Benzoyl Peroxide Research Articles

Benzoyl Peroxide's Sensitisation Potential and Potency in Experimental Methods and Review of Contact Allergy and Allergic Contact Dermatitis.

Positive patch test responses to benzoyl peroxide (BPO) have been reported from patients without and with known exposure. Up to 6.5% were found in the United States and 7.8% in a study including patients from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. We provide an overview of the skin sensitisation potential and potency of BPO based on animal experiments and non-animal methods. BPO tested positive in Guinea Pig Tests and the Local Lymph Node Assay. Application of the current OECD guideline to identify a skin sensitizer by combining non-animal method results gave differing outcomes. Moreover, patch test responses of patients to BPO were considered to determine the importance of BPO as a relevant occupational contact allergen. Another well-known BPO exposure is the topical application to treat acne. Despite widespread use, extensive and long-term skin exposure, we found for this group only studies reporting few positive patch test reactions. Further, occupational handling of BPO and contact allergy is reported by dental technicians. In-depth evaluation of the prevalence of contact allergy in different professions with suspected BPO exposure did not reveal an association with occupational handling of BPO. Consequently, a generally increased risk for those professions is not supported.

Acne Vulgaris Management: A Review of First-Line and Advanced Pharmacological Treatments

Introduction and objective: Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting hair and sebaceous follicles, characterized by skin lesions most commonly appearing on the face. Several factors predispose individuals to the development of acne, including hormonal imbalances, genetic predisposition, and the use of certain medications. This review aims to evaluate and summarize first-line and advanced pharmacological treatments for acne vulgaris, highlighting their efficacy, safety, and emerging therapies for optimal management. Review methods: The literature review utilized databases covering sources from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science using the search terms encompassing the following keywords: ‘acne vulgaris’ and ‘topical retinoid therapy’, ‘benzoyl peroxide’, ‘azelaic acid’, ‘topical antibiotics’, ‘oral antibiotics’, ‘contraceptive agents’, ‘antiandrogen therapy’, ‘isotretinoin’. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Current treatment methods range from topical therapies (i.e. antibiotics and retinoids) for mild cases to systemic medications (i.e. antibiotics, retinoids, and hormonal) for moderate to severe acne. In most cases, treatment should start with topical therapy. Summary: Early intervention is crucial to mitigate the risk of scarring and psychosocial consequences. Emerging therapeutic strategies have the potential to enhance treatment outcomes.

In Vitro Drug Release and Ex Vivo Dermal Drug Permeation Studies of Selected Commercial Benzoyl Peroxide Topical Formulations: Correlation Between Human and Porcine Skin Models.

In vitro release testing (IVRT) serves as a crucial tool to assess the quality, physicochemical behavior, and performance of semisolid formulations already available on the market. In vitro skin permeation studies (IVPT) are widely used to evaluate the safety and efficacy profiles of topical drugs, utilizing biological membranes prepared from ex vivo human and porcine skin tissues. This study aimed to develop and validate a discriminative IVRT method to evaluate various marketed topical benzoyl peroxide formulations. Additionally, IVPT was employed to assess skin permeation and retention profiles of these formulations, comparing porcine skin results with those obtained by using ex vivo human skin tissues. Physicochemical differences among the evaluated benzoyl peroxide formulations were identified, with the poloxamer-based formulation exhibiting a higher release rate. IVPT using both porcine and human skin differentiated retention and skin permeation profiles, with the poloxamer-based formulation demonstrating greater skin retention capacity compared to the other formulations evaluated. Similar conclusions on benzoyl peroxide retention and cutaneous permeation were drawn from both porcine and human skin IVPT tests, confirming the correlation between the two models.

Fabrication of Functional Polymers with Gradual Release of a Bioactive Precursor for Agricultural Applications

