Betle Extracts Research Articles

Impact of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Predominant Phenolic Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Dried Piper betle Extracts.

The phenolic constituents in Piper betle are well known for their antioxidant potential; however, current literature has very little information on their stability under the influence of storage factors. Present study evaluated the stability of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity together with individual phenolic constituents (hydroxychavicol, eugenol, isoeugenol and allylpyrocatechol 3,4-diacetate) present in dried Piper betle’s extract under different storage temperature of 5 and 25 °C with and without light for a period of six months. Both light and temperature significantly influenced TPC and its corresponding antioxidant activity over time. More than 95% TPC and antioxidant activity was retained at 5 °C in dark condition after 180 days of storage. Hydroxychavicol demonstrated the best stability with no degradation while eugenol and isoeugenol displayed moderate stability in low temperature (5 °C) and dark conditions. 4-allyl-1,2-diacetoxybenzene was the only compound that underwent complete degradation. A new compound, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, was detected after five weeks of storage only in the extracts exposed to light. Both zero-order and first-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the degradation kinetics of the extract’s antioxidant activity. Zero-order displayed better fit with higher correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.9046) and the half-life was determined as 62 days for the optimised storage conditions (5 °C in dark conditions).

Potential of Piper betle extracts on inhibition of oral pathogens.

In the present study, antimicrobial activity of Piper betle crude ethanol extract against 4 strains of oral pathogens; Candida albicans DMST 8684, C. albicans DMST 5815, Streptococcus gordonii DMST 38731 and Streptococcus mutans DMST 18777 was compared with other medicinal plants. P. betle showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. Fractionated extracts of P. betle using hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, respectively, were subjected to antimicrobial assay. The result revealed that the fractionated extract from ethyl acetate (F-EtOAc) possessed the strongest antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. Its inhibition zones against those pathogens were 23.00 ± 0.00, 24.33 ± 0.58, 12.50 ± 0.70 and 11.00 ± 0.00 mm, respectively and its minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.50, 1.00, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, the minimum concentration to completely kill those pathogens was the same for all strains and found to be 2.00 mg/mL. Killing kinetic study revealed that the activity of F-EtOAc was dose dependent. HPLC chromatograms of P. betle extracts were compared with its antimicrobial activity. An obvious peak at a retention time of 4.11 min was found to be a major component of F-EtOAc whereas it was a minor compound in the other extracts. This peak was considered to be an active compound of P. betle as it was consistent with the antimicrobial activity of F-EtOAc, the most potential extract against the tested pathogens. It is suggested that F-EtOAc is a promising extract of P. betle for inhibition of oral pathogens. Separation and structure elucidation of the active compound of this extract will be further investigated.

Piper betle L. (betel quid) shows bacteriostatic, additive, and synergistic antimicrobial action when combined with conventional antibiotics

Piper betle L., commonly chewed as betel quid (paan), has been extensively acclaimed in a panoply of countries for both its nutritive and medicinal values. The present study was geared towards investigating the antibacterial activities of P. betle extracts and its antibiotic modulating activity. A decoction of P. betle (AQE) leaves as used traditionally, as well as ethanolic (EE), ethylacetate (EAE), acetone (ACE), and dichloromethane (DCME) extracts were evaluated using the broth microdilution assay against six bacterial ATCC strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal activities of the extracts were evaluated. Additionally, the ability of the extracts to modulate conventional antibiotics (synergistic, additive, indifference, antagonistic) was assessed using a modified Checkerboard method and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (ƩFIC) was calculated. The phytochemical profile of each extract was determined and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to establish any association between the MIC, ƩFIC, and phytochemical content. All the five extracts inhibited at least one of the six bacterial strains tested with EAE and ACE exhibiting the most potent antibacterial activity. The lowest MIC (0.2500μg/μl) recorded was against Staphylococcus aureus. Piper betle has been further shown to exhibit only bacteriostatic effect. Results from the Checkerboard indicated additive and synergistic effects of P. betle extracts especially in the 50% EAE-50% antibiotic and 50% ACE-50% antibiotic combinations. The greatest synergy was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ƩFIC 0.09) in the 70% ACE-30% Chloramphenicol combination. Synergy was also observed against S. aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Phytochemical screening revealed that ACE and EAE contain the highest amount of phenols while DCME contains the highest amount of flavonoids. Statistical analysis showed that lower MICs occurred with increasing phenol content (R=−0.392, p≤0.05) and increasing flavonoid content (R=−0.551, p≤0.01). However, no correlation was established between ƩFIC and phytochemical content which could indicate a different mechanism of action employed by the combinations. Data amassed have provided insight into the antibacterial activity, antibiotic modulating activity, and the phytochemical profile of P. betle.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol dan Destilat Jahe dan Sirih terhadap Mycoplasma gallisepticum dan Escherichia coli

