Benzotriazole Concentration Research Articles

Đánh giá khả năng ức chế ăn mòn đồng M-1 và nhôm AK-7 của benzotriazol trong dung dịch axit xitric 5%

This paper presents the research results on the corrosion inhibition effect of benzotriazole on copper M-1 and aluminum AK-7 in 5% citric acid solution. Electrochemical test resultsshow that benzotriazole as a good corrosion inhibitors for copper M-1 and aluminum AK-7. The optimal protective concentration of benzotriazole in this condition is 0.5%, at which the protective effect for copper M-1 and aluminum AK-7 is 75.43% and 69.56% respectively. After 2 hours of corrosion test in glassware at 88±2°C by mass loss method with a concentration of 0.5% benzotriazole, the protective effect for copper M-1 and aluminum AK-7 reaches 69.1% and 65.4% respectively.

Associations between urinary concentrations of benzothiazole, benzotriazole, and their derivatives and lung cancer: A nested case-control study

Benzothiazole (BTH), benzotriazole (BTR), and their respective derivatives (BTHs and BTRs) are emerging environmental pollutants with widespread human exposure and oncogenic potential. Studies have demonstrated adverse effects of exposure to certain BTHs and BTRs on the respiratory system. However, no study has examined the associations between exposure to BTHs and BTRs and lung cancer risk. We aimed to examine the associations between urinary concentrations of BTHs and BTRs and the risk of lung cancer in the general population from Quzhou, China. We conducted a nested case-control study in an ongoing prospective Quzhou Environmental Exposure and Human Health (QEEHH) cohort, involving 20, 694 participants who provided urine samples during April 2019–July 2020. With monthly follow-up until November 2022, 212 lung cancer cases were recruited and 1:1 matched with healthy controls based on age and sex. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of lung cancer risk associated with urinary BTHs and BTRs concentrations using conditional logistic regression models after controlling for potential covariates. We also examined effect modification by several covariates, including sex, socioeconomic status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and dietary habit. Creatinine-corrected urinary BTH and 2-hydroxy-benzothiazole (2-OH-BTH) levels were significantly associated with the risk of lung cancer, after adjusting for a variety of covariates. Participants in the highest quartile of BTH had a 95% higher risk of lung cancer, compared with those in the lowest quartile (adjusted OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.08–3.49; p for trend = 0.01). Participants with higher levels of urinary 2-OH-BTH had an 83% higher risk of lung cancer than those with lower levels (adjusted OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.16–2.88; p for trend = 0.01). Exposure to elevated levels of BTH and 2-OH-BTH may be associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. These associations were not modified by socio-demographic characteristics.

Influence Mechanism of Metal Passivator BTA on the Methanol Formation From Insulating Paper Based on ReaxFF-MD

Methanol has been proposed as a chemical indicator for assessing the aging condition of insulating paper in oil-immersed transformers. The metal passivator Benzotriazole (BTA) is widely added to insulating oil as a method to inhibit oil-sulfur corrosion. Existing researches rarely pay attention to the influence of by-products generated by BTA degradation on the methanol indicator. In this paper, the effect of BTA additives on the generation of methanol from the aging of insulating paper was investigated based on molecular dynamics simulation. Simulation results showed that the addition of BTA could promote the production of methanol from cellobiose. Then, three reaction pathways of methanol production promoted by BTA were summarized based on the simulation results. Finally, the effect of different BTA concentrations on the methanol content in the oil was analyzed by accelerated thermal aging experiments. The experimental results showed that the methanol concentration in oil was the highest at 100 mg/kg BTA concentration and the lowest at 0 mg/kg BTA concentration. The correctness of the molecular dynamics simulation results was confirmed. This work aims to explain the microscopic effect mechanism of metal passivator BTA on methanol generation during insulating paper aging from the perspective of molecular dynamics simulation.

