polymerization between polyacrylic acid (PAA) and polyaniline (PANI), which possess bifunctional effects on high sulfur loading cathodes in lithium/sulfur batteries. The carboxyl polar groups of PAA could effectively adsorb polysulfides and the conductive PANI enhance the electronic conductivity of the sulfur electrode. The three dimensional polymeric binder of PAA-PANI has enhanced the active material adhesion, mechanical properties and electronic conductivity, which decreased overpotential polarization, improved the lithium ions diffusion coefficient, and reduced the self-discharge. More importantly, the PAA-PANI functional binder could alleviate the expansion of high sulfur loading electrode. Taking advantages of PAA-PANI binder, the carbon nanotubes modified sulfur electrode (CNTs@S; sulfur content: 84.3 wt%) with PAA-PANI binder exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 906 mAh g–1 at 2.56 mA cm–2 (0.3 C) under a sulfur loading of 5.1 mg cm–2. Even at higher current density of 8.54 mA cm–2 (1 C), the PAA-PANI binder electrode delivers a high capacity of 846 mAh g–1. Moreover, with an extremely high areal sulfur loading of 17 mg cm–2, the cathode shows an areal specific capacity of 16.7 mAh cm–2.

Assembly of trimetallic palladium-silver-copper nanosheets for efficient C2 alcohol electrooxidation

The synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) alloyed efficient electrocatalysts with several active sites has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this work, trimetallic palladium-silver-copper (PdAgCu) nanosheet assemblies (NSAs) are synthesized in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and molybdenum hexacarbonyl as the structure-directing agents. The morphologies and structures of the trimetallic PdAgCu NSAs are identified by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The trimetallic Pd6Ag3Cu2 NSA has high electrocatalytic performance with outstanding long-term stabilities for ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR = 5696 mA mgPd−1) and ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR = 4374 mA mgPd−1). The enhanced electrocatalytic activities can be attributed to the synergistic effects, including strain, ligand, and bifunctional effects. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic mechanisms of the trimetallic electrocatalysts toward C2 alcohols are determined, and high concentrations of OH− and C2 alcohols favor EGOR and EOR.

Photocatalytic treatment for antibacterials wastewater with high-concentration using ZnFe2O4/Bi7O9I3 magnetic composite with optimized morphology and structure

Emerging antibacterials contaminations in aquatic environment have posed acute and chronic toxicities to human health and increasingly disturbance to ecosystem and environment. One of the main sources of antibacterials residues is the pharmaceutical wastewater containing antibacterials with high concentration (100–500 mg L−1). In comparison with most photocatalysts competent for removing antibacterials with low-concentration (10–50 mg L−1), ZnFe2O4/Bi7O9I3 composites in our research have been utilized to effectively treat antibacterial wastewater with high concentration (100, 400 mg L−1). XRD, TEM, HRTEM, EDS and XPS measurements were carried out to characterize the composition and microstructure of the composites. The roles of optimized morphology and adjusted structure in improving the photocatalytic activity are researched. The bi-functional effects of combination ZnFe2O4 with Bi7O9I3 on the enhanced photocatalytic activity and magnetic property are clarified. Superior removal efficiencies of 30% ZnFe2O4/Bi7O9I3 composite for LVFX (100 mg L−1), SD-Na (100 mg L−1) and TC (400 mg L−1) were respectively determined as 95.1% in 100 min, 94.6% in 4 h and 96.3% in 30 min, which indicates an efficient approach for pharmaceutical wastewater. The magnetic separation capacity and recycling performance after four runs are assessed. Mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic performance of 30% ZnFe2O4/Bi7O9I3 is discussed based on its reticular-surround microstructure, optimized morphologies of ZnFe2O4 and Bi7O9I3 in the composite and the beneficial staggered-type band structure. Our research provides a novel and significant technique to treat real pharmaceutical wastewater containing high-concentration antibacterials.

