BG Groups Research Articles

Effect of dietary supplements in American bullfrogs reared in low and high stocking densities

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the probiotic Bacillus subtillis and beta-glucan from the fungus Agaricus blazei on survival, growth and immunological capacity in bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) cultured in low and high stocking densities. Animals weighing 24.3±2.38g were randomly distributed into four treatments with four simultaneous replicates: D100: 100 frogs/m2 (control); D236: 236 frogs/m2; D236+Prob.: 236 frogs/m2 supplemented with probiotic; and D236+BG: 236 frogs/m2 supplemented with beta-glucan. The parameters evaluated were weight gain, survival, plasma corticosterone (CORT), phagocytic capacity (PC) and phagocytic index (PI), at 24h and 15 and 30days. There is significant interaction between treatments and time for CORT levels. At 30days, these values were very close for the D100 (control) and D236+BG groups. Meanwhile, no statistical differences were observed between treatments for PC and PI. These results indicate that beta-glucan reduced the effects of stress caused by high density in bullfrogs, but the probiotic did not reduce these effects. Both compounds are not efficient at increasing survival rates, weight gain and neither immune response of animals. Thus, the use of commercial food additives may not have the favorable impact desired by the farmer. Their use in aquaculture should be further studied in experiments involving a longer trial period and taking into account the cost of their use.

Dietary effect of Kaempferia parviflora, a PPARγ agonist, on glucose tolerance in non‐obese type diabetic mice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Asian countries is often characterized as non‐obese type. PPARγ agonists are known to reduce adipocyte size and improve adiponectin secretion and insulin resistance, but to induce abdominal fat accumulation as an adverse effect. Search for PPARγ agonists which have little adverse effects from natural food resources is desirable for people with non‐obese T2DM. We previously showed that Kaempferia parviflora (black ginger, BG) and its ethanol extract (BGE) had PPARγ agonistic activities in a binding study, and exerted a beneficial impact on adiponectin secretion in an animal study. Although some studies showed anti‐T2DM effects of BG in diet‐induced obesity animal model, little is known to have suppressive effect of BG and BGE on T2DM in non‐obese T2DM model. We here investigated the effect of BG and BGE in diet on glucose tolerance in NSY mice with non‐obese T2DM. Male NSY mice were divided into five dietary groups and fed each diet for 8 weeks; mice fed an AIN‐93G diet (N‐LF), high‐fat and high‐sucrose diet (HF), HF diet supplemented with BG (1%) (BG), and HF diet supplemented with BGE (0.19%) (BGE). Half of mice in HF group were treated with pioglitazone (3 mg/kg) as PPARγ agonistic positive control (PIO). ICR mice fed the LF diet are used as non‐diabetic control (I‐LF). At the end of 6th and 7th week, oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests (OGTT and ITT) were respectively carried out. In OGTT, elevation of plasma glucose level was significantly suppressed in the BG and BGE groups. In ITT, plasma glucose level was significantly lowered in the BG and BGE groups. These effects were equivalent to those of pioglitazone. In conclusion, BG and its methanol extract can be effective for prevention of insulin resistance and T2DM.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16K21349 and Mishima Kaiun Memorial Fundation.

Analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneal administration of bupivacaine in cats.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of intraperitoneal (IP) bupivacaine in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Methods Forty-five cats were included in a randomized, prospective, blinded study after owners' written consent was obtained. The anesthetic protocol included acepromazine-buprenorphine-propofol-isoflurane. A ventral midline incision was made and cats (n = 15/group) were administered either IP saline 0.9% (negative and positive control groups; NG and PG, respectively) or IP bupivacaine (2 mg/kg; bupivacaine group; BG). Cats in the PG received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg SC). An OVH was performed and postoperative pain was evaluated using a dynamic interactive visual analog scale (DIVAS), the UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scale (MCPS) and mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT) for up to 8 h after the end of surgery. Postoperative sedation was evaluated using DIVAS. Rescue analgesia was provided with buprenorphine and/or meloxicam. Repeated measures linear models and a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test were used for statistical analysis ( P <0.05). Results There was a significant effect of treatment on the number of times rescue analgesia was administered ( P = 0.002) (PG, n = 2, 13%; NG, n = 12, 80%; BG, n = 4, 27%) with the number of rescues being higher in the NG group than in the PG ( P = 0.0004) and BG ( P = 0.02) groups. The DIVAS, MCPS and MNT were significantly different when compared with baseline values at different time points; however, data were not significantly different among groups. Conclusions and relevance Treatments PG and BG produced similar analgesia in terms of pain scores, number of times rescue analgesia was administered and MNT. Based on rescue analgesia, IP administration of bupivacaine provides analgesia in cats after OVH.