Biodegradable and biocompatible polymeric materials and stimulus-responsive hydrogels are widely used in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, biomedical, and consumer sectors. The effectiveness of these formulations depends significantly on the appropriate selection of polymer support. Through chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis, these materials can gradually release bioactive agents, enabling controlled drug release. The objective of this work is to synthesize, characterize, and apply two controlled-release polymeric systems, focusing on the release of a phyto-pharmaceutical agent (herbicide) at varying pH levels. The copolymers were synthesized via free radical polymerization in solution, utilizing tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the organic solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator, without the use of a cross-linking agent. Initially, the herbicide was grafted onto the polymeric chains, and its release was subsequently tested across different pH environments in a heterogeneous phase using an ultrafiltration (UF) system. The development of these two controlled-release polymer systems aimed to measure the herbicide’s release across different pH levels. The goal is to adapt these materials for agricultural use, enhancing soil quality and promoting efficient water usage in farming practices. The results indicate that the release of the herbicide from the conjugate systems exceeded 90% of the bioactive compound after 8 days at pH 10 for both systems. Furthermore, the two polymeric systems demonstrated first-order kinetics for herbicide release in aqueous solutions at different pH levels. The kinetic constant was found to be higher at pH 7 and 10 compared to pH 3. These synthetic hydrogels are recognized as functional polymers suitable for the sustained release of herbicides in agricultural applications.

P0905 Incidence, risk factors, and management of acne in IBD patients on JAK Inhibitors: A multicentre retrospective cohort study (The JAKNE Project)

Abstract Background Tofacitinib, filgotinib, and upadacitinib, are Janus kinase inhibitors (iJAKs) approved for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. Although no comparative studies exist, potential differences in efficacy and safety are attributed to in vitro-demonstrated affinity of each molecule for different JAK isoforms. JAK1 plays a crucial role in modulating cytokine-mediated immune responses, such as IL-6 and interferon, which are involved in inflammation and skin homeostasis. Its inhibition can promote conditions that may trigger acne. Acne may be increased in iJAK-treated patients, meaning a clinical challenge for gastroenterologists. This study aims to identify the proportion of patients treated with iJAKs who develop acne, describe acne characteristics, risk factors, and management strategies. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at two referral centers in Madrid, Spain, including all IBD patients who had received iJAK therapy. Demographic data, disease-related variables, and acne characteristics (if appropriate) were collected. Results A total of 152 patients included; 64 (42%) were women. Eighty-two patients (54%) had ulcerative colitis, 70 (46%) had Crohn’s disease. Median age was 42.5 years (IQR 33.5-55). Sixty patients (39%) were treated with tofacitinib, 82 (54%) with upadacitinib, and 10 (7%) with filgotinib. Twenty-four patients (16%) developed acne during iJAK treatment: 75% were mild, with only 1 severe case (4%). Acne occurred early (median onset 1.8 months, IQR 0-3), predominantly on the face (92%) and/or trunk (46%). Acne morphology included comedones (75%), papules (50%), pustules (37%), nodular-cystic (12%), scarring (12%); 42% showed more than one morphology. Eleven patients received specific acne treatment: 54% topical (antiseptics, benzoyl peroxide, retinoids), 41% systemic (antibiotics, retinoids, antiandrogens), and 29% combined treatment. Only 3 patients (12% of those with acne; 2% overall) had to discontinue iJAK treatment, with acne resolving in all cases. Variables associated with acne development included high iJAK doses (p=0.001), age <35 years (p=0.005), and a history of acne (p=0.02). Acne developed in 21%, 8% and 2% of upadacitinib, tofacitinib and filgotinib treated patients respectively, though these differences were not statistically significant (p=0.09). Conclusion Acne occurred in a significant proportion of iJAK treated patients, was typically mild and manageable with specific dermatological intervention. Only a minority of cases required treatment discontinuation. Risk factors for iJAK-associated acne included dosage, younger age, and acne history. A trend toward a higher incidence of acne associated with upadacitinib may reflect its greater affinity for JAK1.

The Efficacy and Safety of Prophylactic Treatment Methods for Cutibacterium Acnes Infection in the Shoulder: A Systematic Review of Level of Evidence I Randomized Controlled Trials.

Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), formerly Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), is the most common pathogen responsible for postoperative shoulder infections. Prevention of shoulder infection is crucial to improving patient outcomes, prolonging implant longevity, and reducing costs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of various prophylactic treatments for C. acnes in the shoulder. A systematic review of 15 randomized controlled trials was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of various skin preparation methods in the reduction of C. acnes for patients undergoing shoulder surgery. Three electronic databases were queried as follows: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. Data extraction for this study was performed by three independent reviewers, and only level I studies were included. Outcomes were assessed based on the effectiveness of the method used; side effects were also analyzed. Fifteen studies were included in this review. Seven studies utilized a regimen of at-home treatment in the days leading up to culture sampling, while the other eight studies administered treatment just prior to sampling. Seven studies found their respective treatment methods to be statistically significant. No preparation methods applied immediately prior to sampling showed conclusive superiority. The application benzoyl peroxide in the days prior to sampling showed significantly lower rates of colonization when compared to control groups in five separate studies. There remains no consensus on the optimal skin preparation method immediately prior to surgery, however, acne cream applied in the days leading up to surgery has been shown to significantly reduce the bacterial load of C. acnes. While BPO appears to be the superior method of prophylactic treatment, it is also associated with higher rates of complications and skin reactions following treatment; thus, caution is warranted. Further studies should investigate whether this reduction in bacterial load translates to meaningfully lower rates of periprosthetic joint infections.