Anthraquinone-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks as a Bifunctional Photocatalyst for C-H Activation.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained attention as multifunctional catalytic platforms, allowing us to gain important insights into synergistically activating both C-H bonds and oxygen for improving oxidation. Herein, by ingenious incorporation of anthraquinone, we report an anthraquinone-based MOF as a bifunctional heterogeneous photocatalytic platform to simultaneously activate inert C(sp3)-H bonds and oxygen for C-H bond oxidation. Making use of the rigid framework with the fixation and isolation effect, both a great chemical stability and bifunctional synergistic photocatalytic effects were obtained through the immobilization of anthraquinone into a MOF. Importantly, while decorating two carboxyl groups on anthraquinone, the carbonyl groups of anthraquinone photosensitizers were not involved in coordinating the self-assembly and orderly arranged on the wall of channels that were constructed through a π-π interaction between the anthraquinone moieties in the adjacent layers, which was beneficial to form and stabilize the excited-state radical intermediates in the molecule-fenced channels, and the close proximity between the catalytic sites and the substrates to abstract a hydrogen atom from the substrate through the hydrogen atom transfer process aimed at activating the inertness of C-H bonds. Moreover, high-density-distributed anthraquinone dyes in the confined channels would activate oxygen to form singlet oxygen (1O2) through an energy transfer pathway, further promoting inert C(sp3)-H bond oxidation efficiency. Under visible light irradiation, this anthraquinone-based MOF was successfully applied to explore activation and oxidation of a series of substrates containing benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds in the presence of air or oxygen to produce the corresponding carbonyl products. This bifunctional photocatalytic platform based on a heterogeneous MOF provides an available catalytic avenue to develop a scalable and sustainable synthetic strategy using green and sustainable oxygen as the potent oxidant.

Restorative biodegradable two-layered hybrid microneedles for melanoma photothermal/chemo co-therapy and wound healing

Tumor killing and wound healing are two complementary and influential processes during the treatment of melanoma. Herein, a two-layered microneedle platform was developed with bifunctional effect of chemo-photothermal synergistic melanoma therapy and skin regeneration. The bifunctional platform composed of embeddable curcumin nanodrugs/new Indocyanine Green/hyaluronic acid (Cur NDs/IR820/HA) microneedles and sodium alginate/gelatin/hyaluronic acid (SA/Ge/HA) supporting backing layer was prepared through a two-step casting process. With uniform incorporation of curcumin nanodrugs and IR820, the microneedles exhibited excellent photothermal performance under external near-infrared (NIR) light stimulation and tumor co-therapy ability. Once the embeddable microneedles were inserted into skin, they would rapidly dissolve and activate drug release successfully for tumor treatment. Moreover, the SA/Ge/HA supporting backing layer was left behind to cover the wound and promote the proliferation of endothelial and fibroblasts cells for enhanced skin regeneration. The two-layered microneedles platform can simultaneously eliminate the tumor and accelerate wounding healing, which may be potentially employed as a competitive strategy for the treatment of melanoma.Graphical

Pd2Ga nanorods as highly active bifunctional catalysts for electrosynthesis of acetic acid coupled with hydrogen production

The production of hydrogen from water splitting is hampered by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). To overcome the OER limitation, herein we propose the electrosynthesis of value-added acetic acid from ethanol as the anodic reaction using high activity catalyts. For this strategy to be cost-effective, we develop a bifunctional catalyst based on Pd2Ga nanorods. Such Pd2Ga/C-based catalyst presents outstanding activity, selectivity and also stability for the electrocatalytic ethanol-to-acetic acid conversion with a current density above 164 mA cm−2 and a mass activity of 1.97 A mg−1Pd. Besides, its activity for hydrogen production is comparable to that of commercial Pt/C catalysts. Using Pd2Ga/C as a bifunctional catalyst for both water reduction at the cathode and ethanol oxidation at the anode, these two coupled reactions are demonstrated to be an energy-efficient approach for the simultaneous production of high purity acetic acid and hydrogen. The assembled electrolyzer requires a small voltage input of 0.62 V to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2, much lower than that of cells based on commercial Pt/C or Pd/C catalyst. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the high performance of the coupled system relies on a combination of an electronic and bifunctional effect of Ga, reducing the hydrogen-binding energy on the Pd site and at the same time actively participating in the reaction by providing OH− binding sites and reducing the energy barrier of the ethanol oxidation rate-determining step.

