Benzyltriethylammonium Chloride Research Articles

Physicochemical investigation of L-Asparagine in green solvent arrangements with the manifestation of solvation consequences

Solution behaviour prevailing in L-Asparagine in two aqueous ionic liquid solutions, namely (Benzyl tri–methyl ammonium chloride; Benzyl tri-ethyl ammonium chloride) have been studied by investigation of physico-chemical parameters; density, viscosity, refractive index, conductance and surface tension measurement respectively. The nature of interactions occurring in the solution have been calculated on the basis of apparent molar volume, viscosity A and B-coefficient, molar refraction at 298.15K,303.15K,308.15K and at 0.001m, 0.003m, 0.005m concentrations. The limiting apparent molar volumes (φV0) obtained from Masson equation, viscosity parameters, A and B coefficients obtained from Jones-Doles equation, Molar refraction (RM) from the Lorentz-Lorenz equation that describe the nature of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions in the solution. Specific Conductance of the experimental solution, which applied to ascertain the ionic nature of the system. The different thermodynamic data, Δμ10≠, Δμ20≠, ΔH0≠, and TΔS0≠ also suggest the presence of strong interactions in the studied systems. The various types of interactions existing among amino acids in presence of ionic liquids which are the protein backbone would advance a many-dimensional challenge in the arena of solution chemistry. Studies of such systems could be forward-thinking further using the correlated results of the investigation.

Subsistence of diverse interactions of some biologically important molecules in aqueous ionic liquid solutions at various temperatures by experimental and theoretical investigation

To investigate significant molecular interactions, different Physico-chemical methodologies have been studied and measured for mixtures of aqueous Benzyltriethylammonium chloride with two amino acids (L-Cysteine and Glycine) at various concentrations and temperatures under atmospheric pressure. The origin of various interactions is exposed by evaluating the apparent molar volume (ϕV), limiting apparent molar volume (ϕV0), viscosity A and Bcoefficients, molar refraction (RM), limiting molar refraction (RM0), and detected strong solute-solvent interaction is predominating over the solute-solute and also solvent-solvent interactions in the ternary mixtures. The solute-solvent interaction is measured through (δϕE0/δT)P and (dB/dT) data which provide information like structure-breaking. The findings of 1H NMR spectroscopy show that, in addition to H-bonding interactions, the ionic liquid and amino acids have significant hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions, which is confirmed by theoretical explanations. L-Cysteine-IL interactions are more prominent than Glycine-IL interactions, according to both experiment and theory.

Synthesis and Spectroscopic Analyses of New Polycarbonates Based on Bisphenol A-Free Components.

This paper discusses a new synthesis of bisphenol A-free polycarbonates based on four aliphatic–aromatic systems. In the first stage, different types of monomers (with/without sulfur) derived from diphenylmethane were synthesized. Then, new polycarbonates were prepared in the reactions with diphenyl carbonate (DPC) by transesterification and polycondensation reactions. Three different catalysts (zinc acetate, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine and benzyltriethylammonium chloride) were tested. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by Nuclear Molecular Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) in each stage. The chemical structures of the obtained polycarbonates were verified by means of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR). The presence of a carbonyl group in the infrared spectrum confirmed polycarbonate formation. Thermal studies by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were carried out to determine the melting temperatures of the monomers. A gel permeation chromatography analysis (GPC) of the polycarbonates was performed in order to investigate their molar masses. Thermal analysis proved the purity of the obtained monomers; the curves showed a characteristic signal of melting. The obtained polycarbonates were characterized as having high resistance to organic solvents, including tetrahydrofuran. The GPC analysis proved their relatively large molar masses and their low dispersity.

One-pot synthesis of spiro-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrroles through tandem nucleophilic cyclisation reaction

A very simple and convenient one-pot synthesis of spiro-3,4-dihydro-2 H -pyrrole has been developed while synthesising the 2,2,5-trisubstituted pyrrolidines. Initially, the Meldrum’s acid has been treated with a,b-unsaturated ketones in presence of anhydrous carbonate base and phase transfer catalyst benzyltriethylammonium chloride in acetonitrile to afford the Michael adduct which is readily converted to the corresponding oxime using standard conditions. The crude oxime is treated directly with p -toluenesulfonyl chloride and in presence of excess organic base results in tandem nucleophilic cyclisation product spirobicyclic as spiro-3,4-dihydro-2 H -pyrrole directly, instead the tosyloxime as product.