The study on corrosion inhibition effect of 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole and benzotriazole on molybdenum for barrier layer slurry

Molybdenum (Mo), as a barrier layer material, has great potential in integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing industries. The selection of suitable corrosion inhibitors to control the galvanic corrosion between Mo and the wiring metal is crucial in the Mo chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In the current study, the inhibition effect of 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole (ATA), and benzotriazole (BTA) on Mo was investigated by experimental and theoretical methods. Static etching test found that the addition of ATA decreased the static etching rate of Mo (from 330 Å/min to 36 Å/min) more significantly than adding BTA (from 330 Å/min to 136 Å/min). Potentiodynamic polarization test indicated that ATA or low concentration (lower than 300 ppm) of BTA can improve the anti-corrosion ability of Mo. The smaller contact angle indicated that ATA (39°) was more hydrophilic than BTA (45°) in the formation of films covering the Mo surface. Scanning electron microscopy measurement observed that ATA-absorbed film was more compact and thinner, thus improving the surface morphology of Mo. The electronic properties and reactive sites of ATA were analyzed by quantum chemical calculation. Based on the simulation result, an adsorption model of ATA bonding with Mo basement was built. A large amount of ATA molecules coordinated with Mo atoms with its 4th N atom and formed a passivation film. The film is compact thus exhibits an excellent inhibition performance. Apart from this, the addition of ATA or BTA can improve the stability of solutions. The optimal dosage of ATA or BTA can keep the solution stable for 7 days. This paper combined with experimental techniques and theoretical calculations to further understand the mechanism of novel barrier layer material.

Effect of Corrosion Inhibitor BTA on Silica Particles and their Adsorption on Copper Surface in Copper Interconnection CMP

In the process of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of multilayer copper wiring of integrated circuits, benzotriazole (BTA) as corrosion inhibitors and silica particles as abrasives are important components of polishing slurry. At the same time, they are also the main objects of post CMP cleaning. Under alkaline conditions (pH 10), the addition of BTA will affect the stability of silica particles, such as particle size and zeta potential, so as to affect the adsorption of particles on the copper surface. The effects of different concentrations of BTA on the adsorption of silica particles on copper surface were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the corresponding adsorption mechanism was also analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorption energies of BTA molecule and SiO2 molecule on copper surface were calculated by molecular dynamics simulation. The results show that 3 mM BTA reduces the adsorption capacity of SiO2 particles, and increasing the concentration of BTA will increase the adsorption capacity of SiO2 particles on the copper surface.

Preparation, characterization, and application of modified magnetic biochar for the removal of benzotriazole: process optimization, isotherm and kinetic studies, and adsorbent regeneration.

The adsorption of benzotriazole (BTA) by chemically modified magnetic biochar (MMBC) as a cheap and abundant biosorbent was investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Initially, the MMBC composite was synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The characterization results confirmed the existence of Fe3O4 in the composite structure, which had uniformly dispersed over biochar (BC) with porous texture. Moreover, the presence of Zn and Cl elements in EDX analysis indicated that the magnetic biochar (MBC) had been modified successfully. The effects of chemical modification methods on the adsorption capacity of magnetic biochar were investigated. Maximum BTA removal efficiency was demonstrated by MMBC, modifying using ZnCl2 (>99%). Optimization was carried out based on reaction time, BTA concentration and the concentration of adsorbent. Optimum experimental conditions for the removal of BTA from aqueous solutions were found to be 35 min of reaction time, 0.55 g/L of adsorbent, and 50 mg/L of initial BTA concentration. At these optimal conditions, the predicted BTA adsorption efficiency was 92.6%. The adsorption process followed the Avrami fractional-order reaction kinetic and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with the maximum adsorption capacity of 563.1 mg/g. The values of thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the adsorption of BTA on ZnCl2-MBC is endothermic and spontaneous. Under optimum usage of MMBC, the adsorptive removal efficiency of BTA non-significantly decreased from 99.2 to 93.9% after the 5th cycle. Thus, MMBC can be recommended as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective adsorbent to remove micropollutants from water.

Preparation, Property Characterization of Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Benzotriazole under Visible Light Irradiation

The Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized for the first time by the facile in situ precipitation method. The structural properties of a Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst were characterized by X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope-X ray energy dispersive spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectrograph and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer. The band gap energy (BGE) of Gd2YSbO7 or ZnBiNbO5 was found to be 2.396 eV or 2.696 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic property of Gd2YSbO7 or ZnBiNbO5 or Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst (GZHP) was reported. After a visible-light irradiation of 145 minutes (VLI-145 min), the removal rate (RER) of benzotriazole reached 99.05%, 82.45%, 78.23% or 47.30% with Gd2YSbO7/ZnBiNbO5 heterojunction (GZH), Gd2YSbO7, ZnBiNbO5 or N-doped TiO2 (NTO) as photocatalyst. In addition, the kinetic constant k, derived from the dynamic curve toward benzotriazole concentration and visible light irradiation time with GZH as a photocatalyst, reached 0.0213 min−1. Compared with Gd2YSbO7 or ZnBiNbO5 or NTO, GZHP showed maximal photocatalytic activity (PHA) for the photocatalytic degradation of benzotriazole under visible-light irradiation. The RER of total organic carbon during the photocatalytic degradation of benzotriazole reached 90.18%, 74.35%, 70.73% or 42.15% with GZH as a photocatalyst or with Gd2YSbO7, ZnBiNbO5 or NTO as a photocatalyst after VLI-145 min. Moreover, the kinetic constant k, which came from the dynamic curve toward total organic carbon concentration and visible light irradiation time with GZH as a photocatalyst, reached 0.0110 min−1. Based on above results, GZHP showed the maximal mineralization percentage ratio when GZHP degraded benzotriazole. The results showed that hydroxyl radicals was the main oxidation radical during the degradation of benzotriazole. The photocatalytic degradation of benzotriazole with GZH as a photocatalyst conformed to the first-order reaction kinetics. Our research aimed to improve the photocatalytic properties of the single photocatalyst.

Benzotriazole concentrations in airport runoff are reduced following changes in airport deicer formulations.

A comparison of the presence of additives in airport deicers commonly used in the United States and in airport runoff was conducted with data collected before and after changes in deicer formulations. Three isomers of benzotriazoles (BTs)—4‐methyl‐1H‐benzotriazole (4‐MeBT), 5‐methyl‐1H‐benzotriazole (5‐MeBT), and 1H‐benzotriazole (1H‐BT)—are corrosion inhibitors added to some formulations of airport deicers and are reported to be a source of aquatic toxicity in streams receiving airport runoff. Concentrations of BT in aircraft deicers and anti‐icing fluids (ADAF) were reduced over time but were not reduced in potassium acetate airfield‐pavement deicer material (PDM) that was used throughout the study period. Streams receiving runoff from Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, were monitored from 2004 to 2019 for BTs, with concentrations of 4‐MeBT varying from <0.35 to 4600 µg/L, 5‐MeBT varying from <0.25 to 6600 µg/L, and 1H‐BT varying from <0.25 to 150 µg/L. Median 4‐MeBT concentrations at sites downstream from the airport decreased by approximately 74%, 5‐MeBT by 69%, and 1H‐BT by 82% following reduction in BTs in ADAF formulations, resulting in a reduction in the potential for aquatic toxicity in receiving streams. A change in residuals from regression analysis between freezing point depressants and BTs indicate that the reduction in BT concentrations in airport runoff was a result of BT reduction in ADAF formulations, but PDM may still be a substantial source of BTs in airport runoff. Because BTs are a source of aquatic toxicity in airport deicers, the reductions in BTs in the common deicers observed in this study can be used to demonstrate the potential for a reduction in the effects to aquatic organisms in airport runoff, resulting in greater likelihood of meeting aquatic toxicity requirements in airport stormwater permits, and potentially driving airports, airlines, and permit holders to advocate further reduction or elimination of BTs and other harmful contaminants in airport deicers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:245–257. Published 2021. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

Inhibiting effect of Benzotriazole on the stress corrosion cracking of Cu-27%Ni cupronickel and Cu-30%Zn brass in Mattsson’s solution

The performance of Benzotriazole (BTA) as a stress corrosion cracking (SCC) inhibitor is investigated for Cu-30Zn and Cu-27Ni alloys in Mattsson’s solution using electrochemical techniques and slow strain rate test (SSRT). With the addition of BTA, the polarization resistance increases for both alloys. Electrochemical impedance measurements show that BTA can form a protective film on the surface of the Cu-27Ni alloy and shifts the corrosion potential to nobler states. BTA also improves the corrosion resistance of the Cu-30Zn alloy by controlling the cathodic reaction rate and charge transfer resistance. SSRT results reveal that the presence of BTA decreases the susceptibility to SCC for both alloys; this improvement is more significant for Cu-27Ni alloy. Fractographic analysis after SSRT confirms that crack propagation regime is controlled by the BTA concentration. For Cu-27Ni alloy, fracture type changes from intergranular brittle to ductile as the protectiveness of BTA increases. Besides, BTA recovers the ductility by decreasing crack tip dissolution and growth as fewer cracks are observed around the necked area of fractured Cu-30Zn alloy tensile sample.

