Between-subject Effects Research Articles

Electroanatomical voltage mapping with a force-sensing technology catheter for diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Invasive three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping (EAM) can be helpful to diagnose arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). Contact force sensing catheters (CFSC) represent the gold standard to verify adequate tissue contact during EAM. However, normal reference values for right ventricular (RV) EAM as well as substrate characterization in patients with ARVC using CFSC have not been systematically investigated, which was the aim of this prospective study. Methods EAM of the RV during sinus rhythm was performed with the Thermocool SmartTouch catheter via a long sheath in the CARTO3 system in 11 patients with definite ARVC and 5 age- and gender-matched control subjects without structural heart disease. Only points with a mean contact force of ≥4G were analyzed. To account for differences due to RV anatomy, it was divided into 5 segments: RV outflow tract (RVOT), septum, free wall, sub-tricuspid region and apex. Endocardial bipolar and unipolar voltages, signal characteristics and signal duration were analyzed. The impact of catheter orientation on endocardial signals was also assessed. Results A median of 227 (IQR:120-364) endocardial RV points were analyzed. Median bipolar voltage in healthy controls was 3.8mV (range 3.6-4.6, IQR 2.7-5.4), with lower values in the RVOT and higher values in the RV septum. ARVC patients showed significantly lower bipolar voltages as compared to controls (repeated measures ANOVA; between-subjects effect: F=6.443,p=0.024), showing significantly lower bipolar voltage values in the sub-tricuspid region (1.8±1.9vs.4.6±2.9mV,p=0.031) and in the RV apex (2.9±1.4vs.7.2±5.2mV,p=0.024), Figure 1c. Bipolar voltage values in all RV regions yielded a high sensitivity and specificity for ARVC diagnosis (AUC62-78%,p<0.001 for all), with the highest performance for the sub-tricuspid region (AUC78%,95%CI0.75-0.81,p<0.001). A bipolar voltage value <1.5mV in the sub-tricuspid region yielded a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 53% for ARVC diagnosis (Figure 1a-b, showing the typical RV free wall "C-scar" in ARVC and normal values for the RV apex in less advanced disease stages). A positive correlation between bipolar voltage values and an orthogonal catheter orientation (46°-90°: r=0.106,p<0.001) as well as a higher catheter contact force (r=0.054,p=0.008), and a negative correlation between bipolar voltage values and QRS duration (r=-0.370,p<0.001) was found. Conclusions For the first time a systematic analysis of RV endocardial low voltage areas in ARVC patients as compared to controls by using CFSC was performed, and confirmed that RV voltages are generally lower in ARVC as compared to controls, with the sub-tricuspid area showing the lowest values and highest discriminatory power vs controls.

Effects of total sleep deprivation on sensorimotor gating in humans

Sensorimotor gating is a measure of pre-attentional information processing and can be measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex. Sleep deprivation has been shown to disrupt PPI in animals and humans, and has been proposed as an early phase 2 model to probe antipsychotic efficacy in heathy humans. To further investigate the reliability and efficacy of sleep deprivation to produce PPI deficits we tested the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD) on PPI in healthy controls in a highly controlled sleep laboratory environment. Participants spent 4 days and nights in a controlled laboratory environment with their sleep monitored with polysomnography. Participants were randomly assigned to either normal sleep on all 4 nights (N = 17) or 36 h of TSD on the 3rd or 4th night (N = 40). Participants were assessed for sleepiness using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and underwent a daily PPI task (interstimlulus intervals 30–2000 ms) in the evening. Both within-subject effects (TSD vs. normal sleep in TSD group alone) and between-subject effects (TSD vs. no TSD group) of TSD on PPI were assessed. TSD increased subjective sleepiness measured with the KSS, but did not significantly alter overall startle, habituation or PPI. Sleep measures including duration, rapid eye movement and slow wave sleep duration were also not associated with PPI performance. The current results show that human sensorimotor gating may not be reliably sensitive to sleep deprivation. Further research is required for TSD to be considered a dependable model of PPI disruption for drug discovery in humans.

Resident Self-assessment and Clinical Competency Committee Evaluations in Family Medicine: A Single-Institution Study.

