Bhaktapur District Research Articles

Consumer Willingness to Pay for Pesticides-Free Fruits and Vegetables (A Case Study of Bhaktapur District)

Since it has been proven that pesticides free products are helpful to prevent several health hazards. The demand for organic products is increasing all over the world. Thus, this study was conducted with the objective of identifying the factors influencing the consumers' willingness to pay for pesticide-free products in Bhaktapur districts of Nepal. 123 data were collected from four municipalities of Bhaktapur district (Suryabinayak municipality, Madhyapur Thimi municipality, Bhaktapur municipality and Changu Narayan municipality). Logistic regression was applied for the analysis of data. The result of logistic regression reveals that gender, age awareness about the presence of residue in vegetables and awareness about the problem of health from pesticide-free products significantly influence the willingness to pay for pesticide-free fruits and vegetables. Therefore, it is recommended that accessible outlets, reasonable price, and awareness programs on pesticide-free products will encourage local farmers and benefits consumers.

An investigation of the salary received during COVID- 19 by low-paid employees working in private schools in Nepal

Covid-19, which started in Uhan in China at the end of 2019, spread all over the world at the beginning of 2020. Which Nepal could not remain untouched. In March 2020, the government began to lock down on the spread of corona in Nepal. In addition to teachers, various staff is also employed in each private school. Among the employees, low-salary paid employees like drivers/attendants, Peon, Aaya, swipers, and Security Guard. These types of employees were found to be providing various services on the school premises even during the non-operation of the school during the lockdown period.
 To examine the salary of low-paid employees of a private school in Kathmandu Valley (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur districts) before and during the COVID-19 period. Examine the significant difference between the mean salary received before the pandemic and during the pandemic period are the two main objectives of this research.
 The population during this research was private schools running in Kathmandu valley including Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur districts. Altogether there were 1500 private schools in Kathmandu valley. Out of them, five secondary schools from each district were purposively selected for the research. In this research quantitative research design was adopted.
 In the sampling design, the nonprobability sampling technique (purposive technique) was applied to select the required number of schools from each district. The selected school’s low-salary paid school staff like a security guard, Driver and conductor, Aaya, peon, and swiper were categorized, and from each category, 15 respondents were selected as a sampling unit from each selected district. The total number of respondents was 60.
 After analyzing the data before the pandemic, the salary of a security guard, Driver/conductor, peon/Aaya, and sweeper were 20333.33, 9466.66, and 7933.34, and during the pandemic were 5333. 33, 5533. 334033. 33, 3500,.respectively. Variations of salary provided to them by different schools were very high. There is a significant difference in the mean salary received by different low-salary paid staff before and during the pandemic period.

Self-medication practice among residents of Madhyapur Thimi-4, Bhaktapur, Nepal

Background: Self-medication is the treatment of self-diagnosed symptoms or conditions with medicines taken on own initiative without professional supervision .Though self-medication reduces the burden to the health care facilities, save time etc. it increases the risk if utilized inappropriately. Objectives: This study was done with the aim to determine self-medication practices among residents of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality ward number 4, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was used and non-probability purposive sampling technique was adopted. Study was conducted in Madhyapur Thimi-4 in Bhaktapur district with sample size of total 309 community people of age 20 to 60 years. Data was collected by interview with the help of semi structured questionnaire and was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Out of 309 participants, 215(69.6%) community people practiced self-medication with one’s past experience 88(40.7%) as the most common source of information. Most commonly used medicine was NSAID 63(29.3%) followed by decongestant 30(13.9%). Medicines were self-prescribed for headache 49 (22.7%), fever 37(17.2%), cold and flu 30(13.9%) with the aim to save the time and for quick relief 50(23.6%). Practice of self-medication was statistically significant with age of respondents (p=0.000), level of education (p=0.004) and type of family (p=0.009). Conclusion: The practice of self-medication was common for different illness like headache, fever, diarrhea etc and most commonly self medicated medicine was NSAID.

