Best-fit Technique Research Articles

Signal Variability Comparative Analysis of Healthy Early- and Late-Pubertal Children during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing.

The kinetics of physiological responses to exercise have traditionally been characterized by estimating exponential equation parameters using iterative best-fit techniques of heart rate (HR) and gas exchange (respiratory rate, oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 ), carbon dioxide output, and ventilation). In this study, we present a novel approach to characterizing the maturation of physiological responses to exercise in children by accounting for response uncertainty and variability. Thirty-seven early-pubertal (17 females, 20 males) and 44 late-pubertal (25 females, 19 males) participants performed three multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB). MBEB consisted of ten 2-min bouts of cycle ergometry at constant work rate interspersed by 1-min rest. Exercise intensity was categorized as low, moderate, or high, corresponding to 40%, 60%, and 80% of peak work rate, and performed in random order on 3 separate days. We evaluated sample entropy (SampEn), approximate entropy, detrended fluctuation analysis, and average absolute local variability of HR and gas exchange. SampEn of HR and gas-exchange responses to MBEB was greater in early- compared with late-pubertal participants (e.g., V̇O 2 early-pubertal vs late-pubertal, 1.70 ± 0.023 vs 1.41 ± 0.027; P = 2.97 × 10 -14 ), and decreased as MBEB intensity increased (e.g., 0.37 ± 0.01 HR for low-intensity compared with 0.21 ± 0.014 for high intensity, P = 3.56 × 10 -17 ). Females tended to have higher SampEn than males (e.g., 1.61 ± 0.025 V̇O 2 for females vs 1.46 ± 0.031 for males, P = 1.28 × 10 -4 ). Average absolute local variability was higher in younger participants for both gas exchange and HR (e.g., early-pubertal vs late-pubertal V̇O 2 , 17.48 % ± 0.56% vs 10.24 % ± 0.34%; P = 1.18 × 10 -21 ). The greater entropy in signal response to a known, quantifiable exercise perturbation in the younger children might represent maturation-dependent, enhanced competition among physiological controlling mechanisms that originate at the autonomic, subconscious, and cognitive levels.

Effect of print orientation, storage conditions, and storage time on intaglio surface accuracy of implant surgical guides fabricated by using a stereolithography technology

The accuracy of printed implant surgical guides can be affected by different factors that negatively impact the planned implant position. How print orientation, storage time, and conditions influence manufacturing accuracy remains uncertain. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of print orientation, storage conditions, and storage time on the intaglio surface accuracy of implant surgical guides manufactured by using a stereolithography (SLA) printer. A tooth-supported maxillary implant surgical guide design (control file) was used to fabricate the specimens (N=40, n=10). Four groups were created based on the print orientation used: 0 (Group 0), 45 (Group 45), 70 (Group 70), and 90 degrees (Group 90). The specimens were fabricated using an SLA printer (Form 3B+) and a biocompatible dental resin (Surgical Guide Resin V1) following the manufacturer's recommended protocol. Each group was divided into 2 subgroups based on the storage conditions: light (L subgroup) and dark (D subgroup) settings. Each specimen was digitized by using a desktop scanner (Medit T710) at days 0, 1, 7, and 14. The control file and each digitized specimen were superimposed by using the best-fit technique with a metrology program (Geomagic Control X). The root mean square (RMS) error was used to calculate the discrepancies between the control files and specimen files. Three-way ANOVA and pairwise comparison Tukey tests were used to analyze trueness. The Levene test was used to assess precision (α=.05). Significant trueness discrepancies were found among the groups tested (P<.001), but no significant differences were found among the subgroups (P=.100) and the storage times analyzed (P=.609). Additionally, the Tukey test showed significant RMS error mean value discrepancies between Group 0 and Group 45 (P<.001), Group 0 and Group 90 (P<.001), Group 45 and Group 70 (P<.001), and Group 70 and Group 90 (P<.001). The Levene test revealed significant SD discrepancies among the groups tested (P<.05). The trueness and precision of the intaglio surface of the implant surgical guides manufactured by using the printer and material tested were affected by the print orientation. However, storage conditions over a 14-day period did not impact the intaglio accuracy of the specimens.