We sought to describe the process of integrating resident self-assessments into milestone assessments at the University of Texas Medical Branch Family Medicine Residency Program in Galveston, Texas. We compared resident self-assessments across milestones to Clinical Competency Committee (CCC) assessments across terms (fall versus spring) and by postgraduate year (PGY). In fall 2020, the milestone assessment process was updated to include a resident milestone self-assessment, which was used as the starting point for CCC assessment. We calculated mean and standard deviation of average milestone scores for both self-assessment and CCC for each PGY. We used repeated measure analysis of variance to examine within- and between-subject effects. Self-assessment and CCC assessments were completed for 30 postgraduate trainees for spring 2020 and fall 2021 terms, for a total of 60 self- and 60 CCC assessments. CCC score was similar to self-assessment. There were larger variations in the resident self-assessment scores than CCC scores. Self-assessment scores increased by PGY, but were not different between fall and spring terms. We found a significant three-way interaction of assessors, terms, and PGYs. Resident milestone self-assessment enables residents to participate in the assessment process, and when differences exist between self- and CCC assessments, specific feedback can be given based on individual milestone skills. Our study showed progression between PGY regardless of the assessor, but only CCC assessment showed significant differences between terms.

Examine sex differences in autism spectrum disorder in school-aged children and adolescents with fluent language.

There are noteworthy sex disparities in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), while findings regarding the sex differences in core symptoms are inconsistent. There are few relevant studies on sex differences in mainland China. This study was dedicated to a deeper understanding of the impact of sex differences on the clinical presentation of ASD with fluent language. We retrospectively studied 301 children with ASD (58 females) and utilized raw scores from the ADI-R and ADOS and the intelligence quotient (IQ) to measure symptomatology. Based on the Full-Scale IQ (FS-IQ), a binary split of average, above-average IQ (high-IQ), and below-average IQ (low IQ) occurs at 85. Across the entire sample, males and females are comparable in the FS-IQ, while males scored higher in the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) (F = 7.812, p = 0.006). ADI-R did not find any statistically significant sex differences in the diagnostic cutoff score satisfaction or the raw domain scores. While a significant effect of sex on ADOS social affect domain scores was found in the total sample [λ = 0.970, partial η2 = 0.030, F (3,295) = 3.019, p = 0.030]. Tests of between-subjects effects revealed that males scored higher than females mainly in the ADOS reciprocal social interaction subcategory (partial η2 = 0.022, F = 6.563, p = 0.011). Stratified analysis revealed that the effect of sex on ADOS reciprocal social interaction subcategory scores only significant in the low-IQ children with ASD (partial η2 = 0.092, F = 10.088, p = 0.002). In general, overall cognitive functioning is similar across males and females with ASD, while males have a higher perceptual reasoning ability. Females with ASD are more likely to have comorbid intellectual impairment than males, and they could require additional intervention support. Autistic children with low IQs are more likely to exhibit sex differences in their core symptoms than children with high IQs. Intelligence plays a key role in sex-based differences in the core symptoms of ASD.

Momentary links between adolescents' social media use and social experiences and motivations: Individual differences by peer susceptibility.

This longitudinal ecological momentary assessment study examined whether adolescents' use of social media to interact with peers relates to their experiences of social connectedness, social craving, and sensation seeking on an hourly level. Further, we investigated whether these associations differ for adolescents who were nominated by their peers as more or less susceptible to social influences, because highly susceptible youth may be more strongly impacted by social media due to heightened focus on peer behaviors and social feedback. The sample was 212 adolescents in the southeastern United States (Mage = 15 years; range 14 to 17; 56.2% female; 40% White, 28% Latinx, 26% African American, 15% mixed/other race). Controlling for both daily and between-subjects effects, we found a consistent pattern of hourly-level results that were robust to sensitivity analyses. When highly susceptible adolescents used social media to interact with peers in the last hour, they felt less socially connected to others and more strongly craved social connections and novel sensations. Youth who are particularly sensitive to social input from peers may feel less connected to others and crave more connections and exciting stimuli within 1 hr after using social media to interact with peers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Treatment change comparisons between skeletal Class I and II white adolescents with 3 different vertical divergencies—part 1: Frankfort-Mandibular Incisor Angle (FMIA) and soft-tissue profile