Thermal Decomposition and Explosion Characteristics of Benzoyl Peroxide: An Experimental and Kinetic Modeling Study

ABSTRACT Benzoyl peroxide (BPO), commonly used in industry, with highly susceptible to thermal decomposition and explosion. It is essential to understand its explosive properties and to develop a comprehensive chemical kinetic model. This work investigates the thermal decomposition and explosion characteristics and analyze the explosion products. A kinetics model for BPO was developed using quantum chemistry methods. By integrating reaction kinetics and thermodynamic mechanisms from the Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG) and ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation, the kinetic mechanism of small molecules was introduced, optimizing the BPO reaction kinetic model. This analysis revealed additional pathways and changes in reaction intermediates. The kinetic model accurately predicts BPO explosion behavior when compared with experimental results for various BPO concentrations.

Electrochemical Method for the Assay of Organic Peroxides Directly in Acetonitrile.

Lipid peroxidation is a major process that determines the quality of various oil samples during their use and storage, in which the primary products are hydroperoxides (HP'S). HP'S are very stable compounds at ambient conditions and are harmful to human health. Therefore, the evaluation of the degree of oil oxidation is an excellent tool for ensuring food safety. The peroxide value (PV) is the main parameter used for quality control in oils. Herein, we propose an alternative electrochemical method to the classical iodometric titration method most widely used for determining the PV. Our approach is based on the electrochemical quantification of hydroperoxides/peroxides in an organic solvent medium (acetonitrile and organic ammonium salt) using a composite electrocatalyst-glassy carbon electrode modified with 2D-nanomaterial graphitic carbon nitride doped with Co3O4. Calibration was made by the method of standard addition using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a model peroxide compound, dissolved in chloroform and added to fresh Rivana-branded anti-cellulite oil, used as a model oil sample. Calibration plots showed a linear response and the very good reproducibility of the analytical result (R2 ˃ 0.99). Further, in terms of accuracy, the method showed good results, since the BPO quantitative analysis was close to the theoretical response. In addition, the accuracy of the electrochemical method was compared with that of the standard iodometric titration method for determining the PV of vegetable fats (according to a standard method). Finally, using the electrochemical method, the concentration of peroxides was determined in a real sample-an anti-cellulite oil of the trademark Rivana with an expired shelf life.

Comparison of physico-chemical properties of different types of orthopedic acrylic cement

Analyzing the chemical composition of different kinds of acrylic cement is necessary to understand their properties and suitability for curing bone defects. Conducting various chemical tests can give valuable insight into the composition, viscosity, and performance characteristics of each kind of cement, Therefore, our study aimed to find safety standards and the effectiveness of these products for medical applications. The polymeric characterization was determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H-NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to determine the molecular weight of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), which was between 4000 and 6000 Mw. The presence of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer observed in all cement within two minutes was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moreover, the images of all radiopaque compounds in the cement were evaluated using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX-MAP). The study determined the glass transition (Tg) temperature and conducted differential scanning calorimetry (DCS) analysis for each type of cement. In addition, the setting time for various kinds of spinal cord cement was measured to be more than ten minutes. The percentage of benzoyl peroxide in each cement was determined using titration, ranging from 0.6% to 6%. Additionally, cytotoxicity studies were conducted on human osteoblasts (MG63) in cell culture. In this study, we tried to make a trend line for evaluation types of bone cement that would be applicable for both regulatory buddies and researchers in this field.

A Comprehensive Study on Adverse Reactions of Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO) in Dermatological Aesthetics Utilizing the FAERS Database.

Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is widely used in dermatological aesthetics for treating acne and other skin conditions. However, its potential adverse reactions remain a concern. This study aimed to investigate the application of BPO in dermatological aesthetics, analyze its associated adverse reactions, and provide insights into patient safety. The study analyzed adverse reaction reports related to BPO in the Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System database from 2004 to 2024. Demographic characteristics, types of adverse reactions, and specific issues related to the novel drug EPSOLAY (5% microencapsulated BPO) were examined. The findings reveal that BPO users are predominantly female (74.18%), with a significant proportion falling within the 18-44 age group (37.45%). The most common adverse reactions involve skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (36.34%), including skin swelling, pain, and burning sensations. Reports on EPSOLAY indicate adverse reactions such as erythema, pruritus, and skin exfoliation, but no tumor-related reports have been recorded. BPO usage in dermatological aesthetics is associated with various adverse reactions, primarily affecting the skin. The introduction of EPSOLAY has not altered the adverse reaction profile significantly. However, the risk of BPO decomposing into the carcinogen benzene under certain conditions necessitates enhanced patient education, improved production processes, and continuous post-marketing surveillance to ensure drug safety.

Ferric Nitrilotriacetete Augments 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a) Anthracene-Initiated and Benzoyl Peroxide -Promoted Skin Carcinogenesis

Background: Renal cancer is caused by ferric nitrilotriacetete (Fe-NTA), and little is known about its implications on skin cancer. The effects of Fe-NTA on benzoyl peroxide (BPO) -induced tumor stimulation in 7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mouse cutaneous carcinogenesis have been presented in this report. Methods: Fe-NTA was administered topically to Swiss mice, and tumors were induced with DMBA. After that, the animals were given BPO for 40 weeks. The occurrence of tumors was documented. Results: Fe-NTA at a dose of 12 mg iron per mouse induced an increase in tumor occurrence over times as compared to the control (DMBA+ BPO) treated group. Tumors appeared earlier in the Fe-NTA group, with a higher incidence number of tumors. In addition, BPO-mediated lipid peroxide induction and [3H] thymidine uptake were greater in Fe-NTA treated group. Conclusion: We propose that Fe-NTA boosts BPO, tumor-promoting potential, and that Fe-NTA-induced oxidative stress is effective for BPO mediated cutaneous carcinogenesis.

Hybrid coating prepared with PMMA/Ti-O-Si tested under vacuum conditions for use in nanosatellites.

A hybrid coating made of poly (methyl methacrylate) with SiO2-TiO2 particles (PMMA/SiO2-TiO2) has been developed for use as a coating on nanosatellites, evaluating its resistance to high vacuum by quantifying its weight loss. The coating was applied on an Al 7075 aluminum substrate used for the aerospace sector. PMMA/SiO2-TiO2 hybrid coatings were prepared using sol-gel reaction in situ assisted with sonochemistry. The SiO2 particles and TiO2 (50:50% wt. of rutile/anatase) particles by tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and Titanium (IV) Isopropoxide (TIPO). Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer was conducted with (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxy silane (3-MPTS) used as a coupling molecular agent, and benzoyl peroxide as a catalyst. The coatings obtained have a thickness of 20 μm which were deposited by blade coating technique on the substrate, obtaining homogeneous and defect-free coatings. Adhesion and hardness were measured using ASTM standards required for this sector. To evaluate its resistance to ultra-high vacuum, it was done as close as possible to the ASTM E-595 norm [1], where it indicates that the coatings must be evaluated at vacuum conditions of 10-5 Torr and 125°C for a period of 24 hours. The coatings were evaluated before and after the test by spectroscopy analysis to determine a possible degradation in the chemical structure. The resulting weight loss not exceeding 0.02%, and the addition of Ti-O-Si particles led to an increase in chemical stability under vacuum conditions without affecting the chemical structure of the highly cross-linked PMMA/Ti-O-Si matrix, which was monitored by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy.

Efficacy and Tolerability of a Novel Cosmetic and Over-the-Counter Facial Acne Regimen Versus a Prescription Treatment.

