Betacea Seedlings Research Articles

Effects of different rootstocks grafting on selenium accumulation in Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. seedlings under selenium-contaminated soil

The effects of rootstocks tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), and nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) grafting on the growth and selenium (Se) accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. seedlings were studied to identify the most suitable rootstock for increasing Se uptake of fruit trees grown in Se-contaminated soil. The rootstocks of tomato, eggplant, and nightshade grafting increased the scion biomass of C. betacea seedlings by 146.1%, 23.2%, and 94.5%, respectively, compared with the un-grafted seedlings. Moreover, tomato, eggplant, and nightshade rootstocks grafting increased the photosynthesis, superoxide dismutase activity, and peroxidase activity, while reducing the catalase activity and soluble protein content of C. betacea seedlings. Although all three rootstocks grafting decreased Se contents in rootstock roots and stems, only nightshade rootstock grafting increased Se content in the scions of C. betacea seedlings. Notably, root biomass, catalase activity, soluble protein content, rootstock root Se content, and rootstock stem Se content were closely related to the scion Se content. These findings suggest that only grafting onto nightshade rootstock significantly enhances Se uptake in C. betacea, whereas tomato and eggplant rootstocks grafting have no effect on Se uptake.

Effect of abscisic acid on selenium uptake and growth of Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. (Solanum betaceum Cav.) seedlings under selenium stress

Improvement of selenium (Se) uptake in fruit tree can improve the source of food Se for humans. In this study, the effect of various abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations on the Se uptake in Cyphomandra betacea Sendt. (Solanum betaceum Cav.) seedlings was studied under Se stress. Only the concentration of 20 μmol/L ABA promoted the growth of C. betacea seedlings by increasing the biomass and regulating the resistance physiology under Se stress. ABA also increased the Se content in C. betacea seedlings under Se stress. The concentration of ABA at 20 μmol/L got the maximum root Se and shoot Se contents, which increased by 76.64% and 55.83%, respectively, compared with the control. Correlation and grey relational analyses showed that the peroxidase activity and proline content had the first two closest relationship with the shoot Se content. This study shows that ABA can promote the Se uptake in C. betacea under Se stress, and the concentration of 20 μmol/L ABA is the optimum for Se uptake and growth of C. betacea.

Application of uniconazole (S3307) promotes selenium accumulation in Cyphomandra betacea seedlings under selenium stress

AbstractTo improve the ability of Cyphomandra betacea to accumulate selenium (Se), the effects of uniconazole (S3307) at different concentrations on the growth and Se accumulation of C. betacea seedlings were studied in this experiment. S3307 at different concentrations increased the biomass of C. betacea seedlings, and 20 mg L−1 S3307 had the best effect. The application of S3307 also increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid) content, and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) activity of C. betacea seedlings. Application of S3307 increased the Se content in the different organs of C. betacea seedlings to some extent. Besides, the different S3307 concentrations demonstrated a polynomial regression relationship with the root and shoot biomass and the root and shoot Se content. Besides, Se content of the various organs significantly positive correlated with the different organs' biomass. These results indicate that S3307 promotes C. betacea seedling growth and improves Se accumulation ability, with 20 mg L−1 demonstrating the highest response.

Salicylic acid promotes growth and affects cadmium accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

To reduce the cadmium (Cd) uptake in fruit tree Cyphomandra betacea Sendt., the effects of different salicylic acid (SA) concentrations (0, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg L−1) on the physiological and Cd accumulation characteristics of hydroponically grown C. betacea seedlings under Cd stress were studied. Under SA concentrations of 150, 200, and 250 mg L−1, the biomass, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid) contents as well as the photosynthetic parameters (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration) of C. betacea seedlings were significantly higher than that of the control. The superoxide dismutase and catalase activities of C. betacea seedlings first increased and then decreased with increasing SA concentration, while the peroxidase activity and soluble protein content followed the opposite trend. When SA was applied at concentrations of 100, 150, and 200 mg L−1, the Cd contents in C. betacea seedlings were lower than in the control, whereas 250 mg L−1 SA increased C. betacea seedlings Cd contents. Taken together, the results of this experiment indicate that the biomass and Cd contents of C. betacea seedlings respectively reached a maximum and minimum under the action of SA at 150 mg L−1, a concentration thus beneficial for cultivating C. betacea seedlings under Cd stress.