This study investigated the interrelationship between FMIA and soft-tissue profile changes in skeletal Class I and II white adolescents with 3 different vertical skeletal patterns. Two hundred seventy cephalometric images were constructed from pretreatment and posttreatment cone-beam computed tomography images of 135 white adolescents (69 females and 66 males with a mean age of 12.8 ± 1.4 years pretreatment and 15.0 ± 1.4 years posttreatment). SNA, SNB, ANB, Frankfort Mandibular Angle [FMA], Incisor Mandibular Plane Angle [IMPA], Frankfort-Mandibular Incisor Angle [FMIA], and Z angle were measured. A mixed-model analysis of variance was performed for patients with an increased posttreatment Z angle to evaluate within-subject and between-subject effects of variables in relation to horizontal and vertical skeletal patterns. Post-hoc tests were conducted to identify statistical significance among the 3 different divergent subgroups. Patients with a skeletal Class I relationship had straighter facial profiles and a larger FMIA than patients with a skeletal Class II relationship before and after treatment. FMA, FMIA, IMPA, and Z angle treatment changes were similar between the skeletal Class I and II groups. The final FMIA means of the 3 divergent subgroups converged at 65° in the skeletal Class I group and 60° in the skeletal Class II group. The mandibular incisors were uprighted during treatment in the hyperdivergent patients whose Z angle values increased after treatment. Horizontal skeletal relationships seem more suitable for determining the desired FMIA in Tweed's total space analysis than vertical skeletal divergencies.

The Impact of "Spiritual Tour" Based Panel Discussion Learning on Spiritual Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence

Many students have high intellectual intelligence, but only a few have good spiritual and emotional intelligence. This is because the learning process that is carried out only focuses on applying conventional learning models. This study aims to determine the effect of panel discussions based on "spiritual tours" on spiritual and emotional intelligence. This research belongs to the type of quasi-experimental research design in the form of a posttest-only control design. The population in the study amounted to 105 students. Samples were taken by random sampling technique, amounting to 66 students. The data collection method used is standardized tests, both spiritual and emotional intelligence tests. The analysis technique uses MANOVA with the help of SPSS. The results showed that the analysis of the Pilae Trace, Wilks' Lambda Hotelling's Trace, and Roy's Largest Root showed that the F coefficient was 9535.67b with a value of Sig. 0.00. Analysis of Tests of Between-Subjects Effects shows an F value of 5.79 with Sig. 0.02, smaller than 0.05, indicates an effect of learning with a spiritual tour-based panel discussion learning model on spiritual intelligence. Moreover, the Tests of Between-Subjects Effects analysis results show an F value of 2.53 with Sig. 0.02, which is smaller than 0.05. It shows a big influence between learning with the spiritual tour-based panel discussion learning model on emotional intelligence. Based on these results, the panel discussion learning model based on spiritual tours simultaneously or partially impacts spiritual and emotional intelligence.

Analysis of the therapeutic interaction provided by a humanoid robot serving stroke survivors as a therapeutic assistant for arm rehabilitation.

Objective: To characterize a socially active humanoid robot's therapeutic interaction as a therapeutic assistant when providing arm rehabilitation (i.e., arm basis training (ABT) for moderate-to-severe arm paresis or arm ability training (AAT) for mild arm paresis) to stroke survivors when using the digital therapeutic system Evidence-Based Robot-Assistant in Neurorehabilitation (E-BRAiN) and to compare it to human therapists' interaction. Methods: Participants and therapy: Seventeen stroke survivors receiving arm rehabilitation (i.e., ABT [n = 9] or AAT [n = 8]) using E-BRAiN over a course of nine sessions and twenty-one other stroke survivors receiving arm rehabilitation sessions (i.e., ABT [n = 6] or AAT [n = 15]) in a conventional 1:1 therapist-patient setting. Analysis of therapeutic interaction: Therapy sessions were videotaped, and all therapeutic interactions (information provision, feedback, and bond-related interaction) were documented offline both in terms of their frequency of occurrence and time used for the respective type of interaction using the instrument THER-I-ACT. Statistical analyses: The therapeutic interaction of the humanoid robot, supervising staff/therapists, and helpers on day 1 is reported as mean across subjects for each type of therapy (i.e., ABT and AAT) as descriptive statistics. Effects of time (day 1 vs. day 9) on the humanoid robot interaction were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance (rmANOVA) together with the between-subject factor type of therapy (ABT vs. AAT). The between-subject effect of the agent (humanoid robot vs. human therapist; day 1) was analyzed together with the factor therapy (ABT vs. AAT) by ANOVA. Main results and interpretation: The overall pattern of the therapeutic interaction by the humanoid robot was comprehensive and varied considerably with the type of therapy (as clinically indicated and intended), largely comparable to human therapists' interaction, and adapted according to needs for interaction over time. Even substantially long robot-assisted therapy sessions seemed acceptable to stroke survivors and promoted engaged patients' training behavior. Conclusion: Humanoid robot interaction as implemented in the digital system E-BRAiN matches the human therapeutic interaction and its modification across therapies well and promotes engaged training behavior by patients. These characteristics support its clinical use as a therapeutic assistant and, hence, its application to support specific and intensive restorative training for stroke survivors.