Total Body Water, Electrolyte, and Thermoregulatory Responses to Ad Libitum Water Replacement Using Two Different Water Delivery Systems During a 19-km Route March.

Hands-free hydration systems are often advocated for improved hydration and performance in military populations. The aim was to assess whether such systems indeed result in improved hydration in exercising soldiers. Subjects were required to complete a route march while consuming water ad libitum from either a hydration bladder (BG) or traditional canteen (CG). Water intakes of 538 ml·h⁻¹ (BG) and 533 ml·h⁻¹ (CG) resulted in no differences for changes in body mass, serum [Na], plasma osmolality, total body water, or time required to complete the march. There were no differences between peak exercise core temperature of the BG (38.9° C) and CG (38.7° C) groups. There were no differences between the groups for fluid balance, thermoregulation, or performance. This is a not a surprising finding because the amount of fluid consumed ad libitum is determined by changes in serum osmolality and not the fluid delivery system as often proposed.

Effect of bovine lactoferrin from iron-fortified formulas on diarrhea and respiratory tract infections of weaned infants in a randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with bovine lactoferrin (bLf) from iron-fortified formulas on diarrhea and respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in weaned infants. MethodsIn this prospective, multicenter, controlled intervention study, 260 infants ages 4 to 6 mo who previously were exclusively breastfed but weaned were randomized into two groups: a lactoferrin-fortified formula milk group (fortified group, FG, containing lactoferrin 38 mg/100 g milk) and a no lactoferrin-fortified milk (control group, CG); breastfed infants were enrolled and served as a reference group (breastfed group, BG). The intervention duration was 3 mo. The morbidity of diarrhea and RTIs were collected during supplementation. ResultsThe results of the study demonstrated evidence of a lower incidence rate of respiratory-related illnesses and fewer symptoms of running nose, cough, and wheezing for infants in the FG and BG groups compared with those in the CG (P < 0.05). Despite the undistinguished incidence rate of vomiting, nausea, and colic, the occurrences of diarrhea-related illnesses were significantly lower for children in the FG and BG than for those in CG (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe beneficial effects on infectious morbidity over 3 mo highlighted the potential of bLF supplementation for previously weaned infants; these findings may be applicable to other infants living in similar socioeconomic districts.

Basal Ganglia Cerebral Microbleeds and Global Cognitive Function: The Kashima Scan Study

We previously showed that global cognitive function was associated with deep or infratentorial (D/I) cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in a Japanese healthy cohort. We continually recruited participates and performed further investigation to focus on the impact of different distributions of D/I CMBs on gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging on global cognitive function. A total of 1392 subjects including subjects without CMBs (n = 1335), with D/I CMBs limited to the basal ganglia (BG; BG group, n = 33), thalamus (thalamus group, n = 14), and infratentorial area (infratentorial group, n = 10) were included in analyses. Subjects with strictly lobar CMBs (n = 43) were excluded, but subjects in the BG, thalamus, and infratentorial groups could also have lobar CMBs. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) was administered to determine global cognitive function; scores less than 27 or more than 1.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the age-education-related mean were regarded as impaired. In the multivariable logistic regression analyses, hypertension and severe white matter hyperintensities were associated with the BG group and the thalamus group. In multivariable logistic regression analysis of the association between D/I CMBs classification and impaired MMSE score, only the BG group consistently displayed associations with both MMSE score less than 27 (odds ratio [OR], 5.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08-17.09) and MMSE score more than 1.5 SDs below the age-education-related mean (OR, 3.34; 95% CI, 1.24-8.99). In the BG group, adjusted mean scores of total MMSE and "attention and calculation" were lower compared with subjects without CMBs. In our study of D/I CMBs, only BG CMBs have strong association with global cognitive function. This association was independent of CMBs in other location.