Computational design of ternary NiO/MPt interface active sites for H2O dissociation

The search for highly active and cost-effective catalysts of hydrogen evolution reaction is necessary to reduce energy losses in water-alkali electrolyser. Based on bifunctional effect, ternary NiO/MPt111 (M = Mn, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu) interface sites were built to study the HER activity trend by DFT calculations. Transition metal atoms tuned the electronic properties of interface sites, regulated the H2O adsorption activation and lowered the H2O dissociation energy barrier. Especially, on NiO/NiPt111 and NiO/OsPt111 interface sites the energy barriers were largely reduced to be 0.33 and 0.35 eV compared to NiO/Pt111 (0.55 eV) and Pt111 (0.92 eV). Volcano shape relationship between OH∗ adsorption energy ΔEOH∗ and energy barriers indicated ΔEOH∗ could be used as a HER activity descriptor for oxide-metal interface active sites. The present work indicated a potential interface-engineering strategy for designing interface sites with multimetallic composition and the tuned electronic structures to achieve excellent HER activity.

PdNi thin films for hydrogen oxidation reaction and oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media

Pd-based catalysts are considered to be among the most promising electrocatalysts for both the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. Although major progress in finding effective catalysts has been made, the reasons for the activity enhancement in alkaline conditions remain to be elucidated. Herein, we report the fabrication of alloyed PdNi thin films as a tool to study the HOR and ORR reactions. Annealing of physically evaporated PdNi thin films at different temperatures results in different surface compositions and a range of HOR and ORR activities in 0.1 M KOH. Moreover, annealed samples were acid treated to remove the surface Ni and the HOR and ORR were investigated to elucidate the effect of surface and subsurface Ni. For the HOR, it was found that the addition of Ni decreases the hydrogen binding energy (HBE) of Pd through an electronic effect, which results in an increase in activity. In addition, it was found that the HOR activity was further increased by the bifunctional effect induced by surface Ni, which provides OH− adsorption sites. In contrast to HOR, it was concluded that surface Ni was disadvantageous for the ORR. However, subsurface Ni was found to induce an electronic effect on Pd that resulted in a somewhat improvement of the ORR kinetics by improving its oxygen desorption. These results provide insights for more tailored design of electrocatalysts in alkaline media by shedding new light on the mechanisms through which the HOR and ORR kinetics are improved in alkaline media.

Electronic defect passivation of FASnI3 films by simultaneous Hydrogen-bonding and chlorine co-ordination for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

• Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride (HaHc) was added to FASnI 3 precursor solution. • H-I bonding amid HaHc and FASnI 3 was confirmed by first principle calculation. • Concurrently Cl - interaction with Sn 2+ ions were observed. • The bifunctional effects reduced the electronic defects of FASnI 3 film. • Light soaking stability of 500 h was observed for the respective PSCs. Tin based perovskite solar cells (Sn-PSCs) has emerged as a viable solution for the fabrication of low toxic PSCs. However, the rapid crystallization process of tin halide perovskite compounds often result in severe elctronic defects which limits the open circuit voltage (V OC ) of the overall PSC. In this work, we report on the successful implementation of a bifunctional compound- Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride (HaHc) with FASnI 3 perovksite to reduce the electronic defects. The hydroxyl group in the HaHc formed a hydrogen bond with iodide ion in FASnI 3 perovskite system and stabilizes the overall structure, which is evidenced by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and first-principle calculations. Additionally, the Cl - ion of the HaHc co-ordinates with the under coordinated Sn 2+ ions of the FASnI 3 perovskite and induces crystal growth along the < h 00 > direction with enhanced crystallinity. Collectively with these dual aspects, the HaHc reduces the electronic defects of the FASnI 3 perovskite film. With an optimized concentration of HaHc added with the FASnI 3 , the corresponding Sn-PSCs showed improved V OC up to 0.676 V and power conversion efficiency of 9.18%. Additionaly, the bi-functional HaHc is effective to stabilize the FASnI 3 system and exhibited light soaking stablity up to 500 h for the respective Sn-PSCs.