Betle and ginger juice extracts have been reported to have antibacterial activity against E. coliand M. gallisepticum. However, fractionation analysis showed the have differences in their antibacterialpotency which appeared to be associated with the nature of the solvent polarity. This study wasconducted to obtain information about antibacterial activity of Piper betles and gingers extract againstE. coli and M. gallisepticum. Three types of betle, P. betle, P. betle var nigra, P. crocatum, wereexamined for their antibacterial activity using disc method and three types of ginger, Zingiber officinale,Z. officinale Linn var rubrum, and Z. majus rumph which were extracted by soxhletation using ethanol30%, 60% and 90% as well as distestillation for three and five hours. Piper betle and P. crocatumconsistently have antibacterial effect against E. coli whereas Z. officinale consistently has antibacterialeffect against M. gallisepticum, either extracted by distillation or soxhletation. Piper betle is potentialyield of distillate and extract that has the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli, and M.gallisepticum with inhibitory zone were 9.76 mm and 22 mm respectively.

Piper betle extracts exhibit antitumor activity by augmenting antioxidant potential.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the methanolic extract of Piper betle leaves (MPBL) and its organic fractions with regard to antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice and to confirm their antioxidant activities. At 24 h post-intraperitoneal inoculation of tumor cells into mice, extracts were administered at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight for nine consecutive days. The antitumor effects of the extracts were then assessed according to tumor volume, packed cell count, viable and non-viable tumor cell count, median survival time and increase in life span of EAC-bearing mice. Next, hematological profiles and serum biochemical parameters were calculated, and antioxidant properties were assessed by estimating lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels. MPBL and the ethylacetate fraction (EPBL) at a dose of 100 mg/kg induced a significant decrease in tumor volume, packed cell volume and viable cell count and increased the life span of the EAC-bearing mice (P<0.05). Hematological and serum biochemical profiles were restored to normal levels in the extract-treated mice compared with the EAC control mice. MPBL and EPBL treatment significantly decreased lipid peroxidation (P<0.05) and restored GSH, SOD and CAT levels towards normal compared with the EAC control. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that Piper betle extracts exhibit significant antitumor activity, which may be attributed to the augmentation of endogenous antioxidant potential.

An in vitro study on the anti-adherence effect of Brucea javanica and Piper betle extracts towards oral Candida

ObjectiveThe adherence of Candida to mucosal surfaces is the initial step for successful invasive process of the oral cavity. The study aimed to investigate the effect of two plant extracts on the non-specific and specific bindings of oral candida. MethodsIn the former, adsorption to hexadecane was used to measure the hydrophobic interaction of the candida cells. In the later, glass beads coated with saliva represented the experimental pellicles in specific adhesion of oral candida to hard tissue surface. ResultsCandida krusei, Candida dubliniensis and Candida tropicalis showed the highest adsorption to hexadecane at 30.23%, 26.19% and 19.70%, respectively, while the others within the range of 7–10%. All candidal species were significantly affected by the extracts (P<0.05) with Brucea javanica exhibited more than 60% reduction of CSH than Piper betle. Candida parapsilosis showed the highest affinity in specific-bindings to pellicle with 18.72±0.71×105CFU/ml. Exposing to P. betle-treated pellicle has drastically reduced the adherence of C. tropicalis, Candida albicans and C. krusei by 86.01%, 61.41% and 56.34%, respectively. B. javanica exhibited similar effect on C. tropicalis (89.86%), Candida lusitaniae (88.95%), C. albicans (79.74%), Candida glabrata (76.85%) and C. krusei (67.61%). ConclusionThe extracts demonstrated anti-adherence activities by modifying the CSH and the characteristics of the experimental pellicle.