생강과 법제생강의 DSS(Dextran Sulfate Sodium)로 유도된 마우스의 대장염 억제 효과

본 연구에서는 일반생강과 법제생강의 대장염 염증에 대한 억제 효과와 법제의 가공 처리가 일반생강의 염증 억제 효과보다 우수한 지를 비교하였다. Balb/c 수컷 마우스에 2.5% DSS로 궤양성 대장염을 유도하고, 일반생강과 법제생강 추출물 500 mg/kg을 투여하여 대장염의 염증 억제 효과를 연구하였다. 일반생강과 법제생강은 70% 에탄올로 열수 추출 및 농축하여 실험에 사용하였다. 일반생강과 법제생강추출물 투여군 모두 대장 길이의 축소와 체중 감소가 대조군보다 유의적으로 억제되었다(P<0.05). 일반생강과 법제생강 추출물 투여군의 대장 길이는 7.6 cm와 8.0 cm로 법제생강 추출물 투여군의 대장 길이가 일반생강 추출물 투여군보다 더 길었다. 대장의 조직학적 관찰에서 대장의 길이의 축소 정도가 증가함에 따라 대장조직 점막층의 선와부의 파괴도 증가되었다. 대장염 염증 초기에 증가하는 염증성 biomarker인 혈청에서의 IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α 및 IL-12의 농도는 일반생강 추출물 투여군보다 법제생강 추출물 투여군에서 유의적으로 더 감소하였고, 대장 조직에서의 이들 사이토카인의 유전자 발현도 같은 경향을 나타내었다(P<0.05). 대장염 조직에서의 염증성 인자인 iNOS, COX-2의 유전자 발현에서도 일반생강군보다 법제생강군의 유전자 발현이 더 유의적으로 감소되었다. 이상의 결과로 DSS로 대장염이 유도된 마우스에서 일반생강과 법제생강의 추출물은 항 염증성 효과를 나타내었고, 법제생강 추출물의 대장염 염증 억제 효과가 일반생강 추출물보다 더 우수하였으며, 이는 법제가공 처리에 의해서 일반생강의 대장염 염증 억제효과가 증가되었다고 사료된다.

The potential restorative effects of strontium-doped bioactive glass on bone microarchitecture after estrogen-deficieny induced osteoporosis: Physicochemical and histomorphometric analyses

Strontium (Sr) compounds have become increasingly popular in the field of osteoporosis treatment. However, the quality of new bone after implantation of strontium-containing bioceramics has yet to be investigated. In the present study, the newly formed bone tissue around strontium-doped bioactive glass (BG-Sr) implants was characterized. BG-Sr was implanted in the femoral condyl of ovariectomised rats (OVX). The resected bone was prepared for analysis using several physico-chemical and biological assays such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and histomorphometry. BG-Sr biomaterial favored calcium phosphate layer integration on the surface of the glass and offered better bioactivity. Moreover, the histomorphometric analysis demonstrated that BV/TV, N. Ob were significantly higher in BG-Sr treated rats groups than those of BG groups. However, Ob. S/BS, and OV/BV were significantly lower in BG-Sr treated rats groups than those of BG groups. The (Oc.S/BS) was significantly decreased in BG-Sr groups, when compared with that of BG rat groups. On the other hand, the MS/BS had not significantly decreased in the BG-Sr treated rats groups when compared with that of BG groups, however; it was significantly higher when compared with control and OVX groups. These findings suggest that BG-Sr can be used as an inhibitory therapeutic potential of osteoporosis by delivering strontium to stimulate new bone remodeling.