Effects of exogenous gibberellic acid on growth and cadmium accumulation in Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

AbstractThe contamination of orchards by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is a serious problem partly because of the toxicity of the Cd accumulated in fruits. Accordingly, developing suitable methods for minimizing the toxic effects of Cd on plants is necessary. In the current study, a pot‐based experiment was conducted to assess the effects of various concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L) of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA) on the growth and Cd accumulation in Cyphomandra betacea seedlings. The GA treatments promoted C. betacea seedling growth and increased the biomass as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and soluble sugar contents. Additionally, the application of GA, especially the 300 mg/L solution, enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, the intercellular CO2 concentration, the transpiration rate, and the peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities. In contrast, the Cd content of C. betacea seedlings gradually decreased in response to increasing exogenous GA concentrations. Thus, the application of a GA solution improved C. betacea seedling growth and decreased the toxicity of Cd, with 300 mg/L representing the most effective GA concentration.

Effects of indole acetic acid on the growth and selenium absorption characteristics of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

To study the effects of indole acetic acid (IAA) on the growth and selenium (Se) absorption of fruit tree, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different concentrations involved in the spraying of 0 (the control), 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg/L IAA on the growth and Se uptake of C. betacea seedlings. The concentrations of 30, 60, and 90 mg/L IAA increased the various organs’ biomass and net photosynthetic rate of C. betacea seedlings compared to the control, while the concentration of 120 mg/L IAA had no significant effect on that. Only the concentration of 60 mg/L IAA increased the chlorophyll (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll) contents in C. betacea seedlings compared to the control. The concentrations of 30, 60, and 90 mg/L IAA also increased the antioxidant enzymes’ (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) activities and soluble protein content of C. betacea seedlings compared to the control. For Se content, compared to the control, the concentrations of 60 and 90 mg/L IAA increased the Se contents in roots, stems, leaves, and shoots of C. betacea seedlings, and also enhanced the Se bioconcentration factor. Therefore, spraying IAA with the appropriate concentration (60–90 mg/L) could promote the C. betacea seedlings’ growth and Se absorption, and the best concentration was 60 mg/L IAA.

Effects of uniconazole on the physiological characteristics and cadmium accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

AbstractTo determine if the uniconazole concentration(s) whether could enhance the cadmium (Cd) tolerance of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings, the effects of spray treatments with various uniconazole concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg/L) on the physiological characteristics and Cd accumulation of C. betacea seedlings were studied in a hydroponic experiment. The results indicated that uniconazole significantly decreased the Cd content of C. betacea seedling stems, leaves, and shoots, but significantly increased the biomass of all analyzed seedling parts. Additionally, the leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents as well as the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and CO2 concentration of intercellular were higher for the uniconazole‐treated C. betacea seedlings than for the control seedlings. The optimal uniconazole concentration significantly promoted the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities and the soluble protein content of C. betacea leaves. Moreover, uniconazole decreased the soluble sugar content of the C. betacea roots and stems, but had the opposite effect on the soluble sugar content of the leaves and shoots. The 20 mg/L uniconazole treatment resulted in the highest C. betacea seedling biomass and the lowest Cd content, indicating this concentration may be useful for improving C. betacea seedling growth in Cd‐contaminated soils.

Selenium accumulation characteristics of Cyphomandra betacea (Solanum betaceum) seedlings.

A pot experiment was conducted to study the selenium (Se) accumulation characteristics and the tolerance of Cyphomandra betacea (Solanum betaceum) seedlings under different soil Se concentrations. The 5mg/kg soil Se concentration increased the C. betacea seedling biomass and photosynthetic pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), whereas the other soil Se concentrations (10, 25, and 50mg/kg) inhibited seedling growth. Increases in the soil Se concentrations tended to decrease the superoxide dismutase activity and soluble protein content, but had the opposite effect on the peroxidase and catalase activities. The 5, 10, and 25mg/kg soil Se concentrations decreased the DNA methylation levels of C. betacea seedlings because of an increase in demethylation patterns (versus 0mg/kg), whereas the 50mg/kg soil Se concentration increased the DNA methylation levels because of an increase in hypermethylation patterns (versus 0mg/kg). Increases in the soil Se concentrations were accompanied by an increasing trend in the Se content of C. betacea seedlings. Moreover, the amount of Se extracted by the shoots was highest for the 25mg/kg soil Se concentration. Therefore, C. betacea may be able to accumulate relatively large amounts of Se and its growth may be promoted in 5mg/kg soil Se.