Determination of mass transfer coefficient in an L-shaped pulsed column with sieve-plate structure: Application of best-fit technique, drop size distribution, and forward mixing model

The mass transfer coefficient in extraction columns is extremely affected by the size of the droplets. Among the available models to describe the extraction columns, only the forward mixing model (FMM) has considered the effect of droplets size on the column performance. In this research, the performance of an L-shaped pulsed sieve-plate column (LPSPC) was studied using the FMM. A real-code using the best-fit technique and PSO algorithm was developed for finding the optimal values of the axial dispersion and overall mass transfer coefficients. The effect of the operating parameters including pulsing velocity, continuous and dispersed phase flow rate on the volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient, the axial dispersion coefficients, and the mass transfer driving force was studied for two standard chemical systems. It was found that the LPSPC has an optimal operation at the pulsing velocity of 0.95 cm/s in each of the horizontal and vertical sections. Moreover, the performance of the column is strongly dependent on the ratio of the inlet velocity of the phases. It is worth noting that, the separation efficiency in the vertical section is slightly (on average 5%) higher than in the horizontal section of the column.

The impact of active case finding among high-risk populations on the decline of tuberculosis incidence

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2019 the WHO reported approximately 10 million TB cases and 1.4 million deaths worldwide. TB still remains one of the leading causes of death in humans. Brazil is one of 30 countries with the highest TB burden with 96,000 new cases and 6,700 deaths reported in 2019. From 2015 the TB incidence is increasing by 2%–3% annually. It means that TB control programs need to be improved. Aim: Our aim is to show the impact of active case finding of TB cases among a high-risk subpopulation on decline of the incidence in the general population. Material and methods: We use a SIS-type compartmental mathematical model to describe the disease dynamics. We consider the population as a heterogeneous population which differ in disease transmission risk. Using best-fit techniques we compare the actual data with the model. For the fitted parameters we calculate the basic reproduction number and estimate the TB trends for the next few years applying several preventative protocols. Results and discussion: Using numerical simulations we examine the impact of ACF on the disease dynamics. We show that active screening among high risk subpopulations can help to reduce TB spread. We show how the reproduction number and estimated incidence decline depend on the detection rate. Conclusions: Active screening is one of the most effective ways for reducing the spread of disease. However, due to financial constraints, it can only be used to a limited extent. Properly applied detection can limit the spread of the disease while minimizing costs.

Coronoid process reconstruction with a distal clavicle autograft: an in silico analysis of fitting accuracy

The coronoid process plays a vital role in preserving elbow stability. In cases of acute or chronic deficiency of the coronoid process, reconstruction is warranted to restore stability and to avoid early joint degeneration. The distal clavicle might be a useful osteochondral autograft for coronoid reconstruction with low donor-site morbidity. This study evaluated the fitting accuracy of the distal clavicle as an autograft for coronoid process reconstruction. One hundred upper-extremity computed tomography scans of 85 body donors were available for this study (mean age, 69 ± 17 years; 46 male and 39 female donors; 15 bilateral specimens). Standardized 40% transverse defects of the coronoid process were digitally created; the distal clavicles were digitally harvested and placed onto the defects by a best-fit technique in 2 different orientations using commercially available software: (1) with the superior aspect of the articular surface of the graft oriented toward the coronoid tip and (2) with the inferior aspect of the articular surface of the graft oriented toward the coronoid tip. The fitting accuracy of the grafts to the native coronoid process was evaluated from lateral to medial using custom code. Regardless of the orientation of the graft, the distal clavicle provided a good fit in the central portion of the coronoid process. In the lateral and medial aspects of the defect, however, the fitting accuracy of the graft declined significantly (P ≤ .044). No significant differences were observed between ipsilateral and contralateral grafts (P ≥ .199). The intrarater reliability was excellent. The results of this study suggest that a distal clavicle autograft may be suitable to replace a transverse defect of the coronoid process; however, it may not fully reconstruct the anteromedial and anterolateral aspects of the coronoid.