Production improves recognition and reduces intrusions in between-subject designs: An updated meta-analysis.

The production effect refers to the finding that words read aloud are better remembered than those read silently. This pattern has most often been explained as arising from the incorporation of sensorimotor elements into the item representation at study, which could then be used to guide performance at later test. This theoretical framework views aloud items as being distinctive in relation to silent items, and thus the effect was thought to emerge only when production was manipulated within-subjects. This claim was later challenged, and a reliable (albeit smaller) between-subject production effect has since been shown in recognition memory. Across a series of meta-analyses, we extend this earlier work, replicating the between-subject production effect for recognition, and demonstrating no such effect for overall target recall. However, supporting recent theoretical claims, we further observed an interaction between the production effect and serial position within recall, such that a production effect was observed for late time points but not early time points (a similar, albeit smaller and noncredible trend was observed for recognition). Finally, we provide evidence that production reduces off-list intrusions. In summary, production has a reliable impact on recognition memory when manipulated between-subjects, but a more complex relationship with recall performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Predictive Role of Tolerance and Health Problems in Problem Gambling: A Cross-Sectional and Cross-Lagged Network Analyses

The existing symptomatic networks of problem gambling are all based on cross-sectional data. Thus, there is a need to explore longitudinal symptom networks of problem gambling. Moreover, the replicability of cross-sectional symptom networks can be limited; therefore, further research should assess the convergence between cross-sectional networks of problem gambling symptoms. The present study aimed (i) to examine cross-sectional networks of problem gambling symptoms and evaluate their replicability and (ii) to examine a longitudinal cross-lagged network of problem gambling symptoms. The study included a representative sample of young adult gamblers (born between 1984 and 2000) from the first two waves of the Budapest Longitudinal Study (original sample: N = 2777; final sample: N = 335). The Problem Gambling Severity Index was used to assess symptoms of problem gambling. Cross-sectional symptom networks showed differences in the centrality of nodes. Correlations between the two cross-sectional networks were low in the presence vs. absence of edges, rank order of edge weights, and centrality estimates. However, network invariance tests indicated non-significant differences between them. The cross-lagged network revealed that the symptoms of tolerance and health problems could predict the subsequent presence of multiple problem gambling symptoms. Overall, limited evidence demonstrated the replicability of cross-sectional symptom networks of problem gambling. Future research needs to explore the utility of cross-sectional networks of problem gambling and assess more precisely causal relationships between problem gambling symptoms by distinguishing within- and between-subject effects.

Transactional Relations Between Peer Victimization and Depressive Symptoms Among Youth at Risk of Developing Depression: Evidence for Gender Differences.

Offspring of mothers with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) are at high risk of developing the disorder themselves, yet specific mechanisms of risk remain unclear. One hypothesized mechanism is interpersonal stress, which has been shown to be elevated in offspring of mothers with a history of MDD. The goal of this study was to examine the role of a specific form of interpersonal stress, peer victimization (overt and relational). In doing so, we not only examined the impact of peer victimization on changes in youth depression, but also youth depression on changes in peer victimization, consistent with stress generation models. Participants were 251 mothers with (n = 129) or without (n = 122) a history of MDD and their child (aged 8-14 years at baseline) who were assessed every six months for two years. Using random intercepts cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM), we were able to separate between-subject effects (mother MDD group differences in average levels of peer victimization and offspring depressive symptoms) and within-subject effects (transactional influences between within-subject fluctuations in peer victimization and depressive symptoms among offspring over time). Overall, these effects were stronger for relational victimization than for overt victimization and stronger for girls than boys. These results support the role of peer victimization, particularly relational victimization, as a risk factor among offspring of mothers with MDD, particularly girls, and highlight transactional relations between relational victimization and depressive symptoms in girls over time, which may create a vicious cycle of risk.

Integrated therapy of intraductal irrigations and sialoendoscopies of salivary glands to improve mouth dryness.