Scopolamine 유도 치매동물모델에서 고려인삼(백삼, 홍삼 및 흑삼)의 기억력 개선 효과

본 연구에서는 백삼이나 홍삼의 기억력 개선 효과 연구를 기초로 흑삼의 기억력 개선효과 여부를 판단하고자 scopolamine으로 유도된 시험동물에게 7주간 시료 물질(백삼, WG; 홍삼, RG; 흑삼, BG) 추출액을 투여한 후, 행동학적인 평가 및 뇌 조직 내 malondialdehyde 농도, ChAT 활성 변<BR>화를 비교 분석하여 기억력 및 학습능력 손상에 대한 개선효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 수동회피시험에서 BG군과 RG군의 latency time이 scopolamine 투여한 PC군(positive control)에 비해서 유의적으로 길어지는 결과를 나타냈다. 수중미로시험에서도 BG군과 RG군의 scopolamine에 의한 기억 손상이 유의적으로 개선되어 NC군의 escape latency 수준 정도로 낮아짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 probe test에서도 BG군과 RG군에서 장기 기억력 손상이 유의적으로 개선됨이 확인되었다. BG군과 RG군의 뇌조직 ChAT 효소 활성은 PC군에 비해 각각 42%, 71% 수준의 유의성 있는 활성증가를 보였다. 지질 과산화도 malondialdehyde 측정 결과에서 PC군 대비 RG군과 BG군에서 각각 37%, 33% 수준의 유의성 있는 감소를 보였다. 이상의 결과를 요약하면 시험물질 가운데 흑삼의 반복 경구투여는 scopolamine으로 유도된 흰쥐에서 기억력 감퇴를 개선하는 데 가장 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

Predominance of CXCR4 tropism in HIV-1 CRF14_BG strains from newly diagnosed infections

R5-tropic viruses are associated with HIV-1 transmission and predominate during the early stages of infection. X4-tropic populations have been detected in ~50% of patients with late-stage disease infected with subtype B viruses. In this study, we compared the frequency of X4 tropism in individuals infected with HIV-1 CRF14_BG viruses, which have a V3 loop of subtype B, with a control group of individuals infected with subtype B viruses. Sixty-three individuals infected with HIV-1 CRF14_BG (n = 31) or subtype B (n = 32) were studied. Similar proportions of newly diagnosed and chronically infected individuals were included in the subtype B and CRF14_BG groups. V3 sequences were obtained and coreceptor tropism was predicted using the Geno2pheno[coreceptor] algorithm. V3 net charge and 11/25 rules were also used for coreceptor prediction. Overall, X4 tropism was more frequent among individuals infected with CRF14_BG viruses (87.1%) than subtype B viruses (34.3%), a difference that was statistically highly significant (P = 0.00001). Importantly, the frequencies among newly diagnosed individuals were 90% and 13.3%, respectively (P = 0.0007). Characteristic amino acids in the V3 loop (T13, M14, V19 and W20) were identified at higher frequencies in CRF14_BG viruses (54%) than subtype B viruses (0%; P < 0.000001). CRF14_BG is the genetic form with the highest proportion of X4-tropic viruses reported to date in newly diagnosed and chronic infections. This suggests high pathogenicity for CRF14_BG viruses, potentially leading to rapid disease progression. CCR5 antagonists will be ineffective in most CRF14_BG-infected patients, even at early stages of infection.

흑마늘 및 개똥쑥 추출물의 급이가 강제운동 시 흰쥐의 체내 지질 성분 및 간조직의 항산화효소 활성에 미치는 영향

To develop functional products based on black garlic, a black garlic extract (BG) of 7 brix, a gaeddongssuk extract (GS) of 0.7 brix and two types of mixtures (MBS-Ⅰ, black garlic 7 brix : gaeddongssuk 0.7 brix; MBS-Ⅱ, black garlic 14 brix : gaeddongssuk 1.4 brix, 93:7, v/v) were supplemented to rats training on a treadmill for 4 weeks. Body weight from the training did not decrease during the experimental period. Serum albumin content significantly increased in the groups fed an experimental diet compared to the control. The BUN content significantly decreased in BG and MBS-Ⅱ groups compared to the control. AST and ALP activities significantly decreased in the groups fed an experimental diet compared to the control. Serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in MBS-Ⅰ and MBS-Ⅱ groups significantly decreased compared to the control. Lipid levels in the serum and liver tissue were not significantly different between the MBS-Ⅰ and MBS-Ⅱ groups. The lipid peroxide content in the serum and liver tissue was significantly reduced in the groups fed all extracts compared to the control; the serum and liver lipid contents was lowest in the MBS-Ⅰ and MBS-Ⅱ groups, respectively. Hepatic catalase activity in the GS and MBS groups increased by 1.8～2.3 times compared to the control. SOD and GSH-px activities significantly increased from treatment with the extracts by 1.3～1.5 times and 1.2～1.7 times, respectively. These results indicate that a mixture of BG and GS extracts has higher biological activity than a single supplementation of BG or GS extract. Therefore, the addition of gaeddongssuk to black garlic (MBS-Ⅰ and MBS-Ⅱ) is effective as a defense material against oxidative stress. MBS-Ⅰ may be especially effective for its biological activities.