Delay Time Distributions of Type Ia Supernovae from Galaxy and Cosmic Star Formation Histories

Abstract We present analytical reconstructions of SN Ia delay time distributions (DTDs) by way of two independent methods: by a Markov Chain Monte Carlo best-fit technique comparing the volumetric SN Ia rate history to today’s compendium cosmic star formation history, and second through a maximum likelihood analysis of the star formation rate histories of individual galaxies in the GOODS/CANDELS field, in comparison to their resultant SN Ia yields. We adopt a flexible skew-normal DTD model, which could match a wide range of physically motivated DTD forms. We find a family of solutions that are essentially exponential DTDs, similar in shape to the β ≈ −1 power-law DTDs, but with more delayed events (&gt;1 Gyr in age) than prompt events (&lt;1 Gyr). Comparing these solutions to delay time measures separately derived from field galaxies and galaxy clusters, we find the skew-normal solutions can accommodate both without requiring a different DTD form in different environments. These model fits are generally inconsistent with results from single-degenerate binary population synthesis models, and are seemingly supportive of double-degenerate progenitors for most SN Ia events.

Evaluation of the impact of fly ash on infiltration characteristics using different soft computing techniques

The aim of this paper was to investigate the impact of the fly ash concentration on the infiltration process and to assess the potential of five soft computing techniques such as artificial neural network, Gaussian process, support vector machine (SVM), random forest, and M5P model tree and compare with two popular conventional models, SCS and Kostiakov mode, to estimate the cumulative infiltration of fly-ash-mixed soils. Laboratory experiment was carried out with the different combinations of the sand, clay, and fly ash by using mini disk infiltrometer. The combination consists of the different concentrations of sand (25–45%), clay (25–45%), and fly ash (10–50%). The total observation consists of the 138 field measurement. The cumulative infiltration increase with an increment in the concentration of the fly ash, but it decreases when fly ash concentration increases 40–50% in the soil. On the other hand, the cumulative infiltration increases with the decrease in the concentration of clay in samples. The predictive modeling technique, SVM with RBF kernel, is the best technique to predict the cumulative infiltration with minimum error. Results suggest that SVM with RBF kernel is the best-fit modeling technique among other soft computing techniques as well as conventional models to find the impact of fly ash on infiltration characteristics for the given combination of the sand, clay and fly ash.

Empirical acoustic TS - Length relationship for Torpedo Scad (Megalaspis cordyla)

One of the main challenge in fish stock assessment with acoustic method is how to improve the accuracy of the estimated acoustic target strength (TS) of the fish under investigation. Various factors contribute to the bias in acoustic TS, namely the high diversity of fish species, body shape, orientation and size. It is therefore necessary to have a database of acoustics TS of fish on a particular species, size (length), and orientation as a reference to be used in grouping and in estimating the over all TS-length relationship of the species. In this paper we reported the result of in situ TS measurements of Torpedo Scad (Megalaspiscordyla). The TS data analysis is performed numerically through the best-fit technique to establish the relationship between length, object orientation, and TS. The TS-length relationship obtained for Torpedo Scad (Megalaspis cordyla) is TS = 20 log (FL)–53.68.This relationship could be used to eliminate bias in the fish stock assessment by acoustic method.

In situ TS measurement of Mackerel Scad (Decapterus macarellus), Leopard Coral Trout (Plectropomus leopardus), and Largehead Hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus)

Acoustic target strength (TS) measurements were performed on one small pelagic fishes, and two demersal fishes, which are very important for Indonesia fisheries, namely: mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus), coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus), and largehead hairtail (Trichiurus sp.) on various fish sizes (fork length, FL) and orientation. The fish was successfully measured using tethered technique, where each individual fish was places and hang in web using monofilament string. The TS data analysis is performed numerically using the best-fit technique to establish the relationship between length, fish orientation, and TS. The TS-length relationship was obtained as follow: for mackerel scad, TS = TS = 20log - 84,38; for coral trout, TS = 20Log - 76,68, and for large headhairtail, TS = 20Log -91.88.

Comparison of ordinary and Bayesian kriging techniques in depicting rainfall variability in arid and semi-arid regions of north-west India