The SkinMedica Acne Treatment Platform (SM Regimen) was formulated to treat acne without overdrying the skin. We evaluated efficacy and tolerability of the SM Regimen (including a novel 1% salicylic acid Acne Clarifying Cleanser and 2% salicylic acid Acne Treatment Lotion) versus a prescription formulation (Rx Regimen; including adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5%) in a diverse population of adults with mild to moderate facial acne. This single-center, double-blind, randomized study enrolled adults (18-45 years) with Fitzpatrick skin types (FST) I-VI. SM Regimen or Rx Regimen was applied topically to the entire face for 12 weeks. Assessments were conducted at 24 and 48 h and 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Subjects (SM Regimen, n = 31; Rx Regimen, n = 23) were primarily female (90.7%) with mean age of 28.6 years; 53.8% had FST IV-VI. Efficacy was comparable between regimens. The SM regimen resulted in significant improvements versus baseline in mean Investigator's Global Assessment of acne severity from 48 h through week 12 (p ≤ 0.001), as well as significant and sustained improvements from baseline in total acne lesion count, global postinflammatory hyperpigmentation/postinflammatory erythema, and oiliness. The SM Regimen was well tolerated at all time points, with mean scores below mild for all parameters; the Rx Regimen caused significantly more tightness/dry feeling at week 4 versus SM Regimen (p = 0.008). Subjects (> 96%) reported high satisfaction with the SM Regimen at all time points. The SM Regimen reduced acne severity and skin oiliness, evening out skin tone without overdrying or irritating the skin.

Efficacy of Probiotic Supplements and Topical Applications in the Treatment of Acne: A Scoping Review of Current Results.

Acne vulgaris is a prevalent dermatological condition characterized by comedones, papules, and pustules, with significant physical and psychological implications. Conventional treatments for this condition, including antibiotics and retinoids, face challenges, such as side effects and antibiotic resistance, necessitating alternative treatments. Recent studies show the potential of probiotics to modulate skin microbiome and alleviate acne symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to consolidate evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and clinical investigations, evaluating the efficacy of probiotics in acne management. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases using several keywords, such as "probiotic", "microbiome", and "acne vulgaris". Inclusion criteria are RCTs and clinical studies from 2009 to 2024 examining probiotics for acne treatment. Studies were selected, screened, and analyzed based on population, intervention, design, and results. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize study characteristics. Fifteen studies including 811 participants met the inclusion criteria. The studies tested various oral and topical probiotics, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Bacillus, and Enterococcus strains, over treatment periods ranging from 4 to 12weeks. The results showed that probiotics, reduced acne lesions, improved skin barrier function, and decreased inflammatory markers. Both oral and topical probiotics showed potential in balancing skin microbiome and reducing acne severity. Some studies reported outcomes comparable to conventional acne treatments, such as antibiotics and benzoyl peroxide. However, there is variability in individual responses to different probiotic strains, and potential side effects, though rare, have been reported in some cases. Probiotics presented a natural, effective alternative to conventional acne treatment. However, future studies are needed to determine optimal treatment protocols.

In vitro and In vivo Activity of a New N-Oxide Derivative for Acne Vulgaris Treatment.

Furoxan and benzofuroxan are compounds containing an N-oxide function, known for their diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial and antiinflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate these activities using an in-house library of N-oxide compounds. Twenty compounds were tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a microorganism implicated in the development of acne vulgaris. One compound, (E)-4-(3-((2-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)hydrazone)methyl)phenoxy)-3- (phenylsulfonyl)-1,2,5-oxadiazol-2-N-oxide (compound 15), exhibited selective antimicrobial activity against C. acnes, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of 2 μg/mL. Indirect measurement of Nitric Oxide (NO) release showed that compound 15 and isosorbide dinitrate, when treated with L-cysteine, produced nitrite levels of 20.1% and 9.95%, respectively. Using a NO scavenger (PTIO) in combination with compound 15 in a culture of C. acnes resulted in reduced antimicrobial activity, indicating that NO release is part of its mechanism of action. Cytotoxicity assessments using murine macrophages showed cellular viability above 70% at concentrations up to 0.78 μg/mL. Measurements of Interleukin-1 beta (IL1-β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) indicated that compound 15 did not reduce the levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. Sustained NO production by inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) in macrophages or neutrophils has been found to be involved in the inflammatory process in acne vulgaris and lead to toxicity in surrounding tissues. Nitrite levels in the supernatant of murine macrophages were found to be decreased at a concentration of 0.78 μg/mL of compound 15, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. In vivo studies were conducted using Balb/c nude mice inoculated subcutaneously with C. acnes. Cream and gel formulations of compound 15 were applied to treat the animals, along with commercially available anti-acne drugs, for 14 days. Animals treated with a cream base containing 5% of compound 15 exhibited less acanthosis with mild inflammatory infiltration compared to other groups, highlighting its anti-inflammatory properties. Similar results were observed in the benzoyl peroxide group, demonstrating that compound 15 presented comparable anti-inflammatory activity to the FDA-approved drug. These promising results suggest that compound 15 has a dual mechanism of action, with selective antimicrobial activity against C. acnes and notable anti-inflammatory properties, making it a potential prototype for developing new treatments for acne vulgaris.