To assess the combination of salivary gland intraductal irrigations (IG) followed by sialoendoscopy irrigations (SI) of the parotid gland on the improvement of salivary gland secretory dysfunction (SGSD). We retrospectively analyzed the records of SGSD patients who underwent major salivary gland IG followed by SI during 2014-2020. Records included demographics, systemic background, signs, and symptoms. Improvement was assessed by comparing the mean unstimulated and stimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSF, SWSF) from the baseline point (before IG procedure) to the last point (after SI) using repeated measures. The between-subjects effects of various factors and covariants were analyzed using repeated measures ANCOVA. One hundred patients were included with an age range of 15-83 years (mean age of 60.1 ± 13.1 years). Improvement was detected on UWSF measurements (p= 0.031, F= 3.83), but not on SWSF measurements (p= 0.165, F= 1.85). The between-subjects effects on UWSF measurements were statistically significant for sex (p= 0.003, F= 9.526) and salivary gland manipulators use (p< 0.001, F= 15.107) and for the interaction between sex and salivary gland manipulators use (p-=0.002, F= 9.709). Results of long-term follow-up for 10.87 ± 11.79 months after the SI procedure demonstrated sustained improvement in UWSF measurements (p=0.011, F=4.91). The combination of IG followed by SI increases UWSF salivary secretion in SGSD patients for a relatively extended duration.

Physical activity may buffer against depression and promote resilience after major life stressors

As many individuals experience potentially traumatic or stressful life events, understanding factors that are likely to promote resilience is imperative. Given the demonstrated efficacy of exercise for depression treatment, we examined if exercise buffers against the risk of developing psychiatric symptoms following life stressors. 1405 participants (61% female) from a longitudinal panel cohort experienced disability onset (43%), bereavement (26%), heart attack (20%), divorce (11%), and job loss (3%). They reported time spent exercising and depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale) across three time points collected in two-year intervals: T0 (pre-stressor), T1 (acutely post-stressor), and T2 (post-stressor). Participants were classified in previously identified heterogeneous depression trajectories pre-to post-life stressor: resilient (69%), emerging (11.5%), chronic (10%), and improving (9.5%). Multinomial logistic regression found that more T0 exercise predicted likelihood of classification in resilient versus other groups (all p < .02). Controlling for covariates, only the higher likelihood of classification in resilient versus improving remained (p = .03). Follow-up repeated measures general linear model (GLM) assessed whether trajectory was associated with exercise at each time, controlling for covariates. GLM indicated significant within-subjects effects for time (p = .016, partial η2 = 0.003) and time*trajectory (p = .020, partial η2 = 0.005) on exercise and significant between-subjects effects of trajectory (p < .001, partial η2 = 0.016) and all covariates. The resilient group showed consistent high exercise levels. The improving group had consistent moderate exercise. The emerging and chronic groups were associated with lower exercise post-stressor. Pre-stressor exercise may buffer against depression and ongoing exercise may be associated with lower depression levels following a major life stressor.

Effect of monopolar capacitive resistive radiofrequency in treating stress urinary incontinence: A pilot randomized control trial.

To assess the effectiveness of 448 kHz monopolar capacitive resistive radiofrequency (MCRR) in the treatment of females with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Forty females with SUI complaints were separated randomly into two equal groups. Group A with 20 females received the MCRR therapy for 20 min and performed pelvic floor exercises for 20 min. Group B with 20 females received placebo treatment by applying the same application as in Group A without emitting any waves for 20 min, three times a week, for 4 weeks. The patients in both groups were instructed to pause the treatment during their menstruation; the patients were instructed to maintain home pelvic floor exercises. Both groups were assessed by a perineometer that was used to assess the strength of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM), the visual analogue scale (VAS), and the Incontinence Symptom Severity Index to assess the frequency of urinary incontinence symptoms as described by each patient before treatment and after 4 weeks of treatment. There was a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in VAS and the Incontinence Symptom Severity Index and a significant increase in the strength of the PFM in both groups post-treatment compared with the pre-treatment. Regarding between-subject effects, there was a significant difference in VAS, the Incontinence Symptom Severity Index, and the perineometer between both groups (p < 0.05), and this significant improvement favored Group A. MCRR and pelvic floor exercises are more effective methods for the treatment of SUI than just pelvic floor exercises of females with SUI. ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT04612205.