Effects of the 5E Learning Model on Physics Students’ Academic Achievements

This study aims to determine the effects of the 5E learning cycle model at the bachelor level physics students’ academic achievement. Null hypotheses were examined to accomplish this study. The population included all students studying science education at the bachelor’s level on Tribhuvan University’s constitutional campuses. The sample of the study consisted of sixty (60) physics students from two constitutional education campuses in Kathmandu and Bhaktapur districts, who were in their second year of bachelor’s degree. A quasi-experimental research method was adopted for this investigation. There were 30 students in each of the control and experimental groups. The instrument was validated by university professors and lecturers, and the Kuder Richardson -21 formula was used to determine the reliability coefficient which was found to be 0.78. The experimental and control groups were taught for fifteen hours on the topic “Electrostatic Force, Field, and Potential” using a learning cycle model and conventional teaching methods. The results of this investigation demonstrated that students taught using the learning cycle model were shown to be more successful learners in physics than those taught using the conventional teaching technique.

Factors affecting health insurance utilization among insured population: evidence from health insurance program of Bhaktapur district of Nepal

BackgroundThe Government of Nepal introduced the family-based health insurance program in 2016 to increase financial protection and improve access to health care services. The study aimed to assess factors associated with the utilization of health insurance among the insured population in an urban district of Nepal.MethodsA cross-sectional survey using face-to-face interviews was conducted in 224 households in the Bhaktapur district of Nepal. Household heads were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression with weighted analysis was done to identify predictors of service utilization among the insured residents.ResultsThe prevalence of health insurance service utilization at the household level in the Bhaktapur district was 77.2% (n = 173/224). The number of elder members in the family (AOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.09–7.07), having a family member with chronic illness (AOR 5.10, 95% CI 1.48–17.56), willingness to continue health insurance (AOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.47–3.25) and membership duration (AOR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05–1.24) were significantly associated with the utilization of the health insurance at the household level.ConclusionThe study identified a particular group of the population who were more likely to utilize health insurance services, including the chronically ill and elderly. Health insurance program in Nepal would benefit from strategies to increase population coverage in health insurance, improve the quality of health services, and retain members in the program.

History of Victimization, Behavioral and Emotional Problems among Juvenile Delinquents in Child Correction Homes

The juvenile justice system identifies youth in conflict with the law as different from the adult criminal population. The Correctional and re-integrative approach forms the basis of a good juvenile justice system. The rationale for such interventions remains to identify risk factors and protective factors for delinquency. History of victimization has been recognized as one of the risk factors for juvenile delinquency. In this context, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 160 adolescents (with a history of juvenile delinquency) residing in Child Correction Homes of Bhaktapur and Kaski districts to study the history of victimization its effect on behavioral and emotional problems. Nepalese versions of the Reduced Item Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) and Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) were used for the study. Of the participants (N=149), 93.96 % reported at least 1 victimization and 79.19% reported lifetime exposure to 3 or more different types of victimization. Total score in JVQ was a significant predictor for Hyperactivity, Emotional Problems, Peer Problems, and Total Difficulty Score of SDQ. These findings point toward the need to further study these aspects of delinquency in the Nepalese context.

Effect of organic manures on degrading soil due to brick manufacture industry at Changunarayan municipality of Bhaktapur district, Nepal

Effect of organic manures on degrading soil due to brick manufacture industry at Changunarayan municipality of Bhaktapur district, Nepal

Factors Contributing to Teachers’ Self-Efficacy: A Case of Nepal

A key issue for teachers working in public secondary schools in Nepal is their confidence in their capability to complete the tasks associated with their professional activities. With this consideration, a study was carried out to explore the factors contributing to Nepali teachers’ self-efficacy. To find out the factors, the study administered the NTSE tool, developed through the e-Delphi technique. A sample of 390 public school teachers was drawn from a population of 3427 teachers in the Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur districts of Nepal. A cluster sampling technique was used to draw a local government body in each district. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied using a principal component matrix with varimax rotation. The EFA extraction was further validated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The study found four factors, viz., efficacy in student engagement and efficacy in instructional preparation, which contribute to teachers’ self-efficacy in Nepali public schools. The study helps streamline teachers’ self-efficacy as a key psychological construct in their professional development opportunities, directly impacting students’ academic learning and achievement.