Effect of feeding programme before weaning on the production of rabbit does and their kits

The aim of the experiment was to analyse the effect of the feeding programme between 21 day of lactation and weaning on the production of rabbit does and their kits. The does were randomly housed in two rooms. In the first room, a continuous 16-hour light period was applied (16L; n=60). In the second room, an 8-hour light period was used which was extended by an additional 1 hour light period in the middle of the 16-hour long dark period 8 days prior to insemination (8+1L; n=59). In both rooms, two sub-groups were formed: in the first sub-group, does and their kits received breeding pellet from parturition to weaning (DE: 10.4 MJ/kg, crude protein: 17.8%, crude fibre: 13.6%; BB group; n=60 does, 228 parturitions); in the second sub-group, the breeding pellet was replaced by growing pellet from 21 days of lactation to weaning (DE: 9.7 MJ/kg, crude protein: 16.0%, crude fibre: 17.2%; BG group; n=59 does, 234 parturitions). The experiment was completed after 5 reproductive cycles. As no significant interaction was found between the lighting and feeding programmes, the two effects are evaluated separately. In this paper, the effect of feeding programme is discussed. No significant differences were observed between the BB and BG groups for number of inseminations per parturition, body weight of the does measured at parturition and at 21st day of lactation or for litter size. Changing the pellet in BG group significantly affected the body weight of the does measured at 35th day of lactation (4610 vs. 4530g, in BB and BG, respectively; P=0.016), the litter and individual body weight of the kits at day 35 (BB: 8160 vs. BG: 7834g, P=0.001; BB: 1006 vs. BG: 964g, P&lt;0.001, respectively) and the does’ condition at kindling, as measured by the TOBEC method (E-value: BB: 1922 vs. BG: 1957, P=0.024). Productivity indexes, expressed as number of kits born alive, number of weaned (at day 35) kits and total weight of the weaned kits per year per doe were similar in the two groups. Body weight of the growing rabbits was significantly higher in the BB group at the ages of 5 and 7 weeks (984 and 937g, P&lt;0.001, 1651 and 1621g, P=0.008; respectively). After this period, the body weight of the two groups was the same. The feeding programme had no effect on the feed conversion ratio and mortality of the two groups. According to the results, it may be concluded that it is preferable to avoid food changes around weaning.

Use of a mixed sericea lespedeza and grass pasture system for control of gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs and kids

Because of a high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance and consumer demand for chemical free meat products, management tools to minimize the need for deworming are needed. The objective was to examine the effectiveness of grazing sericea lespedeza (SL) in a mixed grass or a pure forage system for control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN); in other words pasture systems included grass, grass plus SL, or SL alone (Experiments 2 and 3). Selective use of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) based on the FAMACHA© system was used to aid in GIN control. In Experiment 1, lambs co-grazed bermudagrass (BG; n=21) or SL in a mixed grass pasture (SLM; n=22) with dams for 14 days. In Experiment 2, lambs grazed BG (n=14), SLM (n=13), or pure SL (SLP; n=13) pastures for 56 days. In Experiment 3, doe kids grazed BG (n=12), SLM (n=13), or SLP (n=13) for 84 days. Animals were fed a 16% crude protein supplement based on NRC requirements and estimated forage quality of pastures, so that 454, 389, and 200g/lamb (Experiment 2), or 454, 300, and 150g of supplement/goat (Experiment 3) was fed to BG, SLM, and SLP, respectively. Animals were dewormed with COWP if FAMACHA© was >3. Coprocultures were conducted to identify GIN genus. In Experiment 1, FEC were reduced in lambs grazing SLM compared with BG pastures. In Experiment 2, FEC were reduced in SLP compared with BG lambs on all days, and reduced in SLM compared with BG lambs on day 56. Initially, Haemonchus contortus was the predominant nematode, but the population shifted to other species in the SL groups by the end of the study. The mean number of dewormings/lamb was 0.71, 0.20, and 0.21±0.13 for BG, SLM, and SLP groups, respectively. In goats in Experiment 3, Trichostrongylus spp. was the predominant nematode in May and June and H. contortus in July. There was little meaningful effect of forage treatments on GIN infection in kids. Because H. contortus was not the predominant nematode in kids, the integrated approaches used may not have been effective in controlling GIN. Grazing SL was effective for GIN control in lambs in early summer, but the effect was delayed in lambs grazing a mixed SL/grass pasture unless lambs initially grazed with dams. An integrated approach used that included SL grazing and COWP for deworming was effective in lambs.