Ultra-fine bimetallic FeCoP supported by N-doped MWCNTs Pt-based catalyst for efficient electrooxidation of methanol

Herein, novel ultra-fine bimetallic phosphides immobilized by N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes platinum-based catalyst (Pt-FeCoP/NCNT) has been fabricated by in suit growth of bimetallic hydroxide onto polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), which is subsequently subjected to carbonization and sodium borohydride reduction treatments. In this system, PVP serves as the surfactant and doped nitrogen source, rendering the bifunctional effect: making the MWCNTs surface hydrophilic and thus facilitates the homogeneous growth of bimetallic hydroxide (FeCo-LDH). Besides, it provides nitrogen-doped structure after calcination, improving the overall electrical conductivity of the catalyst. Moreover, the introduced bimetallic phosphides deliver the enhanced co-catalytic effect compared with the monometallic phosphides, thus rendering the remarkable electrocatalytic activity (1221 mA mg-1Pt). In addition, this catalyst also maintains better anti-CO poisoning capability and long terms stability in comparison with others in this study. Thereby, this experiment provides the new inspiration for rational construction of high-efficiency metal phosphide platinum-based catalysts.

Non‐Volatile Perfluorophenyl‐Based Additive for Enhanced Efficiency and Thermal Stability of Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells via Supramolecular Fluorinated Interactions

AbstractA novel non‐volatile additive, fluorinated bis(perfluorophenyl)pimelate (BF7), is demonstrated to effectively improve both the efficiency and thermal stability of a highly efficient organic solar cell (OSC), comprising fluorinated Y6 as the small‐molecule acceptor and PM6 as the polymer donor. Processed with optimized 0.5 wt% BF7 in solution, the PM6:Y6:BF7 device achieves an elevated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.01%, compared to 15.16% of that processed without BF7. Moreover, the BF7‐elevated PCE can sustain 95% of the best PCE over 100 °C annealing for 72 h. Grazing incidence X‐ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry results consistently indicate that BF7 in the PM6:Y6:BF7 device interacts preferentially with Y6, resulting in improved fractal‐like network structures of the active layer with optimized size and orientation of Y6 nano‐crystallites and elevated thermal stability. Molecular simulation also supports that the observed structure and thermal stability is associated with the F–π noncovalent supramolecular interactions between the perfluorophenyl moieties of BF7 and difluorophenyl‐based FIC‐end‐groups of Y6. Similar bifunctional BF7 effects are also observed in the well‐known PM6:IT‐4F system, suggesting that adding BF7 for concomitantly improved PCE and thermal stability might extend generally to OSCs that feature small molecule acceptors of difluorophenyl end‐groups.

Plasma-Catalytic Methanol Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation over a Supported Cu Cluster Catalyst: Insights into the Reaction Mechanism

Plasma-catalytic CO2 hydrogenation for methanol production is gaining increasing interest, but our understanding of its reaction mechanism remains primitive. We present a combined experimental/computational study on plasma-catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to CH3OH over a size-selected Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Our experiments demonstrate a synergistic effect between the Cu/γ-Al2O3 catalyst and the CO2/H2 plasma, achieving a CO2 conversion of 10% at 4 wt % Cu loading and a CH3OH selectivity near 50%, further rising to 65% with H2O addition (for a H2O/CO2 ratio of 1). Furthermore, the energy consumption for CH3OH production was more than 20 times lower than with plasma only. We carried out density functional theory calculations over a Cu13/γ-Al2O3 model, which reveal that the interfacial sites of the Cu13 cluster and γ-Al2O3 support show a bifunctional effect: they do not only activate the CO2 molecules but also strongly adsorb key intermediates to promote their hydrogenation further. Reactive plasma species can regulate the catalyst surface reactions via the Eley–Rideal (E–R) mechanism, which accelerates the hydrogenation process and promotes the generation of the key intermediates. H2O can promote the CH3OH desorption by competitive adsorption over the Cu13/γ-Al2O3 surface. This study provides new insights into CO2 hydrogenation through plasma catalysis, and it provides inspiration for the conversion of some other small molecules (CH4, N2, CO, etc.) by plasma catalysis using supported-metal clusters.

Synergistic Electrocoagulation–Precipitation Process Using Magnesium Electrodes for Denim Wastewater Treatment: Bifunctional Support Electrolyte Effect

Synergistic Electrocoagulation–Precipitation Process Using Magnesium Electrodes for Denim Wastewater Treatment: Bifunctional Support Electrolyte Effect

A Novel Ammonium Bicarbonate Activator Enabling the Bifunctional Effect of High Activity and Stability of Steel Slag and its Promotion Mechanism

A Novel Ammonium Bicarbonate Activator Enabling the Bifunctional Effect of High Activity and Stability of Steel Slag and its Promotion Mechanism