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MAJOR VEGETABLES IN BHAKTAPUR DISTRICT, NEPAL

This study was conducted to analyze the economics of production and marketing of major vegetables in Bhaktapur district of Nepal. Primary data for the household survey were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from sixty sampled respondents, from two municipalities namely, Madhyapur thimi municipality, Suryabinayak municipality by using simple random sampling method. The methodological tools such as household survey using pre-tested survey schedule, key informant interview, focus group discussion and different secondary data sources were used to collect the information. The primary data obtained from field survey were coded, tabulated and analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 25.0 and Microsoft Excel. Secondary data were collected through scientific journals, articles, and publications from agricultural organizations, projects, and programs. Simple indexing method was used for ranking of problems and identifying major determinant of production and benefit cost ratio, gross margin, net margin was calculated by using formula. Average area under vegetable cultivation was found to be 4.29 ropani. The cost of production per ropani for tomato, cauliflower and radish was NRs. 71,521, NRs. 32,930 and NRs. 27,900 respectively. The BC ratio was higher for tomato (1.9) followed by radish (1.70) and cauliflower (1.64). B: C ratio of all the vegetables under study was higher than one which implies that vegetable farming in the study area is profitable farm business. The marketing margin per kg of tomato, cauliflower and radish was NRs. 31.00, NRs. 39.50 and NRs. 19.00, respectively whereas the producer’s share was found to be higher for tomato (55.71%) followed by radish (52.50%) and cauliflower (46.97%). Middlemen had major influence on pricing of vegetables. Analysis of the study showed that the major constraints in production and marketing of vegetables were incidence of disease/pest and low farm gate.

Use of Stimulus Variation Skill in Teaching Health Education

This study has assessed the state of knowledge about stimulus variation skills and practical classroom use among college-level health education teachers. Using a qualitative phenomenological study design, the researchers collected data from health education teachers teaching master's health education in Dolakha, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Chitwan districts. Eighteen health education teachers participated in in-depth qualitative interviews, nineteen teachers' classes were observed, and 4 focus group discussions including 26 teachers were conducted. The qualitative data were analyzed thematically. The results found out from this study demonstrated that there was confusion among teachers whether stimulus variation was a motivational skill or it was a matter of pedagogy. It showed that the participants had a little knowledge of purposeful movement inside the class, effective and appropriate use of gestures, change in speech pattern, interaction style, sense channels, postures and many more stimulus variation skills. Some teachers used intentional movement, and a smaller number of teachers used sensory channel changes and postural changes. In this regard, education college teachers need re-orientations on using all six stimulus variation skills.

Role of Demographic Factors on Emotional Intelligence of Tribhuvan University’s Faculty Members

The main objective of this study is to examine the role of demographic factors (age, marital status, education, service year, designation, and income)in the level of emotional intelligence of faculty members. The population of the study is faculty members of the central campus of Tribhuvan Univesity and its constituent campuses situated in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Lalitpur districts. The structured questionnaire was distributed to the one hundred and six faculty members to get information regarding the influence of demographic factors on emotional intelligence. The questions related to emotional intelligence were based on the Goleman model (1998). The analytical research design was used by applying statistical tests like frequency, percentage, and one-way ANOVA for analyzing the data. The result revealed that demographic factors like age, education, service year, designation, and income influence emotional intelligence while marital status and gender do not. Some limitations and scope for future research have been discussed.

Causes and Consequences of Emigration in Chagunarayan Municipality of Bhaktapur District