Effect of dietary β-1,3-glucan on the immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei exposed to nitrite-N

β-1,3-Glucan with 1.0 g kg−1 was supplemented to a basal diet [control (C)] with different feeding schedules: permanently β-1,3-glucan diet (BG) and 14 days BG–14 days control diet (C + BG). Growth and immunological responses [respiratory burst (RB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), lysozyme and total protein] in haemolymph, hepatopancreas and muscle of Litopenaeus vannamei were recorded after 84-day feeding and exposure to nitrite-N (20 mg L−1) for 120 h. β-1,3-Glucan administration did not affect growth performance. However, as compared with control, elevated CAT and lysozyme activities were seen in haemolymph of both BG groups, while significantly higher activities of SOD, lysozyme and RB in hepatopancreas, and higher activities of CAT and lysozyme in muscle were only seen in C + BG group. After nitrite-N stress, significantly higher haemolymph protein, and hepatopancreas activities of lysozyme and RB were observed in both BG groups, but significantly higher activities of haemolymph SOD was only seen in C + BG group. The mortality in groups BG and C + BG was significantly lower than that in group C, but C + BG group showed a trend of higher nitrite-N resistance compared with BG group. Considering dietary cost and immunostimulatory effects, the feeding schedule with 14 days BG–14 days control diet is more recommended.

Infants fed a significant proportion of breastmilk by bottle grow similarly to breastfed infants in the second six months of life

Studies to date have documented short- and long-term differences in growth and body composition based on whether an infant is breastfed or formula fed, however little is known about the growth patterns of infants fed breastmilk by bottle. To date, published pilot data from our laboratory show that infants fed a substantial proportion of breastmilk by bottle grow similarly to breastfed infants during the first six months of life. The objective of this analysis was to examine whether growth differences emerge in the second six months of life in our existing sample of 19 predominantly breastfed/nursing infants (NG) and 18 infants fed breastmilk by bottle (BG) followed from birth to age 2 yr. Weight and length at 6, 9, and 12 months were collected in a laboratory setting by trained staff and the results were compared to WHO growth standards for weight, BMI, and weight velocity for 6–9 and 9–12 months. We observed no significant differences in weight (p=0.37) or BMI-for-age Z-score (p=0.67) between NG and BG groups across the study period. In addition, a statistically similar proportion of infants in NG and BG groups exceeded the 85th percentile weight velocity for 6–9 and 9–12 months (p=0.24 and p=0.34, respectively). This pilot study suggests the delivery method (breast vs. bottle) for breastmilk may not dramatically affect growth during the first year of life. More research on larger samples is needed to confirm these findings.