Rainfall, a vital component of hydrological cycle, plays a key role in appropriate planning and sustainable management of water resources in water-short regions. However, its uneven distribution over the space and time necessitates getting knowledge about its variability. This study aimed at evaluating efficacy of ordinary and Bayesian kriging techniques in depicting spatial and temporal variability of annual rainfall in arid and semi-arid regions of north-west India. Using 35-year gridded rainfall datasets of India Meteorological Department (IMD at 0.5° resolution, 1971–2005) and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR at 0.3° resolution, 1979–2013), geostatistical modelling was performed by employing five kriging techniques with novelty of exploring potential of empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) technique, for the first time, for rainfall datasets in this study. Performance of the kriging techniques was evaluated by cross-validation based on five criteria. Both exponential ordinary kriging (EOK) and EBK revealed better performance over other kriging techniques. Thus, EOK and EBK were further examined by adopting goodness-of-fit criteria of correlation coefficient (r) and root-mean-square error (RMSE). Very high r values indicated equally excellent performance of both the techniques; however, less RMSE values in case of EBK suggested it as the best-fit technique, which was then used for developing spatially distributed rainfall raster. Spatially distributed 35-year mean annual rainfall (MAR) and coefficient of variation (CV) highlighted very high temporal variability of the annual rainfall (CV > 120%) in the western arid lands of the country with <150 mm MAR values. Thus, under the scenario of scarce availability and high rainfall variability, urgent actions are needed to be taken such as implementation of rainwater-harvesting and groundwater-recharging structures, adoption of less water-requiring crops and micro-irrigation methods in agriculture. Moreover, these findings are useful for the decision makers, planners and resource managers to formulate appropriate strategies for conserving and sustainably managing precious rainwater quantities in arid regions worldwide.

Value of the cumulative sum test for the assessment of a learning curve: Application to the introduction of patient-specific instrumentation for total knee arthroplasty in an academic department

BackgroundThe purpose of the study was to use the cumulative summation (CUSUM) test to assess the learning curve during the introduction of a new surgical technique (patient-specific instrumentation) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in an academic department. MethodsThe first 50TKAs operated on at an academic department using patient-specific templates (PSTs) were scheduled to enter the study. All patients had a preoperative computed tomography scan evaluation to plan bone resections. The PSTs were positioned intraoperatively according to the best-fit technique and their three-dimensional orientation was recorded by a navigation system. The position of the femur and tibia PST was compared to the planned position for four items for each component: coronal and sagittal orientation, medial and lateral height of resection. Items were summarized to obtain knee, femur and tibia PST scores, respectively. These scores were plotted according to chronological order and included in a CUSUM analysis. The tested hypothesis was that the PST process for TKA was immediately under control after its introduction. ResultsCUSUM test showed that positioning of the PST significantly differed from the target throughout the study. There was a significant difference between all scores and the maximal score. No case obtained the maximal score of eight points. The study was interrupted after 20 cases because of this negative evaluation. ConclusionThe CUSUM test is effective in monitoring the learning curve when introducing a new surgical procedure. Introducing PST for TKA in an academic department may be associated with a long-lasting learning curve.The study was registered on the clinical.gov website (Identifier NCT02429245).

Noncontiguous Channel Allocation for Multimedia Communication in Cognitive Radio Networks

In conventional wireless systems, unless a contiguous frequency band with width at least equal to the required bandwidth is obtained, multimedia communication cannot be effected with the desired quality of service. We propose here a novel channel allocation technique to overcome this limitation in a cognitive radio network, which is based on utilizing several noncontiguous channels, each of width smaller than the required bandwidth, but whose sum equals at least the required bandwidth. We present algorithms for channel sensing, channel reservation, and channel deallocation along with transmission and reception protocols with two different implementations based on FDM-FDMA and OFDM-FDMA techniques. Simulation results for both these implementations show that the proposed technique outperforms the existing first-fit and best-fit allocation techniques in terms of the average number of attempts needed for acquiring the necessary number of channels for all traffic situations ranging from light to extremely heavy traffic. Furthermore, the proposed technique can allocate the required numbers of channels in less than 1 s with FDM-FDMA even (4.5 s with OFDM-FDMA ) for 96% traffic load, while the first-fit and best-fit techniques fail to allocate any channel in such situations.

The Orientations of the Giza Pyramids and Associated Structures

This paper presents the results of a week-long Total Station survey undertaken by the authors during December 2006 whose principal aim was to clarify the basic data concerning the orientation of each side of the three large Giza pyramids and to determine, as accurately as possible, the orientations of as many as possible of the associated structures. The survey focused upon measurements of sequences of points along multiple straight and relatively well-preserved structural segments, with best-fit techniques being used to provide the best estimate of their orientation, as opposed to simple triangulation between directly identified or extrapolated corners.