Tailoring interfacially polymerized thin-film composite polyesteramide nanofiltration membranes based on carboxylated chitosan and trimesoyl chloride for salt separation

Thin-film composite polyesteramide nanofiltration membrane prepared from carboxylated chitosan and trimesoyl chloride was carefully tailored during its fabrication process of interfacial polymerization. The effects of post-curing, mid-drying and the addition of phase transfer catalysts on the membrane properties were studied using single-factor experiment. Post-curing was found to be effective in improving the separation performance of the membrane containing high concentrations of carboxylated chitosan, and the optimal post-curing effect was achieved at a temperature of 40 °C and curing time range of 15−20 min. Mid-drying enhanced the permeation flux and salt rejection of the membrane containing low concentrations of carboxylated chitosan, and the optimum temperature range for the mid-drying process was obtained at 30−40 °C. Furthermore, the membrane properties were susceptible to the addition of phase transfer catalysts, and a uniformly distributed phase transfer catalyst is vital to its influence on membrane properties. The addition of 0.025 wt% benzyltriethylammonium chloride to the aqueous solution exhibited the best effect towards the improvement of the separation performance of the produced membrane.

THERMOSTABLE EPOXIDE COMPOSITION BASED ON AROMATIC DIAMIDODISULFOIMIDE RESIN

New epoxide oligomers have been obtained by the interaction of p-phenylenediaminediamidodisulfoimide with a large excess of epichlorohydrin in the presence of triethylbenzylammonium chloride. The synthesized epoxide oligomers are a viscous product of dark brown color, well soluble in aprotic solvents (DMFA, DMSO), as well as in acetone and dioxane. These cooligomers include hydroxynaphthylene and phenylenediimine structural fragments possessing solubility, meltability and high reactivity in the reactions with the oxirane ring of epoxide compounds in composition of macromolecules. The cooligomer of m-phenylenediamine with α-naphthol was used for curing of diamidodisulfoimide resin.

Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for the simultaneous identification of eight synthetic dyes in jellies and drinks using HPLC-PDA

Food dye quantity as well as their permitted limit and type, is of particular importance in the food industry. Hence, it is imperative to develop alternative methods to measure them in food quality control laboratories. For the first time, deep eutectic solvents was utilized in the concurrent extraction and separation of eight common synthetic dyes of Tartrazine, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow, Brilliant Blue, Ponceau 4R, Indigo Carmine, Allura Red, and Carmoisine in jellies and drinks. The results revealed that deep eutectic solvent was prepared from benzyltriethylammonium chloride, which is a hydrogen bonding acceptor. This combination with thymol as a hydrogen bonding donor can have better efficiency in extracting the dyes than the deep eutectic solvent, such as choline chloride combined with thymol. The enrichment factor was between 18.6 and 27.2 in the eight determined dyes. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation, ranged from 0.02 to 0.05 µg L−1 and from 0.04 to 0.15 µg L−1, respectively. Within a day and between day's relative standard deviations was calculated for the two levels of concentration (10 and 100 µg L−1), which was equal to 0.9–3.3% and 2.5–7.3%, respectively. The relative recoveries for the eight synthetic dyes was for the three levels of concentration (10, 100 and 500 µg L−1), between 87.2 and 107.4% in jelly samples and 89.1 to 104% in the drink samples, which was comparable to solid phase extraction method. As a result, the deep eutectic solvents -based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method can be announced as a powerful, fast, sensitive and easy method to measure dyes in jellies and drinks.