Unraveling aryl peroxide chemistry to enrich optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Harnessing the unique optical properties of chirality-enriched single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is the key to unlocking the application of SWCNTs in photonics. Recently, it has been discovered that chemical modification of SWCNTs greatly increases their potential in this context. Despite the dynamic progress in this area, the mechanism of the chemical modification of SWCNTs and the impact of the reaction conditions on the properties of the obtained functional nanomaterials remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate how the reaction environment influences the observed fluorescence pattern of SWCNTs after modification with benzoyloxy radicals generated in situ. The obtained results reveal that each diacyl peroxide molecule can generate either one or two radicals by two different mechanisms, i.e., induced or spontaneous decomposition. Through proper selection of the reactant concentration, process temperature, and solvent, we were able to activate one or both radical decay pathways. In addition, the choice of a solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran or acetonitrile, allowed drastic changes in the functionalization process. Consequently, the SWCNT surface was grafted with functional groups via C-C bonds using radicals derived from the solvent molecules instead of attaching an aromatic moiety from the reactant present in the system through the expected C-O linkage. Verification of the structure of the chemically bound functional groups through hydrolysis opens the route to further modification of SWCNT surfaces using the labile ester connection. By gaining a better understanding of the emergence and behavior of the generated radicals, we demonstrate the possibility of controlling the density of introduced defects, as well as the selectivity of the functionalization process. The identification of the underlying chemical pathways responsible for the functionalization of SWCNTs paves the way for the design of precise methods of SWCNT modification to adjust their photonic characteristics for specific applications.

A novel recyclable hydrolyzed nanomagnetic copolymer catalyst for green, and one-pot synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans

Polymer-based catalysts have garnered significant interest for their efficiency, reusability, and compatibility with various synthesis processes. In catalytic applications, polymers offer the advantage of structural versatility, enabling functional groups to be tailored for specific catalytic activities. In this study, we developed a novel magnetic copolymer of methyl methacrylate and maleic anhydride (PMMAn), synthesized via in situ chemical polymerization of methyl methacrylate onto maleic anhydride, using benzoyl peroxide as a free-radical initiator. This polymerization process results in a robust copolymer matrix, which was subsequently hydrolyzed in an alkaline aqueous solution to introduce additional functional groups, yielding hydrolyzed PMMAn. These functional groups enhance the copolymer’s ability to support the deposition of magnetic nanoparticles and participate in catalytic reactions. Following hydrolysis, we fabricated a unique magnetic composite, Fe3O4@Hydrol-PMMAn, by in situ coprecipitating Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto the hydrolyzed copolymer, creating a stable nanocatalyst. The structural and magnetic properties of Fe3O4@Hydrol-PMMAn were thoroughly analyzed using FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, VSM, and TGA. The Fe3O4@Hydrol-PMMAn nanocatalyst demonstrated remarkable catalytic performance in synthesizing tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives through a three-component reaction, conducted without solvents to support green chemistry principles. A series of reaction parameters were optimized, including solvent choice, catalyst loading, and recyclability. The catalyst performed efficiently across a broad range of aldehydes, delivering high product yields (81–96%) with rapid reaction times (5–30 min) at a low catalyst loading of 0.015 g. A hot filtration test confirmed the heterogeneous nature of the nanocatalyst, which could be recycled up to four cycles with minimal loss in activity. The high yield, short reaction time, solvent-free conditions, and excellent reusability make Fe3O4@Hydrol-PMMAn a promising catalyst. These findings underscore its potential for converting waste products into valuable compounds, highlighting its utility in organic transformations and sustainable synthesis practices. Collectively, this work demonstrates that Fe3O4@Hydrol-PMMAn is highly effective for organic compound synthesis, advancing the development of versatile, sustainable nanocatalysts.