Effects of intercropping with three ploidies of hyperaccumulator Solanum species on the growth and cadmium uptake of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

ABSTRACT To investigate the effects of intercropping with hyperaccumulator on cadmium (Cd) accumulation of non-hyperaccumulator, a pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of intercropping with three ploidies of hyperaccumulator Solanum species on the growth and cadmium uptake of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings. The hyperaccumulators Solanum photeinocarpum (diploid), Solanum nigrum (hexaploid), and colchicine-induced tetraploid S. photeinocarpum were intercropped with C. betacea seedlings under Cd-contaminated soil conditions. Intercropping with three ploidies of Solanum species decreased the root, stem, leaf, and shoot biomass of C. betacea seedlings. Intercropping with three ploidies of Solanum species also decreased the photosynthetic pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid) in C. betacea seedlings but increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase) and soluble protein content of C. betacea seedlings. Intercropping decreased the Cd content in C. betacea seedlings. The lowest level was observed after intercropping with the hexaploid species, while the Cd contents and extraction amount of three ploidies of Solanum increased by decreasing the pH of soil and increasing concentration of soil exchangeable Cd. Therefore, intercropping three ploidies of Solanum species could inhibit the Cd uptake of C. betacea, and the hexaploid (S. nigrum) was the best choice.

Effects of intercropping with two Solanum species on the growth and cadmium accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

The contamination of orchard by cadmium (Cd) has recently increased in severity. To decrease the Cd content in fruit tree, a pot-based experiment was conducted to study the effects of intercropping with two Solanum species (Solanum alatum and Solanum diphyllum) on the growth and Cd accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings. The data revealed that intercropping with two Solanum species significantly increased the biomass, photosynthetic pigment contents, antioxidant enzyme activities, and soluble protein contents of C. betacea seedlings under Cd stress condition. The intercropping significantly decreased the Cd content in C. betacea seedlings. However, the intercropping significantly decreased the S. alatum and S. diphyllum biomasses, while increased the Cd content and accumulation in the roots and shoots of two Solanum species, and the Cd uptake by S. alatum was lower than that of S. diphyllum. Therefore, intercropping with these two Solanum species, especially S. diphyllum, may promote the growth and decrease the Cd content in C. betacea.

Effects of intercropping with reciprocal hybridization F1 generation of Solanum photeinocarpum on cadmium accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

In this experiment, C. betacea seedlings were used as research materials, intercropping S. photeinocarpum of parents and positive and negative hybridization F1 generation with C. betacea seedlings, study the cadmium accumulation characteristics of S. photeinocarpum positive and negative hybridization F1 generation and effects of intercropping them with C. betacea seedlings on cadmium accumulation characteristics of C. betacea seedlings. Intercropping with S. photeinocarpum of farmland ecotype and mine ecotype had no significant on the cadmium contents in roots and shoots of C. betacea seedlings, and intercropping S. photeinocarpum of positive and negative hybridization F1 generation decreased the cadmium contents in roots and shoots of C. betacea seedlings. Hybridization decreased the cadmium contents in roots and shoots of S. photeinocarpum, but increased the cadmium accumulation amounts in roots and shoots of S. photeinocarpum. Therefore, intercropping with hybridization F1 generation of S. photeinocarpum could reduce the cadmium uptake of C. betacea.