Comparative Study on Lipase Immobilized onto Organo-Cation Exchanged Kaolin and Metakaolin: Surface Properties and Catalytic Activity

Clay mineral has received much attention to be used as biocatalysts as it is cheaper, easily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of unmodified clay, in particular kaolin for enzyme immobilization showed unsuitability of this support due to its negative charge. In this study, the hydrophobic properties of kaolin and metakaolin (kaolin heated to 650 °C) were adjusted by the intercalation with benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEA-Cl), at concentrations 2.0 times the cation exchange capacities (CEC) of the clays. The supports were then used for immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL). From the study, the highest percentage of lipase immobilization was achieved (70.14%), when organo-modified metakaolin (2.0 MK) was used. The supports as well as the immobilized biocatalysts were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption techniques. Comparisons of the efficiencies of immobilized with free CRL in the synthesis of nonyl hexanoate showed that immobilized CRL achieved enzymatic activities of between 5.24×10−3 to 3.63×10−3 mmol/min/mg, while free CRL achieved enzymatic activity of 3.27×10−3 mmol/min/mg after 5 h of reaction at 30 ℃. The immobilized CRLs also maintained 70.81% – 80.59% thermostabilities at 70 ℃ as compared to the free CRL (28.13%). CRL immobilized on 2.0 NK and 2.0 MK also maintained 38.54% and 62.56%, respectively, of the initial activities after 10 continuous cycles, showing the excellent stability and reusability of the immobilized lipases, suitable as substitute for expensive, hazardous catalysts used in industries. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Direct Phase‐Transition Catalysed Monohalogenation of 8‐Amidoquinolines at C5 Position in Water

AbstractA novel protocol for the direct halogenation of 8‐amidoquinoline derivatives with phase‐transition was reported. The reactions were promoted by benzyltriethylammonium chloride and dihalogenated hydantoin, using exclusively water as the solvent and achieving the C5‐halogenation products of amidoquinolines in moderated to excellent yields at room temperature.

Preparation of new hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents and their application in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of Sudan dyes from food samples

In this work, a new generation of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was prepared using eugenol (as hydrogen bond donor) and benzyltriethylammonium bromide, benzyltributylammonium bromide, benzyltriethylammonium chloride and benzyltributylammonium chloride (as hydrogen bond acceptor) in different molar ratios. These DESs were applied to vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of Sudan dyes from food samples, followed by high-performance liquid chromatographic determination. The influencing parameters, including the type of DES, amount of DES, extraction time, solution pH and salt addition, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, a linear range of 2-1000ngmL-1 with determination coefficients of <0.999 was obtained. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.5 to 1ngmL-1 and 2 to 3ngmL-1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully used in the determination of Sudan dyes in chili sauce, chili powder and ketchup, and satisfactory recoveries of between 89.9 and 119.3% were obtained, with relative standard deviations in the range of 0.1-6.8%. The proposed method is simple, green and efficient, and can be applied to determine Sudan dyes in complex matrices.

Preparation of a Dmap-Catalysis Lignin Epoxide and the Study of Its High Mechanical-Strength Epoxy Resins with High-Biomass Content.

The depletion of limited petroleum resources used for the fabrication of epoxy resins calls for the development of biomass-based epoxides as promising alternatives to petroleum-derived epoxides. However, it is challenging to obtain an epoxy resin with both high lignin content and excellent mechanical performance. Herein, a 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP)-lignin epoxide with a certain epoxy value and a small molecular weight is obtained by the catalysis of DMAP for the macromolecular lignin. It was discovered that compared to the prepared composite resin of benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEAC)-lignin epoxide, there is a better low-temperature storage modulus for the DMAP-lignin epoxide resin and its composite resins with high-biomass contents, and higher tensile strength for its composite resins. In particular, the DMAP-lignin epoxide/ bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) (DB) composite resin with DMAP-lignin epoxide replacement of 80 wt% BADGE, containing up to 58.0 wt% the lignin epoxide, exhibits the tensile strength of 76.3 ± 3.2 MPa. Its tensile strength is 110.2% of BTEAC-lignin epoxide/BADGE (BB) composite resins and is comparable to that of petroleum-based epoxy resins. There are good application prospects for the DB composite resin in the engineering plastics, functional composite, grouting, and other fields.

One‐step hydrothermal synthesis of double core‐shell oxygen‐incorporated molybdenum disulfide and its tribological properties

Using a simple one-step hydrothermal method, benzyl triethylammonium chloride was used to assist the synthesis of double core-shell oxygen-incorporated molybdenum disulfide (DB-O-MoS2), and its friction and wear properties were measured on the MRS-10A four-ball testing machine. They were characterised by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, thermogravimetry, Brunner−Emmet−Teller and Fourier transform infrared spectroscope. Friction and wear properties of DB-O-MoS2 were measured at different concentrations. The results showed that the tribological properties of SN 5W-40 base oil have been improved by adding the DB-O-MoS2 as lubricant additives. The possibility of DB-O-MoS2 mechanisms by which the nanolubricants improved the tribological properties were put forward. Therefore, research on DB-O-MoS2 is beneficial to the development of new engine lubricant additives.