A Validated Reverse Phase HPLC for Determination of Hydroxychavicol and Chavibetol in Extracts with Different Extraction Times and Locations

Piper betle L., (Piperaceae) has been extensively used in traditional herbal remedies in India, Malaysia, Thailand and many other countries. Hydroxychavicol and chavibetol (isomer of eugenol) are the major marker compounds present in aqueous (PBA) and ethanol (PBE) of Piper betle extracts. The plant was reported to have various bioactivities such as antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The objective of this study is to develop a HPLC method for quantification of hydroxychavicol and chavibetol in PBA and PBE from 2 locations prepared at 4 extraction times (1, 4, 8 and 24h). This analytical method showed linearity within the concentration range of 0.78-100μg/ml (R=0.9987). The within-day and between-day precision indicated the relative standard deviation of retention time and peak area was < 0.3% and < 0.7%, respectively. The percentage recovery of marker compounds at 3 concentrations was in the range 92.8-100.3%. The limit of detection and quantification were in the range 0.03-0.06 μg/ml and 0.05-0.52 μg/ml, respectively. Hydroxychavicol and chavibetol in PBA and PBE extracts was in the range 7.22-34.24% and 4.48-16.26% (w/w), respectively. In the aqueous extracts, the highest percentage of hydroxychavicol was achieved at 24h extraction time, whereas and chavibetol was not detected. On the other hand, hydroxychavicol and chavibetol were detected in ethanol extracts at all extraction periods with the highest concentration obtained at 24h and 8h extraction time. The method is linear, reproducible and cost effective for standardization of betel leaves.

Effect of Piper betle and Brucea javanica on the Differential Expression of Hyphal Wall Protein (HWP1) in Non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) Species.

The study aimed to identify the HWP1 gene in non-Candida albicans Candida species and the differential expression of HWP1 following treatment with Piper betle and Brucea javanica aqueous extracts. All candidal suspensions were standardized to 1 × 106 cells/mL. The suspension was incubated overnight at 37 °C (C. parapsilosis, 35°C). Candidal cells were treated with each respective extract at 1, 3, and 6 mg/mL for 24 h. The total RNA was extracted and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was carried out with a specific primer of HWP1. HWP1 mRNAs were only detected in C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. Exposing the cells to the aqueous extracts has affected the expression of HWP1 transcripts. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis have demonstrated different intensity of mRNA. Compared to P. betle, B. javanica demonstrated a higher suppression on the transcript levels of HWP1 in all samples. HWP1 was not detected in C. albicans following the treatment of B. javanica at 1 mg/mL. In contrast, C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis were shown to have HWP1 regulation. However, the expression levels were reduced upon the addition of higher concentration of B. javanica extract. P. betle and B. javanica have potential to be developed as oral health product.

Efficacy of an herbal formulation LI10903F containing Dolichos biflorus and Piper betle extracts on weight management

BackgroundA novel herbal formulation LI10903F, alternatively known as LOWAT was developed based on its ability to inhibit adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes model. The clinical efficacy and tolerability of LI10903F were evaluated in an eight-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial in 50 human subjects with body mass index (BMI) between 30 and 40 kg/m2 (clinical trial registration number: ISRCTN37381706). Participants were randomly assigned to either a placebo or LI10903F group. Subjects in the LI10903F group received 300 mg of herbal formulation thrice daily, while subjects in the placebo group received 300 mg of placebo capsules thrice daily. All subjects were provided a standard diet (2,000 kcal daily) and participated in a moderate exercise of 30 min walk for five days a week. Additionally, the safety of this herbal formulation was evaluated by a series of acute, sub-acute toxicity and genotoxicity studies in animals and cellular models.ResultsAfter eight weeks of supplementation, statistically significant net reductions in body weight (2.49 kg; p=0.00005) and BMI (0.96 kg/m2; p=0.00004) were observed in the LI10903F group versus placebo group. Additionally, significant increase in serum adiponectin concentration (p=0.0076) and significant decrease in serum ghrelin concentration (p=0.0066) were found in LI10903F group compared to placebo group. Adverse events were mild and were equally distributed between the two groups. Interestingly, LI10903F showed broad spectrum safety in a series of acute, sub-acute toxicity and genotoxicity studies.ConclusionsResults from the current research suggest that LI10903F or LOWAT is well-tolerated, safe and effective for weight management.