Effects of intercropping with reciprocal hybridization F1 generation of Solanum photeinocarpum on growth and physiology of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

To study the effects of positive and negative hybridization F1 generation of two ecotypes (mining and farmland) of hyperaccumulator plants on the growth and the fruit quality safety of Cyphomandra betacea under cadmium stress. In this experiment, C. betacea seedlings were used as research materials, intercropping S. photeinocarpum of parents and positive and negative hybridization F1 generation with C. betacea seedlings, study the effects intercropping with S. photeinocarpum on growth and physiology of C. betacea seedlings. The biomass, photosynthetic pigments content, soluble protein content and antioxidant enzymes activity of intercropping treatments were all lower than monoculture, the above shows that in the physical growth and resistance of C. betacea seedlings intercropping with S. photeinocarpum were all showed the intercropping disadvantage, especially the worst growth C. betacea seedlings was intercropping with S. photeinocarpum positive hybridization F1 generation.

Effects of exogenous indole acetic acid on growth and cadmium accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

ABSTRACT To identify whether the auxin treatment could promote the growth and reduce the cadmium (Cd) of fruit trees, the effects of different concentrations of indole acetic acid (IAA, one of the auxin) on the biomass, Cd content, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant enzyme activity, and soluble sugars content in Cyphomandra betacea seedlings under Cd stress were studied. As the IAA concentration increased, the biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, soluble sugars content, and net photosynthetic rate of C. betacea seedlings tended to first increase and then decrease, with maximum values in the 60 mg/L IAA treatment. The Cd contents in different organs decreased and then increased with increasing IAA concentrations, with the minimum value in the 60 mg/L IAA treatment. Compared with the control, IAA treatments enhanced the activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the leaves of C. betacea seedlings and decreased the soluble protein content. Therefore, IAA treatments promoted growth, enhanced Cd resistance, and decreased the Cd content in C. betacea. The 60 mg/L IAA treatment was the most effective for promoting growth and decreasing the Cd content in C. betacea.

Effects of different rootstocks grafting on potassium absorption in post generations of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

The pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of Solanum nigrum, tomato and eggplant as rootstocks on potassium contents in post generations of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings. The results showed that the potassium content of grafted generations of S. nigrum as rootstock was significantly higher than that of ungrafted generations, which increased by 85%, 6.4%, 7.5% and 5.5%, respectively. The potassium content of each part of grafted generations of C. betacea seedling by tomato and eggplant rootstock was lower than that of ungrafted generations. The content of available phosphorus and potassium in soil after grafting treatment was significantly higher than that of control, which was 1.11 times and 1.13 times respectively. Therefore, grafting on rootstocks of S. nigrum was more conducive to potassium absorption in post generations of C. betacea seedling.

Effects of different rootstocks on the growth and cadmium-accumulation characteristics of a post-grafting generation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

ABSTRACT To study the cadmium (Cd)-accumulation characteristics of the post-grafting generation of Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt., the seeds of C. betacea grafted on Solanum nigrum L., tomato, and eggplant rootstocks were collected and planted in Cd-contaminated soil. Compared with seeds of ungrafted seedlings, the S. nigrum rootstock increased the shoot biomass of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, while eggplant and tomato rootstocks decreased or had no significant effects. Only the S. nigrum rootstock increased the chlorophyll a content, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, while the other rootstocks decreased or had no significant effects on these photosynthetic parameters. The S. nigrum rootstock enhanced the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and soluble protein content, of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, while the other rootstocks reduced or had no significant effects on these parameters. The three rootstocks decreased the Cd contents in different organs of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, and the order of treatments was ungrafted > tomato rootstock > eggplant rootstock > S. nigrum rootstock. Therefore, S. nigrum was the best rootstock to promote the growth and decrease the Cd contents in post-grafting generation of C. betacea, and this can benefit C. betacea production in Cd-contaminated areas.

Effects of Abscisic Acid on Soluble Sugar Accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea Seedlings under Cadmium Stress

In this study, the effects of different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L) of abscisic acid (ABA) on soluble sugar accumulation in Cyphomandra betacea seedlings under cadmium stress were studied. The results showed that spraying 10 and 20 μmol/L ABA could effectively increase the content of soluble sugar in roots, stems, leaves and aerial parts of C. betacea seedlings. Spraying 1 and 5 μmol/L ABA reduced the soluble sugar content in roots, stems, leaves and aerial parts of C. betacea seedlings. Therefore, the use of 20 μmol/L ABA can increase the accumulation of soluble sugar in C. betacea seedlings.