Structure-Physical Properties Relationship of Eutectic Solvents Prepared from Benzyltriethylammonium Chloride and Carboxylic Acids

Structure-Physical Properties Relationship of Eutectic Solvents Prepared from Benzyltriethylammonium Chloride and Carboxylic Acids

Stereoselective synthesis of 2-spirocyclopropyl-indolin-3-ones through cyclopropanation of aza-aurones with tosylhydrazones.

A simple and efficient approach for the synthesis of 2-spirocyclopropyl-indolin-3-ones is herein described. The method involves a diasteroselective cyclopropanation of aza-aurones with tosylhydrazones, selected as versatile carbene sources, and represents a remarkable synthetic alternative to get access to this class of C2-spiropseudoindoxyl scaffolds. The reactions proceed in the presence of a base and catalytic amounts of benzyl triethylammonium chloride and well-tolerate a broad range of substituents on both aza-aurones and tosylhydrazones to afford a series of C2-spirocyclopropanated derivatives in high yields. In addition, selected functional group transformations of the final products were explored demonstrating the synthetic potential of these indole-based derivatives.

A facile synthesis of pyrano[2,3‐d:6,5‐d′]dipyrimidines via microwave‐assisted multicomponent reactions catalyzed by β‐cyclodextrin

AbstractA facile three‐component reaction of aromatic aldehyde, 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione, and 6‐amino‐1,3‐dimethyluracil was developed for the first time using β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) as a macrocyclic host for aldehyde and an efficient catalyst that leads to a batch of novel pyrano[2,3‐d:6,5‐d′]dipyrimidines (4a‐k). The synthesis was accomplished with the aid of microwave irradiations in solvent‐free conditions. The product obtained was in contrast to the previous report in which a similar reaction resulted in a mixture of benzylidenepyrimidine and bisaminopyrimidine analogs in the presence of triethylbenzylammonium chloride in an aqueous medium. The formation of the pyrano[2,3‐d:6,5‐d′]dipyrimidines may be in virtue of the property of β‐CD to construct new CC and CX (where X = heteroatom) bonds. Reusability of the catalyst up to three runs without any noteworthy change in catalytic activity is one of the main features of the reaction. Other noteworthy features are good to excellent yields, eco‐friendly procedure, non‐column chromatographic purification, and mild conditions.

Sorption of potential ionic pollutants on oil shale and its non-series composite sorbents

Huge amounts of anthropogenic environmental pollutants appearing in nature mean an emerging problem. Oil shale is a convenient candidate, wherewith these contaminations can be removed from our natural environment, taking into account its sorption ability and low price. However, oil shale has a crumbling nature, which restricts its facile usage. Hence, oil shale was transformed into more handleable forms, using binding materials. Two oil shale composite forms were prepared by applying sodium alginate and agar. A cationic and an anionic chemicals, benzyltriethylammonium chloride and sodium 2,3-diisopropylnaphthalene-1-sulfonate, respectively, were used as model pollutants, and their sorptions on these newly prepared composites were studied. Sorption properties of oil shale powder and oil shale composites were compared. In the composite materials, oil shale properly sorbed the model pollutants (the binding material did not cover the sorption sites); furthermore, oil shale composites had significantly higher removal efficiency compared to that of the oil shale powder: 208 ± 15.6 (oil shale–agar) and 171 ± 22.8 (oil shale–alginate) vs 140 ± 11.1 µmol/g for the cationic compound; 151 ± 1.6 (oil shale–agar) and 165 ± 7.6 (oil shale–alginate) vs 81.5 ± 2.6 µmol/g for the anionic compound. Results of diffusion models for the two composites show that the opposite charges of the solutes largely influence the rate of their diffusion, owing to the interaction between the solute and the composite material. These results indicate that oil shale and its composites are applicable candidates as sorbents, from which the most effective one can be chosen by considering the chemical properties of the actual pollutant to be removed.