Large proportion of the Nepalese citizens are emigrating from own country in search of better employment opportunities and prosperity. The study aims to assess causes and consequences of emigration particularly in Changunarayan Municipality of Bhaktapur district. The study employed case study research design followed by quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection. The required data are collected from randomly selected 50 HHs residing in four settlements (i.e. Chagunarayan, Jhaukhel, Duwakot and Chhaling) of the municipality ward number four. This study found that unemployment, difficulties in transportation, attraction towards foreign countries, perverting other people from neighbor, disrespect to owns' occupation, wanting to earn more are the major causes of emigration. The emigrants are enjoying in the destinations with various facilities and they are able to improve the living standard of their family members and prosperity. The emigrants' household members get an opportunity to spend a considerable portion of their family income in child education, health treatment and also for buying land property. The availability of communication facilities, adjustments in native people's way of life and achieving better social status have been noted as other positive outcomes of the emigration. However, emigration of youth people also has negatively affected social and cultural structures in the study area. The festivals are compelled to celebrating by less active group member in the community with less enjoyment and excitement. Even the returned migrate people are not giving interest in the social and cultural and religious festivals. This might be reason that most people have feeling that one should develop the own area rather than migrating to other areas. Therefore, local government need to become responsive and responsible in addressing the negative consequences of emigration as far as possible.

Soil Carbon Fluxes and Sensitivity Analysis – A Study in Pinus roxburghii Forest

The predicted increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) level is responsive to altering the future climate, and a small change in the soil carbon may significantly affect the forest carbon cycle and climate system. Soil respiration (SR) and its influencing factors like soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC) and surface litter-fall were measured monthly over one year in a sub-tropical Pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest of Bhaktapur district located in central Nepal to determine the SR of the forest and, its variations and sensitivity. The results showed that SR varied to the changes in ST by an exponential significant positive correlation between them. The optimum SR was observed between 10 and 22ºC, and the highest SR were obtained above ST at 20ºC. The temperature sensitivity value of SR (Q10) was estimated at Q10 = 2.13. The significant exponential curve represented the effect of SWC on SR. The higher SR rate was mostly measured between 10 and 25% SWC. The monthly and seasonal variations of the SR rate were consistent with the ST, SWC and litter-fall variations. The study showed that the combined effect of temperature and precipitation might be the major cause of SR variations; however, ST is adequate for increasing SR. Hence, the warming further enhances carbon emission from the forest floor and inversely increases carbon to contribute to climatic change through this pine-dominated forest stand structure.

Impact of Variation in Monsoonal Rainfall and Temperature on Paddy Production and its Adaptive Strategies: A Case Study from Bhaktapur District of Nepal

This study was carried out to assess the impact of climate change on paddy yield in Bhaktapur, Nepal. The study compared the summer rainfall variability, summer temperature variability, and farmers' perception of rainfall and temperature changes over a 30-year period. A household survey of 420 houses was conducted to collect information supplemented by meteorological data from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DoHM). Following this, significant increases and decreases in temperature and rainfall were observed on annual and seasonal time scales, respectively. The obtained result shows the annual precipitation trend of the study area is increasing at a rate of 0.24 mm yr-1. The linear trend analysis of the pre-monsoon indicates that the rainfall is increasing at the rate of 0.18 mm yr-1 and the monsoon shows the rainfall is increasing at the rate of 0.57 mm yr-1, whereas the post-monsoon rainfall is decreasing at the rate of 0.02 mm yr-1. The biggest changes in precipitation were observed during the monsoon season. The monsoon precipitation trend in the time series was found to be increasing at a rate of 0.57 mm yr-1. This variation in monsoon rainfall is clearly unfavorable for the agriculture system of the study area. When these recent changes in the temperature and precipitation were compared over 30-year time series data from the weather station, it is apparent that the climate of the study area exhibits fluctuation over time, many of the changes being very erratic. As per the data, all kinds of temperatures are being increased annually. According to the linear trend shown below, average annual temperature, minimum temperature, and maximum temperature are increasing at rates of 0.038°C yr-1, 0.054°C yr-1, and 0.021°C yr-1, respectively. The results show that future climate change in Nepal, including higher temperatures and erratic rainfall, might have a negative impact on paddy productivity and yield in the study area.