Effects of Grafting on Total Phosphorus Content in Post Generations of Cyphomandra betacea Seedlings

The effects of eggplant, Solanum nigrum and tomato as rootstocks on the total phosphorus content in the grafted offspring of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings were studied by pot experiment. The total phosphorus contents in root, stem, leaf and shoot of the offspring of C. betacea seedlings were analyzed. The results showed that the total phosphorus content in the roots and shoots of S. nigrum rootstock was significantly higher than that of ungrafted offspring. There was no significant difference in the total phosphorus content between roots and stems of eggplant and tomato rootstocks compared with ungrafted offspring. The total phosphorus contents in the leaves and shoots were significantly lower than that in ungrafted offspring. Therefore, proper selection of grafted stock can improve the total phosphorus uptake of grafted offspring of C. betacea seedlings.

Effects of different rootstocks on cadmium accumulation of grafted Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

ABSTRACT To study whether grafting can reduce the heavy metal uptake of Cyphomandra betacea, C. betacea seedlings were grafted onto three different rootstocks (eggplant, Solanum nigrum, and tomato) and planted in cadmium (Cd)contaminated soil. Compared with ungrafted seedlings, S. nigrum rootstock increased the biomass of different organs of C. betacea seedlings, while eggplant and tomato rootstocks decreased it or had no significant effect. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents of C. betacea seedlings were ranked as follows: S. nigrum rootstock > ungrafted > eggplant rootstock > tomato rootstock. The three rootstocks had no significant effects on the superoxide dismutase activity of C. betacea seedlings. Solanum nigrum rootstock enhanced the peroxidase and catalase activities and soluble protein content of C. betacea seedlings, while the other rootstocks reduced or had no significant influence on these parameters. The three rootstocks increased the Cd content of aboveground organs of C. betacea seedlings as follows: S. nigrum rootstock > eggplant rootstock > tomato rootstock > ungrafted. Grafting onto S. nigrum rootstock can therefore promote the growth of C. betacea; however, all rootstocks investigated in this study promote Cd uptake in C. betacea and thus cannot be used in Cd-contaminated areas.

Mulching with crop straws influences cadmium accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings

Mulching with plant straws on cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil can reduce Cd accumulation in crop plants. In this pot experiment, Cd‐contaminated soil was mulched with the straw of rice, wheat, rape, or broad bean, and their effects on the growth and Cd accumulation of Cyphomandra betacea seedlings were studied. Mulching with the straw of rice or broad bean increased the root, stem, leaf, and shoot biomasses of C. betacea seedlings, and increased the chlorophyll contents in leaves of C. betacea seedlings, whereas mulching with the straw of wheat or rape decreased this growth and photosynthetic pigment parameters. The Cd contents in the roots, stems, leaves, and shoots of C. betacea seedlings decreased in response to mulching with rice straw by 32.79%, 19.40%, 14.04%, and 14.86%, respectively, and decreased following mulching with rape straw by 12.27%, 18.22%, 6.89%, and 9.13%, respectively, compared with those of the control. Mulching with the straw of wheat or broad bean increased the Cd contents in C. betacea seedlings. Therefore, rice straw promoted the growth of C. betacea and significantly reduced the Cd uptake by C. betacea, which was beneficial for safe production of C. betacea in Cd‐contaminated orchards. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: e13229, 2019

Effects of intercropping with Vigna umbellata and Vigna radiata on photosynthetic pigment contents in Cyphomandra betacea seedlings under cadmium stress

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of intercropping Vigna umbellata and Vigna radiata on photosynthetic pigment contents in Cyphomandra betacea seedlings under cadmium (Cd) stress. The result showed that under Cd stress, all intercropping treatments increased the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll contents of C. betacea, especially the intercropping with V. umbellata which was highest in contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid and total chlorophyll of C. betacea. On the contrary, all intercropping treatments decreased the chlorophyll a/b of C. betacea compared to the monoculture and intercropping with V. umbellata was lowest. Therefore, intercropping with V. umbellata could be the best choice to increase the photosynthetic pigment C. betacea under Cd stress.