Sustained self-regulation of energy intake. Loss of weight in overweight subjects. Maintenance of weight in normal-weight subjects

BackgroundDietary restraint is largely unsuccessful for controlling obesity. As an alternative, subjects can easily be trained to reliably recognize sensations of initial hunger (IH) a set of physiological sensations which emerge spontaneously, not necessarily at planned mealtimes, and may be the afferent arm of a homeostatic system of food intake regulation. Previously we have reported that IH is associated with blood glucose concentration (BG) below 81.8 mg/dL (4.55 mmol/l), (low blood glucose, LBG), and that a pattern of meals in which IH is present pre-meal (IHMP) improved insulin sensitivity, HbA1c and other cardiovascular risk factors. Here we report the effect upon weight in overweight and normal weight subjects.ObjectiveTo investigate whether the IHMP is associated with sustained loss of weight in overweight subjects over a 5 month period.MethodsSeventy four overweight subjects (OW: BMI > 25) and 107 normal weight (NW) subjects were randomly allocated to either trained (OW: N = 51; NW N = 79) or control (OW: N = 23; NW: N = 28) groups. All subjects were allocated post-randomization into either low or high mean pre-meal BG groups (LBG and HBG groups) using a demarcation point of 81.8 mg/dL.ResultsA significant longitudinal decrease was found in body weight (trained NW: -2.5 ± 4.6 kg; OW -6.7 ± 4.5 kg; controls: NW +3.5 ± 4.0 kg and OW -3.4 ± 4.0 kg; P = 0.006 and 0.029) and in energy intake, mean BG, standard deviation of diary BG (BG as recorded by subjects' 7-day diary), BMI, and arm and leg skin-fold thickness in (OW and NW) HBG subjects. OW LBG subjects significantly decreased body weight (trained: -4.0 ± 2.4 kg; controls: -0.4 ± 3.7 kg; P = 0.037). 26 NW LBG subjects showed no longitudinal difference after training as did 9 control subjects.ConclusionOver a 5 month period the IHMP resulted in significant loss of weight in OW subjects compared to controls practicing dietary restraint. NW subjects maintained weight overall, however NW HBG subjects also lost weight compared to controls.

Bone formation in a rat calvarial defect model after transplanting autogenous bone marrow with beta-tricalcium phosphate

In the present study, we evaluated the osteogenic potential of an autogenous bone marrow graft combined with beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) in a rat calvarial bone defect model. The bone marrow harvested from the tibia of 7-week-old rats was grafted autogenously in a calvarial defect together with beta-TCP (=BTG group, n=16) or without beta-TCP (=BG group, n=16). Groups of animals were also treated with beta-TCP alone (=TG group, n=16) and control animals (n=8) received no graft implanted into the defect. We then observed the process of bone formation by histology, enzyme histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Five days after grafting, in the BTG and BG groups, cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were observed. From 5 to 10 days after surgery, active Runx2, osteopontin (OPN), and TRAP- positive cells appeared in the BTG and BG groups. New bone formation started in the defect in both the BTG and BG groups. At 30 days after grafting, the BTG group showed new bone development and replacement of beta-TCP to fill the bone defect. New bone formation in the BTG group was significantly greater than in the BG group (P<0.01). The TG group showed no marked bone formation in the defect. The combination graft of bone marrow with beta-TCP showed marked bone formation in rat calvarial defects. Our results indicate that the combination grafts of bone marrow with beta-TCP may be an effective technique for repairing bone defects Beta-TCPgraft (TG) group.

Use of yeast cell walls; β-1, 3/1, 6-glucans; and mannoproteins in broiler chicken diets

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary addition of yeast cell wall (YCW); β-1, 3/1, 6-glucan (BG); and mannoprotein complex (MP) purified fractions in broilers. In experiment 1, there was a control diet and 5 experimental diets containing, respectively: 10 mg of avilamycin (AVI)/kg of feed, 500 mg of YCW/kg of feed, 95 mg of MP/kg of feed, 145 mg of BG/kg of feed, and 95 mg of MP plus 145 mg of BG/kg of feed. All birds were vaccinated via drinking water against Newcastle disease virus at 9 d of age. At 42 d, chickens fed AVI, YCW, MP + BG, and BG diets had similar BW not significantly different from chickens fed the control diet. The antibody response of Newcastle disease virus vaccine was not affected by any experimental treatment. Broilers fed MP + BG diet had greater thymus weights (P ≤ 0.05), as a percentage of BW than those from the control and AVI treatments, but similar with respect to YCW and BG treatments. In experiment 2, there was a group-fed basal diet and 3 additional experimental groups receiving the basal diet supplemented with, respectively: 500 mg of YCW/kg of feed, 190 mg of MP/kg of feed, and 227 mg of BG/kg of feed. At 42 d of age, no difference in broiler growth rates was observed. Samples of the jejunum were collected at 21 d of age to determine villus height. Significantly higher villus height was observed in YCW, MP, and BG groups compared with that of the control group. The relative percentage of liver weight (P ≤ 0.01) was lower in broilers fed YCW than in broilers fed the control diet, but no differences were observed in respect to chickens fed BG. Data of these studies suggested that the changes in thymus and liver relative weights and villus morphology of broilers were induced with the same intensity by the use of complete YCW, MP + BG, and BG supplements.