Web Mapping on Land Cover Change of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur District

Land cover change is rapidly following path of environmental degradation, imbalance on ecosystem. Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur district has experienced a very high trend of urbanization and land use land cover change. Mapping this trend is absolutely necessary for sustainable development as well as conservation of the ecosystem. While there are desktop applications for making this mapping and analysis possible, upgrading to the web is the best possible way in order to interact with public as well as much easier way of data visualization, data analysis and data dissemination. This paper portrays the design and implementation process along with the visualization of a WebGIS platform via thin client architecture. A dynamic web map portal has been developed concerning the land cover change of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur district. Among the several Free Open Source server software, OpenGeo Suite has been adopted for the project because it has a robust and flexible design that allows us to reliably handle and publish geospatial data. PostgreSQL/PostGIS, QGIS, Geoserver, Leaflet, and Apache Tomcat has been utilized as the web server in this suite. A fully functional website has been developed in order to host the maps and its components. WMS layers has also been published using Geoserver and styled as can be displayed on the web map portal. Leaflet plugins has been used with the help of which different tools like Zoom, Pan, Full Screen View and Distance Calculator are made available on the portal.

Management of bacterial leaf blight disease of rice in farmer's field condition at Bhaktapur district of Nepal

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is considered as one of the major threats to rice production in Nepal. To identify the effective control measures, an experiment was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a farmer's rice field at Bhaktapur, during the summer seasons of 2018 and 2019. Three plants extracts; 1% Neem extract, 2% Asuro leaf extract, and 2% Titepati leaf extract along with two fungicides viz. 0.1% Agricin and 0.2% Blitox 50, and one bio-control agent 1%Kisan Pseudomonas were used as treatments. The first spray was given as a prophylactic spray at the jointing stage, and they were applied 3 times at 50, 60 and 70 days interval. All the treatments significantly reduced disease and improved test weight higher than control. Among the tested treatments, 0.1% Agricin performed as the best with 65.70% disease control and increase in yield over control by 28.13%. Among the tested botanicals, 2% stock solution of Titepati performed as the best with 50.59% disease control and increase in yield by 13.51%. Therefore, three times application of 0.1% Agricinat 10 day interval starting from jointing stage can be used to control BLB disease for higher rice production.

Nutrient contents in different sources of organic manures used in different farms of Bhaktapur district, Nepal

Organic manure contributes carbonaceous matter to soil, which when decomposed, offers mineral nutrients to plants, also acts as a base exchange material, and helps to improve the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of soil. This study was conducted to assess the amount of total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium, pH, under various organic manure sources. Collected organic matter samples were tested for total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, soil organic matter, and pH at the soil laboratory of Nepal Polytechnic College, Bharatpur-11, Chitwan, using the NARC, Soil Science Research Centre, Khumaltar, Lalitpur standard rating. The overall nitrogen concentration of goat dung was 1.667%, whereas buffalo manure had the lowest at 0.665%. The available phosphorus content of organic manure in the research area ranged from 0.732% in vermi-compost to 0.432% in compost, with substantial differences amongst manure samples. The goat manure had the highest potassium level (0.853%), whereas buffalo manure had the lowest (0.513%). The pH value of goat manure was 8.4 while the pH content of compost manure was 7.567. The maximum amount of organic matter (54.8) was found in buffalo manure, while the lowest (46.3) was found in vermi compost. The maximum amount of organic matter (54.8%) was found in buffalo manure, while the lowest (46.3%) was found in vermi compost. Modern technology must be adapted for successful and improved manure production. To increase the availability and maintenance of nutrients in organic manure, methods such as covering the manure to protect it from rain and sun, avoiding waterlogged conditions, and correct manure decomposition can be implemented.

Effect of Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behaviour on Physical Activity Intention among Secondary School Teachers of Nepal.