Investigating the Influence of 0.75% Ethanol Extract Gel from “Kaempferia galanga L Rhizoma” on Mild and Moderate Acne Vulgaris Among High School Students

Background: Acne vulgaris is a prevalent dermatological condition characterized by the inflammation of sebaceous follicles. This inflammation results in various clinical manifestations, including open and closed comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts, which predominantly appear on the face. The impact of acne vulgaris extends beyond physical symptoms, often affecting psychological well-being and quality of life, particularly among adolescents. Given this condition's widespread prevalence and significant implications, there is a pressing need for effective and accessible treatments. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Kencur Rhizome Ethanol Extract Gel (Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizoma / KGR) on mild and moderate acne vulgaris lesions among high school students. Method: Twenty-four high school students were divided into three groups: Group 1 received 0.75% Kaempferia galanga rhizome ethanol extract gel, Group 2 received a combination gel of 0.75% Kaempferia galanga ethanol extract, and 75% benzoyl peroxide with 1% clindamycin gel, and Group 3 received 1% clindamycin gel. The number of subjects in each group was determined using the G Power application. The distribution of gels was randomly assigned using the “Randomly Assign Subjects to Treatment Group” application. Before treatment, blood samples were taken to measure IL-8 levels. After three weeks of treatment, bilateral facial photographs were taken: one with the right side tilted at 45 degrees and the other with the left side tilted at 45 degrees. Blood samples were collected again for IL-8 measurement, and high-resolution photographs of both sides of the face were taken to analyze acne lesions using the ImageJ application. Result: A combination of 0.75% KGR ethanol extract gel and 1% clindamycin gel significantly reduced the severity of AV lesions by affecting IL8 expression (p=0.042) in reducing the severity of mild and moderate AV lesions. For AV lesions using the ImageJ application, the administration of group 2 gel (a combination of 0.75% KGR ethanol extract gel and 1% clindamycin gel) has a significant effect on reducing the severity of mild and moderate degrees of whitehead or blackhead (p = 0.030) and nodules (p = 0.035) in acne vulgaris. Conclusion: A combination of 0.75% kencur rhizome ethanol extract gel and 1% clindamycin gel effectively alleviate acne vulgaris symptoms while also reducing inflammation of acne vulgaris lesions.

Seedless and Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Polyhedron Gold Nanocrystals Enclosed by High-Index Facets for Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Benzoyl Peroxide in Flour.

Polyhedron gold nanocrystals enclosed by high-index facets (HIF-Au NCs) are in high demand but are very difficult to prepare. To address this issue, we presented a simple, seedless method for synthesizing uniform HIF-Au NCs in an aqueous solution, which remarkably reduced the synthesis difficulty. Interestingly, the protonated N2H4 which served as both the reducing and capping agent played a crucial role in modulating the kinetic growth of the HIF-Au NCs. The resulting HIF-Au NCs exhibited distinct electronic oxidation inertness toward alcohol but demonstrated exceptional activity in the electrocatalytic oxidation of peroxides. To demonstrate their sensing capabilities, an electrode decorated with HIF-Au NCs was used to selectively detect benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in flour. BPO is a prohibited whitening agent that may be illegally added to flour and other products, posing potential health risks. The results demonstrate that this assay offers a promising method for the sensitive and selective detection of BPO. In conclusion, this research provides a straightforward pathway for obtaining HIF-Au NCs and further demonstrates their use in electronic sensing. It is expected that HIF-Au NCs will serve as a powerful tool in plasmon-enhanced spectroscopies, catalysis, and sensing applications.

Mental Health Implications of Acne Vulgaris

Acne vulgaris, a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition, affects approximately 9.4% of the global population, with implications that extend beyond physical appearance to significantly impact mental health. While acne primarily manifests through visible skin lesions, such as comedones, papules, and pustules, the condition’s psychological toll can be profound. Many individuals with acne experience elevated levels of anxiety, depression, and reduced self-esteem, especially adolescents, for whom acne can disrupt self-identity formation. These mental health challenges are often exacerbated by the social stigma associated with visible skin conditions, leading to issues like social withdrawal, body image concerns, and, in severe cases, even suicidal thoughts. Effectively managing acne requires a holistic approach that addresses both physical symptoms and psychological well-being. Dermatological treatments, including topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, and oral isotretinoin, are commonly used to control acne symptoms. Dietary modifications, such as reducing high-glycemic foods and dairy, and the use of probiotics, have shown promise as supportive measures. However, addressing the psychological component is equally critical; integrating psychological interventions, such as counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and patient education, can help alleviate the mental strain associated with acne, improve adherence to treatment, and enhance quality of life. Further research is essential to explore the long-term benefits of combined dermatological and psychological treatments and to develop personalized approaches that consider individual psychological profiles. A comprehensive treatment model that incorporates both physical and mental health support offers the potential for improved outcomes, fostering both dermatological recovery and mental resilience in individuals affected by acne vulgaris.