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE RISK REDUCTION HEALTH COACHING: ALCOHOL EFFECTS

Abstract Lifestyle risk reduction at the community-level, is currently considered an effective method to decrease Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As part of the Virginia Commonwealth University iCubed Health and Wellness in Aging Core, diverse older adults (60+) in Richmond, VA, with incomes below $12,000/year and managing either diabetes/cardiovascular symptoms, were offered weekly lifestyle telephone-health coaching for 12-weeks, providing education, support, and monitoring for AD lifestyle risk in 2020-21. The study sample (n=40, mean age 68 years (range: 60-77 years) was 88% African American/Black (n=35), 100% Non-Hispanic, 45% males (n=18)), 60% reporting memory problems and 53% reporting any alcohol consumption. Thirty-nine (95%) of subjects successfully participated in coaching sessions; on average 91.9% (11) sessions were completed. Participants provided positive anecdotal feedback and the need for continued coaching during COVID. Average drinks per day decreased across the study period (F=7.44; p=.01) and alcohol risk, defined as more than 1 drink/day, decreased (F=3.46;p=.07). Drinking at baseline was associated with differential change in nicotine dependence (F=14.00 ;p=.02), depression risk (F=3.20;p=.09), light physical activity (F=4.52;p=.05), and cognition (COGTEL) (F=6.35;p=.02). Drinking between-subject effects indicated poorer level differences for smoking risk (F=5.68;p=.02), physical inactivity risk (F=4.66;p=.04), and total health behavior risk (F=14.54;p=.001), but higher cognition-scores (F=3.18;p=.11) for drinkers. In conclusion, there may be a paradoxical health effect for alcohol, with associations for negative health behaviors, but positive cognitive functioning. In conclusion, this preliminary work creates the impetus for future large-scale AD risk reduction investigations to improve the lives of AD-risk, low-income, diverse older adults reporting alcohol consumption.

Kinematic strategies for obstacle-crossing in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional stage between soundness of mind and dementia, often involving problems with memory, which may lead to abnormal postural control and altered end-point control when dealing with neuromechanical challenges during obstacle-crossing. The study aimed to identify the end-point control and angular kinematics of the pelvis-leg apparatus while crossing obstacles for both leading and trailing limbs. 12 patients with MCI (age: 66.7 ± 4.2 y/o; height: 161.3 ± 7.3 cm; mass: 62.0 ± 13.6 kg) and 12 healthy adults (age: 67.7 ± 2.9 y/o; height: 159.3 ± 6.1 cm; mass: 61.2 ± 12.0 kg) each walked and crossed obstacles of three different heights (10, 20, and 30% of leg length). Angular motions of the pelvis and lower limbs and toe-obstacle clearances during leading- and trailing-limb crossings were calculated. Two-way analyses of variance were used to study between-subject (group) and within-subject (obstacle height) effects on the variables. Whenever a height effect was found, a polynomial test was used to determine the trend. A significance level of α = 0.05 was set for all tests. Patients with MCI significantly increased pelvic anterior tilt, hip abduction, and knee adduction in the swing limb during leading-limb crossing when compared to controls (p < 0.05). During trailing-limb crossing, the MCI group showed significantly decreased pelvic posterior tilt, as well as ankle dorsiflexion in the trailing swing limb (p < 0.05). Patients with MCI adopt altered kinematic strategies for successful obstacle-crossing. The patients were able to maintain normal leading and trailing toe-obstacle clearances for all tested obstacle heights with a specific kinematic strategy, namely increased pelvic anterior tilt, swing hip abduction, and knee adduction during leading-limb crossing, and decreased pelvic posterior tilt and swing ankle dorsiflexion during trailing-limb crossing. The current results suggest that regular monitoring of obstacle-crossing kinematics for reduced toe-obstacle clearance or any signs of changes in crossing strategy may be helpful for early detection of compromised obstacle-crossing ability in patients with single-domain amnestic MCI. Further studies using a motor/cognitive dual-task approach on the kinematic strategies adopted by multiple-domain MCI will be needed for a complete picture of the functional adaptations in such a patient group.