Rainfall derivatives pricing with an underlying semi-Markov model for precipitation occurrences

Weather derivatives represent a new and particular kind of contingent claim which shares a specific underlying weather index. These derivatives are written for different temperature indices, hurricanes, frost, snowfall and rainfall, and they are available for several cities. Our paper focuses on rainfall derivatives. In order to price this kind of derivatives, we have to model daily rainfall sequences at a specific location. For this purpose, we adopt a non-homogeneous parametric semi-Markov model to describe the rainfall occurrences, and a mixture of exponential distributions for rainfall amounts. The underlying Markov process has the obvious two states: dry and wet. In addition, dry and wet sequences are estimated by using best-fitting techniques. The model parameters are determined thanks to classical log-likelihood maximization. We finally price some rainfall contracts issued by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange through Monte Carlo simulation. The numerical applications and the parameter estimations are carried out using real data.

Shallow Water Hydrodynamic Investigation of Local Scour over Smooth and Rough Sediment Beds

Over the recent years, a number of studies in nearshore sediment transport have been researched but a greater understanding of soil-hydrodynamic interaction has still paramount importance. A series of 2D small-scale physical experiments were performed at the University of East London (UEL) hydraulics laboratory to investigate the influence of flow and sediment properties on soil scour. Measured sediment and flow data were used to develop a simple empirical relationship for scour rate of each crescent zone with the help of dimensional analysis and best-fit technique under smooth bed condition. The proposed paper discusses the extended investigation on soil-hydrodynamic behaviour by increasing the mobile bed roughness to greater values used in earlier experiments by the authors to better understand sediment particle sorting mechanism and their spreading characteristics during scour. Eventually, the proposed experimental work will lead to the comparison, calibration and development of predictive curves of scour rate for different soils of each developing crescent zones.

Examination of the Suspended Sediment Concentration Formulae Using Full-Scale Rippled Bed and Sheet-Flow Data

A set of theoretical models is deduced for computing suspended sediment concentration in coastal waters under the influence of suspension on the bottom boundary layer due to turbulent motion over full-scale sand ripples and sheet-flow, following on from the work of Jayaratne and Shibayama [2007]. Dimensional analysis and best-fit technique are the main methods for the formulation of reference concentrations and vertical distribution of diffusion coefficients of the models. Model parameters (e.g. calibration coefficients) are calibrated with the help of full-scale measured data. Time-averaged concentration profiles are derived from the steady diffusion equation. Two distinct suspension layers (i.e., lower and upper) were identified within the suspension over rippled bed, therefore predictive models were given separately for each layer. In the case of sheet-flow regime, predictive models were given for suspension and upper-sheet-flow layers. Published experimental data from 4 different data sources in the SANTOSS database (75 and 80 full-scale experiments for rippled bed and sheet-flow regimes respectively) from 1994 to 2007 [Van der Werf et al., 2009] are better explained by the proposed formulae, however different sets of calibration coefficients were assigned in each data set primarily due to the flow type (regular or irregular flows) and nature of the laboratory experiments (wave flume and wave tunnel).

APPLICABILITY OF THE PREDICTIVE FORMULAE FOR SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION ON FULL-SCALE RIPPLED BED AND SHEET FLOW

A significant proportion of the sediment transported in coastal waters consists of sand, which moves in suspension. Transport of sediment suspension in and outside the surf zone occurs predominantly due to vortical motion over wave-generated sand ripples, from sheet flow layer and turbulence under breaking waves. A new set of explicit theoretical formulae was deduced to predict sediment concentration over full-scale rippled beds and sheet flows from the predictive models given in Jayaratne and Shibayama (2007). Previous predictive models were derived using 325 test cases from 1977-1996. The new formulae were also established using dimensional analysis and a best-fit technique. Parameterisation of formulae was carried out with the help of large-scale wave, sediment and concentration data appeared in SANTOSS database (see Van der Werf et al., 2009) which covered 298 test cases from 1987-2007. Reference level was taken where the concentration could be measured without affecting the bed.&#x0D; &#x0D; Formulae for predicting bed reference concentration (ca), diffusion coefficient (εs) and concentration profile [c(z)] on full-scale rippled bed and sheet flow from Jayaratne and Shibayama (2007) were initially assessed with the new datasets. It was identified that the measured and predicted concentration do not agree well in magnitudes and distribution profile since the measured field-scale wave tunnel data have stronger bed shear effect than in the wave flume data used for the previous formulation. Therefore, some variables in previous equations were replaced appropriately with suitable parameters such as Shields parameter with the mobility number (ψ) etc. Bed reference levels (z0) were adjusted based on the value of ca. Empirical constants and exponents in those equations were carefully modified in order to match the measured values using the regression analysis. The applicability of modified empirical formulae on full-scale rippled bed and sheet flow depends highly on z and ψ. Two different suspension regions were identified within the datasets over the rippled beds due to the enhanced mixing processes in the upper layer and the coherent vortex structure in the osillatory boundary layer, hence two types of equations were proposed. Conversely, four distinct suspension regimes were identified over full-scale sheet flow and predictive models were given for upper sheet flow (exponential) and suspension layers (power relationship). The cause for this different behaviour was identified as the presence of different mixing processes in the upper sheet flow and suspension layer. &#x0D; &#x0D; REFERENCES&#x0D; Jayaratne, M.P.R. and Shibayama, T. (2007). Suspended sediment concentration on beaches under three different mechanisms, Coastal Engineering Journal, 49(4), 357-392.&#x0D; &#x0D; Van der Werf, J.J., Schretlen, J.J.L.M., Ribberink, J.S. and O'Donoghue, T. (2009). Database of full-scale laboratory experiments on wave-driven sand transport processes, Coastal Engineering, 56, 726-732.