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle which requires energy expenditure is known as physical activity (PA). WHO has recommended that at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity PA or a combination of both per week is required for health benefits. Physical inactivity is one of the strongest risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and other conditions and is attributable to 6% of global premature death. However, data on the PA of teachers are unavailable in Nepal. They are considered one of the risk groups for NCDs because of the less active nature of their job. So, we aimed to evaluate the effect of the educational intervention based on the theory of planned behaviour on PA intention among secondary school teachers in Bhaktapur district, Nepal. For this study, we recruited 126 teachers from 6 schools. Each intervention and control group contained three randomly selected secondary schools. All the teachers from the selected schools were enrolled in the respective groups. A quasiexperimental (pretest-posttest control group) study design was used to test the effectiveness of the intervention on attitude, behaviour control, subjective norms, and intention for engaging in regular PA. Both groups underwent baseline and follow-up assessments at four weeks using the self-administered questionnaire developed for this study. The intervention group delivered a one-hour lecture session supported by audio-video materials for PA promotion. The effect was analysed by comparing the changes in the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) constructs within and between intervention and control groups. The difference in scores between and within the groups was tested using Student's t-test. Adjusted difference-in-difference scores were calculated through linear regression. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Science version 26.0. The adjusted mean score increase in TPB constructs due to the interaction of time and intervention increased from 0.641 to 1.381. The highest gain (beta = 1.381) was seen in the intention score, while a minor improvement was seen in perceived behavioural control (beta = 0.641). After the intervention, the net increase in PA intention score was 9.35% compared to the control group. Thus, the promotion package was effective in increasing PA intention. The findings of this study and educational package could be helpful in encouraging teachers to engage in PA in other schools.

Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Vegetables from Contaminated Agricultural Soils of Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur District, Nepal and their Potential Health Risk Assessment

The present study aimed to determine Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) in five vegetables viz., Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), Mustard (Brassica campestris), Radish (Raphanus sativus), Spinach (Spinacea oleracea) and Chinese spinach (Amaranthus dubius), and their growing soils in three agricultural sites (Manohara, Bode, and Nagadesh) of Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur district and to assess health risks using USEPA deterministic approaches. The average concentrations of HMs in soils were 0.85, 30.65, 40.06, 47.42, and 129.55 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn respectively, exceeding the normal soil quality standards except Cr. Similarly, the average concentrations of HMs in vegetables were 0.42, 6.63, 22.33, 1.34, and 77.16 mg/kg for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn respectively exceeding joint FAO/WHO standards except for Cu. The I-geo values revealed a class of unpolluted to moderately polluted levels for the agricultural soils indicating the 1st degree of soil pollution. Among the vegetables, Chinese spinach measured considerably high transfer factor (TF) for Cd (0.79), Cr (0.34), Cu (0.76), Pb (0.04), and Zn (0.89) indicating health concerns to the consumers. The hazard index (HI) for these HMs was found less than the acceptable limit (1.0) indicating no non-carcinogenic risk to adults through vegetable consumption. However, the lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCR) parameter indicated low to high cancer risk for Cd, Cr, and Pb. Among the vegetables, Chinese spinach estimated the highest LCR values for the HMs suggesting regular monitoring of HMs in soil and vegetable on account of their toxic effects.

Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Origanum majorana L. Essential Oil from Nepal.

This study was conducted to examine the chemical constituents of Origanum majorana L. essential oils (EOs) that originate in Nepal, as well as their biological activities, antioxidant properties, and enantiomeric compositions. The EOs were extracted by the hydro-distillation method using a Clevenger-type apparatus and their chemical compositions were determined through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chiral GC-MS was used to evaluate the enantiomeric compositions of EOs. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils were determined by the micro-broth dilution method, and the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 50 and 41 compounds in the EO samples, (S1) and (S2), respectively, representing the Kathmandu and Bhaktapur districts. The oxygenated monoterpenoids, along with terpinen-4-ol, were predominant constituents in both EO samples. However, the EOs from two locations showed some variations in their major components. The chiral terpenoids for two EO samples of marjoram have also been reported in this study in an elaborative way for the first time in accordance with the literature review. A hierarchical cluster analysis based on the compositions of EOs with 50 compositions reported in the literature revealed at least 5 different chemotypes of marjoram oil. The antioxidant activity for the sample (S2) was found to be relatively moderate, with an IC50 value of 225.61 ± 0.05 μg/mL and an EC50 value of 372.72 ± 0.84 µg/mL, as compared to the standard used. Furthermore, with an MIC value of 78.1 µg/mL, the EO from sample (S2) demonstrated effective antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Moreover, both samples displayed considerable antimicrobial activity. The results suggest that EOs of Origanum majorana possess some noteworthy antimicrobial properties as well as antioxidant activity, and hence can be used as a natural preservative ingredient in the food and pharmaceutical industries.