Bacteriostatic Effect of Piper betle and Psidium guajava Extracts on Dental Plaque Bacteria

In this study, the bacteriostatic effect of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts on selected early dental plaque bacteria was investigated based on changes in the doubling time (g) and specific growth rates (micro). Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis and Actinomyces sp. were cultured in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) in the presence and absence of the extracts. The growth of bacteria was monitored periodically every 15 min over a period of 9 h to allow for a complete growth cycle. Growth profiles of the bacteria in the presence of the extracts were compared to those in the absence and deviation in the g and micro were determined and analyzed. It was found that the g and mu were affected by both extracts. At 4 mg mL(-1) of P. betle the g-values for S. sanguinis and S. mitis were increased by 12.0- and 10.4-fold, respectively (p < 0.05). At similar concentration P. guajava increased the g-value by 1.8- and 2.6 -fold, respectively (p < 0.05). The effect on Actinomyces sp. was observed at a much lower magnitude. It appears that P. betle and P. guajava extracts have bacteriostatic effect on the plaque bacteria by creating a stressed environment that had suppressed the growth and propagation of the cells. Within the context of the dental plaque, this would ensure the attainment of thin and healthy plaque. Thus, decoctions of these plants would be suitable if used in the control of dental plaque.

PERKECAMBAHAN UREDOSPORA HEMILEIA VASTATRIX PADA EKSTRAK RIMPANG JAHE DAN KUNYIT SERTA DAUN CENGKEH DAN SIRIH

Germination of Hemileia vastatrix uredospores on crude water extracts of zinger and turmeric rhizome and clove and Piper betle leaves. Coffee leaf rust caused by H. vastatrix especially on Arabica coffee is one of most important diseases in coffee and conventional control methods of leaf coffee rust is still unsatisfactory. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of crude water extract on the germination of H. vastatrix uredospores. The study was conducted from January to September 2004 in the Laboratory of Plant Pathology at Unila. In each test, treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Crude water extract was prepared by homogenizing 100 g of material in 100 ml sterilized distilled water. After being passed through four layers of sterilized cheesecloth, the mixture was defined as the aliquot (100% extract) and dilutions were made with sterile distilled water to obtain concentrations of 2.5 to 10%. Each of four materials (zinger, turmeric, clove, and Piper betle) was tested separately in five aliquot concentration levels. One ml of each extract was mixed with 0.25 ml of uredospora suspension (4 x 105 per ml), and 0.2 ml of the mixture was incubated. The variable was germinated uredospora (%) that was determined under a mikroscope. The results show that significant reduction in spore germination occurred by turmeric, clove, and P. betle extracts at &gt; 2.5% and by zinger extract at &gt; 5%. Some uredospora exposed to plant extract germinated abnormally: germ tubes shorten, swollen, or malform.

The effect of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts on the cell-surface hydrophobicity of selected early settlers of dental plaque

The adhesion of early settlers of dental plaque to the tooth surface has a role in the initiation of the development of dental plaque. The hydrophobic surface properties of the bacteria cell wall are indirectly responsible for the adhesion of the bacteria cell to the acquired pellicle on the tooth surfaces. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of two plants (Psidium guajava and Piper betle) on the cell-surface hydro-phobicity of early settlers of dental plaque was determined in vitro. Hexadecane, a hydrocarbon was used to represent the hydrophobic surface of the teeth in the oral cavity. It was found that treatment of the early plaque settlers with 1 mg/ml extract of Psidium guajava reduced the cell-surface hydrophobicity of Strep. sanguinis, Strep. mitis and Actinomyces sp. by 54.1%, 49.9% and 40.6%, respectively. Treatment of these bacteria with the same concentration of Piper betle however, showed a comparatively lesser effect (< 10%). It was also observed that the anti-adhesive effect of the two extracts on the binding of the early plaque settlers to hexadecane is concentration dependent.