Inference of emission rates from multiple sources using Bayesian probability theory

The determination of atmospheric emission rates from multiple sources using inversion (regularized least-squares or best-fit technique) is known to be very susceptible to measurement and model errors in the problem, rendering the solution unusable. In this paper, a new perspective is offered for this problem: namely, it is argued that the problem should be addressed as one of inference rather than inversion. Towards this objective, Bayesian probability theory is used to estimate the emission rates from multiple sources. The posterior probability distribution for the emission rates is derived, accounting fully for the measurement errors in the concentration data and the model errors in the dispersion model used to interpret the data. The Bayesian inferential methodology for emission rate recovery is validated against real dispersion data, obtained from a field experiment involving various source-sensor geometries (scenarios) consisting of four synthetic area sources and eight concentration sensors. The recovery of discrete emission rates from three different scenarios obtained using Bayesian inference and singular value decomposition inversion are compared and contrasted.

Regionalisation of low flow frequency curves for the Peninsular Malaysia

SUMMARY Regional maps and equations for the magnitude and frequency of 1, 7 and 30-day low flows were derived and are presented in this paper. The river gauging stations of neighbouring catchments that produced similar low flow frequency curves were grouped together. As such, the Peninsular Malaysia was divided into seven low flow regions. Regional equations were developed using the multivariate regression technique. An empirical relationship was developed for mean annual minimum flow as a function of catchment area, mean annual rainfall and mean annual evaporation. The regional equations exhibited good coefficient of determination ( R 2 > 0.90). Three low flow frequency curves showing the low, mean and high limits for each region were proposed based on a graphical best-fit technique. Knowing the catchment area, mean annual rainfall and evaporation in the region, design low flows of different durations can be easily estimated for the ungauged catchments. This procedure is expected to overcome the problem of data unavailability in estimating low flows in the Peninsular Malaysia.

Comparison of Digital Surface Modelling Techniques for Sloping Hill Terrain Using GPS Data

High resolution (cm level accuracy) digital terrain models (DTM) are needed for slope evaluation studies and landslide monitoring applications. The present paper investigates the efficacy of some commonly used surface interpolation techniques to generate the DTM of a sloping hill terrain influenced by an active landslide. The point co-ordinates acquired using kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS) survey are used as input data and co-ordinates of some identified control points obtained using static GPS survey are used as validation points. The main focus is on identifying the best-fit technique for terrain modelling in terms of accuracy of generated surface, which can possibly be used for quantifying temporal changes in slope parameters of steep mountainous terrains. Nowadays, for geodesy applications, one of the most productive methods is use of precise point positioning obtained through GPS . Interpolation techniques like kriging, inverse distance weightage (IDW), spline, natural neighbour and radial basis function (RBF) are tested for accuracy of the generated surface. These methods give different levels of accuracy depending upon the precision of survey, terrain complexity, sampling density and the specific parameters applied to the method. Statistical analysis reveals that the surface reconstruction accuracy varies from 0.01 to 87cm. The RMSE varies from 20 to 35cm. Variogram analysis and surface accuracy plots reveal that RBF and kriging methods best represent the surface complexities at cm level accuracies.