Bio-based coatings from epoxy resins crosslinked with a rosin acid derivative for wood thermal and anti–fungal protection

Biocomposites (WECs) were obtained by thermal crosslinking on wood of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), three epoxidized oils (EO) (soybean, grapeseed, corn) and maleopimaric acid (MPA) in the presence of triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBAC). The materials were investigated concerning their coating properties, thermal stability and degradation kinetics, chemical resistance, morphological and anti–fungal behaviour. The anti–fungal properties of the WECs were assessed against Aspergillus brasiliensis, Penicillium chrysogenum and Cladosporium cladosporioides. The coated wood exhibited superior thermal and anti–fungal resistance.

Synthesis and reactions of alkenyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropanes obtained from piperylene

Objectives. This study aims to obtain alkenyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropanes from piperylene. The products are then subjected to thermocatalytic isomerization and hydrogenation.Methods. To determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of the reaction crudes, the following analytical methods were used: gas-liquid chromatography using the Crystal 2000 hardware complex, mass spectrometry using a Chromatec-Crystal 5000M device with the NIST 2012 database, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using a Bruker AM-500 device at operating frequencies of 500 and 125 MHz.Results. Alkenyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropanes were synthesized in the presence of triethylbenzyl ammonium chloride as catalyst. Their isomerization and hydrogenation gave the corresponding gem-dichlorocyclopentene and isomers of alkyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropanes. The structure of synthesized substances were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy.Conclusions. The results show that formation of four isomeric substituted gemdichlorocyclopropanes occurs in high yield during incomplete dichlorocyclopropanation of piperylene. The thermocatalytic isomerization of substituted gem-dichlorocyclopropanes in the presence of SAPO-34 zeolite leads to the formation of one product, i.e., gem-dichlorocyclopentene, and hydrogenation of substituted gem-dichlorocyclopropanes in the presence of Pd/C catalyst gives three isomeric alkyl-gem-dichlorocyclopropanes.

Modification of kaolinite clay using benzyltriethylammonium chloride as a surfactant: Preparation and characterization

Natural kaolinite clay from Perak, Malaysia with cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 2.5 meq/100g was modified using cationic surfactant, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEA-Cl), at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the CEC. A number of techniques, namely energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption-desorption were then used for characterization of the kaolinite and/or organo-modified kaolinite clays. The presence of alkyl groups as a result of successful intercalation of cationic surfactant within the organo-kaolinite layers of the clay was exhibited by the FTIR spectra. The SEM microphotographs exhibited good dispersion of the natural clay particles and slight agglomeration in the organo-modified clay particles. XRD patterns showed that the d001 spacing of the natural kaolinite clay increased from 7.12 Å to between 7.20 - 7.34 Å for the organo-modified clays. Following the BET nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique, all clay samples were of Type IV with narrow hysteresis loops. Surface areas of the clays showed drastic decrease from (25.34 m2/g) for natural kaolinite clay to between 5.90 - 13.11 m2/g for organo-modified clays. The results suggested that modification of natural kaolinite clay using cation surfactant had successfully occurred. The modification can therefore be further applied for alteration and improvement of the properties of natural clays for various industrial applications.

Examining the Interfacial Defect Passivation with Chlorinated Organic Salt for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the interfaces between perovskite film and charge transport layers have an enormous influence on the device performance and stability. Recently, it has been proven that the surface defect passivation of perovskite layer is an effective strategy to improve the device efficiency. Herein, an organic ammonium salt benzyltriethylammonium chloride ([BZTAm]Cl) is used as an ultra‐thin modification layer in perovskite films in MAPbI3 PSCs for passivating the surface defects. The obtained results demonstrate that the [BZTAm]Cl modifier improves the crystallization/morphology of perovskite film and effectively aligns the energy levels with the corresponding charge‐transporting layers, suppressing the nonradiative recombination and reducing the trap state density. As a result, a champion device efficiency of 20.45% is achieved for optimized concentration of [BZTAm]Cl in comparison with 17.87% for the control device. Moreover, the unencapsulated device presents a good long‐term stability after aging in an ambient environment with 40–50% relative humidity conditions for 30 days.