Regeneration of Degree II Furcation Defects With a 4% Doxycycline Hyclate Bioabsorbable Barrier

Bacterial contamination of a healing regenerative site has been shown to affect the response to therapy adversely. Doxycycline possesses antibacterial properties as well as other biologic actions that may result in an increased production and maintenance of collagen and bone. The purpose of this study was to assess if the sustained release of 4% doxycycline through a bioabsorbable barrier would enhance the regenerative outcomes of healing furcation sites. Individuals with a single degree II furcation defect in a mandibular molar participated. They were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups: poly(DL-lactide) polylactic acid (PLA) barrier containing 4% doxycycline hyclate + demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) (BG+PDox); poly(DL-lactide) PLA barrier without doxycycline + DFDBA (BG+P); or DFDBA alone (BG). Clinical parameters included vertical probing depth (VPD), vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL), gingival recession, and horizontal probing depth (HPD). Intrasurgical measurements to calculate vertical and horizontal furcation fill were obtained at the time of surgery (baseline) and during a reentry procedure 9 months later. Statistical tests were used to assess changes in the clinical and surgical parameters before and after treatment among groups and within each group. Mean changes at 9 months for all groups yielded VPD reductions and VCAL gains. However, no significant difference was noted for the group that was treated with 4% doxycycline barrier compared to the other two groups. Vertical bone fill was 0.89, 1.44, and 1.18 mm for the BG+PDox, BG+P, and BG groups, respectively. Furcation horizontal bone was 2.33, 2.11, and 1.18 mm for the BG+PDox, BG+P, and BG groups, respectively. Addition of doxycycline to the guided tissue regeneration barrier did not enhance treatment outcomes compared to the non-antibiotic-loaded barrier or bone graft alone. All treatment modalities provided similar improvement in clinical and intrasurgical parameters.

A prospective clinical study of non‐submerged immediate implants: clinical outcomes and esthetic results

To evaluate healing of marginal defects in immediate transmucosal implants grafted with anorganic bovine bone, and to assess mucosal and radiographic outcomes 3-4 years following restoration. Thirty immediate transmucosal implants in maxillary anterior extraction sites of 30 patients randomly received BioOss (N=10; BG), BioOss and resorbable collagen membrane (N=10; BG+M) or no graft (N=10; control). Vertical defect height (VDH) reductions of 81.2+/-5%, 70.5+/-17.4% and 68.2+/-16.6%, and horizontal defect depth (HDD) reductions of 71.7+/-34.3%, 81.7+/-33.7% and 55+/-28.4% were observed for BG, BG+M and control groups, respectively, with no significant inter-group differences. Horizontal resorption was significantly greater in control group (48.3+/-9.5%) when compared with BG (15.8+/-16.9%) and BG+M (20+/-21.9%) groups (P=0.000). Ten sites (33.3%) exhibited recession of the mucosa after 6 months; eight (26.7%) had an unsatisfactory esthetic result post-restoration due to recession. Mucosal recession was significantly associated (P=0.032) with buccally positioned implants (HDD 1.1+/-0.3 mm) when compared with lingually positioned implants (HDD 2.3+/-0.6 mm). In 19 patients followed for a mean of 4.0+/-0.7 years, marginal mucosa and bone levels remained stable following restoration. BioOss significantly reduced horizontal resorption of buccal bone. There is a risk of mucosal recession and adverse soft tissue esthetics with immediate implant placement. However, this risk may be reduced by avoiding a buccal position of the implant in the extraction socket.