The effect of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts on the cell-surface hydrophobicity of selected early settlers of dental plaque

The effect of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts on the cell-surface hydrophobicity of selected early settlers of dental plaque

Vasorelaxation induced by common edible tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed

In this study, the vasodilatory actions of nine edible tropical plant extracts were investigated. Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato leaf), Piper betle (betel leaf), Anacardium occidentale (cashew leaf), Gynandropsis gynandra (maman leaf), Carica papaya (papaya leaf), and Mentha arvensis (mint leaf) extracts exhibited more than 50% relaxing effect on aortic ring preparations, while Piper betle and Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass stalk) showed comparable vasorelaxation on isolated perfused mesenteric artery preparation. The vascular effect on the aortic ring preparations were mainly endothelium-dependent, and mediated by nitric oxide (NO) as supported by the inhibition of action in the presence of N ω-nitro- l-arginine (NOLA), an nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, or by the removal of endothelium. In contrast, vasodilatory actions in resistance vessels (perfused mesenteric vascular beds) appear to involve several biochemical mediators, including NO, prostanoids, and endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs). Total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities varied among different extracts and found to be independent of vascular relaxation effects. This study demonstrates that many edible plants common in Asian diets to possess potential health benefits, affording protection at the vascular endothelium level.

The anti-adherence effect of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts on the adhesion of early settlers in dental plaque to saliva-coated glass surfaces.

The aqueous extracts of Piper betle and Psidium guajava were prepared and tested for their anti-adherence effect on the adhesion of early plaque settlers (Strep. mitis, Strep. sanguinis and Actinomyces sp.). The saliva-coated glass surfaces were used to simulate the pellicle-coated enamel surface in the oral cavity. Our results showed that the anti-adherence activities of Piper betle and Psidium guajava extracts towards the bacteria were different between the bacterial species. Psidium guajava was shown to have a slightly greater anti-adherence effect on Strep. sanguinis by 5.5% and Actinomyces sp. by 10% and a significantly higher effect on Strep. mitis (70%) compared to Piper betle. The three bacterial species are known to be highly hydrophobic, and that hydrophobic bonding seemed to be an important factor in their adherence activities. It is therefore suggested that the plant extracts, in expressing their anti-adherence activities, could have altered the hydrophobic nature of the bonding between the bacteria and the saliva-coated glass surfaces.

Inhibitory Effect of Different Plant Extracts, Cow Dung and Cow Urine on Conidial Germination of &lt;i&gt;Bipolaris sorokiniana&lt;/i&gt;

Inhibition of conidial germination of Bipolaris sorokiniana was tested using eight ethanolic plant extracts, ten aqueous plant extracts in combination with cow dung and five aqueous plant extracts in combination with cow urine. Hundred percent of conidial germination was inhibited with the application of ethanolic extracts of Adhatoda vasica (leaf) and Zingiber officinale (rhizome) at 2.5% concentration. After the treatment with Vinca rosea, Piper betle and Azadirachta indica extracts in combination with cow dung suspension showed 100% inhibition of conidial germination; where the lowest was noted in case of Rauwolfea serpentina (30%) extract at same concentration. At 2.5% concentration of Calotropis procera extracts in combination with cow urine, 91% inhibition of conidial germination was observed. In most cases, Ocimum sanctum extract exhibited less inhibitory effect against B. sorokiniana. &#x0D; &#x0D; Key words: Bipolaris sorokiniana, Leaf blight, Plant extracts, Triticum aestivum, Cow dung, Cow urine.&#x0D; &#x0D; J. bio-sci. 14: 87-92, 2006