Examining the relationship between perceived worry and self-efficacy in NSW department of education school counsellors

This study investigated the relationship between perceived worry and self-efficacy, with particular attention to job role in Australian school counsellors working in the New South Wales (NSW) Department of Education. Ninety-eight school counsellors ( N = 98, M age = 44.97, SD age = 10.89; 92% female) comprised the sample group, stratified across three job roles: Senior Psychologist Education, School Counsellor, and School Counselling in Training. Data collection tools were the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Psychologist and Counsellor Self-Efficacy Scale. Data were analysed using the Pearson product-moment correlation and a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). We found a weak negative association between perceived worry and self-efficacy of significance ( p = .018). Findings demonstrated a significant effect ( p &lt; .001) of job role on the combined dependent variables although the effect was small. Examination of the between-subjects effects demonstrated that role had a significant effect for self-efficacy, but not for worry. Post-hoc analyses showed that individuals in roles of seniority reported higher self-efficacy and lower perceived worry when compared with counsellors in training. Future studies would likely benefit from a more comprehensive consideration of demographic data to ascertain other variables that may be contributing to levels of worry and self-efficacy.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM SOLVING BERBANTUAN MEDIA GAMBAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERFIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIS DAN SELF CONFIDENCE SISWA

The learning process at SD Negeri 1 Sidorejo is included in the criteria of not being implemented where the learning process carried out by the teacher is not in accordance with the RPP prepared so that the teacher has not fully implemented the learning process in the 2013 Curriculum. This study aims to determine the effect of problem solving learning models assisted by image media on mathematical creative thinking skills and self confidence. This study uses a quantitative approach and includes Quasi Experiment research and in this study uses test questions and questionnaires. Based on the results of the study, the output results of the Test of Between-Subjects Effects showed that the problem solving learning model assisted by image media on mathematical creative thinking showed a sig value of 0.000 &lt;0.05 so it was concluded that the problem solving learning model assisted by image media was better in improving creative thinking skills. mathematical. Problem solving learning model assisted by image media on students' self-confidence obtained the value of Sig. 0.000 &lt;0.05, it can be concluded that the problem solving learning model assisted by picture media is better in increasing students' self-confidence. Based on the Manova test, it shows a sig value of 0.000 &lt;0.05. So it can be concluded that the problem solving learning model assisted by image media is better in improving students' mathematical creative thinking skills and self-confidence.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM SOLVING BERBANTUAN MEDIA GAMBAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERFIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIS DAN SELF CONFIDENCE SISWA

The learning process at SD Negeri 1 Sidorejo is included in the criteria of not being implemented where the learning process carried out by the teacher is not in accordance with the RPP prepared so that the teacher has not fully implemented the learning process in the 2013 Curriculum. This study aims to determine the effect of problem solving learning models assisted by image media on mathematical creative thinking skills and self confidence. This study uses a quantitative approach and includes Quasi Experiment research and in this study uses test questions and questionnaires.&#x0D; Based on the results of the study, the output results of the Test of Between-Subjects Effects showed that the problem solving learning model assisted by image media on mathematical creative thinking showed a sig value of 0.000 &lt;0.05 so it was concluded that the problem solving learning model assisted by image media was better in improving creative thinking skills. mathematical. Problem solving learning model assisted by image media on students' self-confidence obtained the value of Sig. 0.000 &lt;0.05, it can be concluded that the problem solving learning model assisted by picture media is better in increasing students' self-confidence. Based on the Manova test, it shows a sig value of 0.000 &lt;0.05. So it can be concluded that the problem solving learning model assisted by image media is better in improving students' mathematical creative thinking skills and self-confidence.

The Effectiveness of Lateral Hop and Leg Press Training on Limb Strength and Explosive Power for Athletes

The aim of the study was to examine the effectiveness of fast lateral hop (LHC), slow lateral hop (LHL) and leg press (LLP) training on increasing the strength and explosive power of the leg muscles simultaneously. The approach method is in the form of an experiment using a Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The sample is 51 people divided into three groups using the ordinal pairing matched technique. Data were obtained using test and non-test instruments and collected using experimental techniques, observation and physical condition tests. Data analysis using one-way Manova technique Hotelings Trace method. The results of the analysis found that the F test = 25,413 and the significance of F = 0.000 &lt; 0.05, meaning that LHC, LHL and LLP training were effective in increasing the strength and explosive power of the leg muscles simultaneously. The results of the Between-Subjects Effects analysis in the form of partial eta squared variation KOT 15.6% and variation DEOT = 63.4%. The conclusion of the study was that there was a significant effect of LHC, LHL and LLP training on increasing the strength and explosive power of the leg muscles simultaneously. LLP training is more effective in increasing leg muscle strength, and LHC training is more effective in increasing the power of leg muscles.