Novel graphene/hollow polyaniline carrier with high loading of benzotriazole improves barrier and long-term self-healing properties of nanocomposite coatings

In this research, the main aim is to take the advantages of both graphene (Gr) and polyaniline (PA) in enhancing the barrier property and self-healing performance of composite coating. Herein, hollow polyaniline (HOPA) was prepared by sacrificing template method, which not only acted as a dispersant to enhance the dispersion of Gr nanosheets via the π-π interactions, but also was used as a nano container for storing benzotriazole (BTA) corrosion inhibitor. In addition, insoluble Cu-BTA complex stoppers possessed H+ ion-responsive inhibitor release property. The final release concentration of BTA in Gr/HOPA carrier was as high as 274.55 ppm, which was about 2.3 times than that of PA (120.42 ppm) due to the formation of cavity structure. From the EIS results of intact coatings, the 0.7 % of Gr/HOPA/BTA@Cu loaded composite coating exhibited a remarkable corrosion protection capability after 130 days of immersion. And the scratch test indicates that the Gr/HOPA/BTA@Cu based composite coating showed more long-term self-healing effect than that of Gr/PA/BTA@Cu/epoxy sample, which was related to the high BTA loading rate in HOPA.

The Gel, the Colour, and the Complexing Agent: An Investigation of a Rigid Gel Application of Benzotriazole for Verdigris-Damaged Paper

Abstract The aim of this research was an investigation into creating a rigid gel application of benzotriazole (BTA), a complexing agent, as a new potential way of treating verdigris-damaged paper. Various gel recipes were mixed and tested on historical samples. The gel recipes varied in gellan gel concentration, BTA/solvent solution concentration, and BTA concentration. The recipe effectiveness was assessed using Hulthe’s indicator paper and MQuant™ Test Cu indicator strips, two types of indicator papers which detect free copper ions. The results showed that rigid gel application of BTA is effective in complexing the copper ions which may inhibit further damage to the paper caused by free copper ions. Some of the other effects of the gel were the simultaneous removal of paper discolouration by the gel. Further research is needed to refine the gel recipes as well as the treatment process to prevent or reduce potential tidelines and other possible negative side-effects of gel treatment.

Performance Improvement of Cleaning Formulations for the Exterior Surface of High‐Speed Trains

AbstractWith the development of high‐speed railways, there is an increasing demand for high‐efficiency and environmentally friendly high‐speed rail exterior surface cleaning agents. Based on emulsification experiment, contact angle experiment, solvent solubility experiment, and decontamination effect, this article provides the initial formulation for basic high‐speed rail surface cleaner and a variety of improved formulations for special environments. The initial formulation uses cetostearyl alcohol ethoxylate C16‐18‐EO10 (O‐10) and 2‐propyl‐1‐heptano ethoxylate i‐C10‐EO5 (XP‐50) as surfactants, dipropylene glycol butyl ether as solvent, citric acid as chelating agent, benzotriazole (BTA), sodium benzoate (SB), and triethanolamine (TEOA) as corrosion inhibitors. Then it is confirmed that adding 3% sodium percarbonate to the initial formula can effectively clean stubborn dirt. Increasing the BTA mass fraction to 3%, TEOA to 12%, add linoleic acid 2%, aluminum corrosion inhibitor (CIA) 3%, and Antirust 316 3%, can significantly improve the high‐temperature corrosion‐resistant detergent. Controlling BTA concentration not exceed than 0.5%, and adding an appropriate amount of hydrotrope (such as sodium xylenesulfonate), can ensure that the detergent will not delaminate within 6 h at 60°C, which effectively prolong its high temperature stability. The performance test results show that both initial formula and the improved formula meet the basic requirements, but the improved formula shows better performance in terms of cleaning ability, high‐temperature corrosion resistance or high‐temperature stability.

Electrochemical studies of 1,2,3-Benzotriazole inhibitor for acrylic-based coating in different acidic media systems

In this work, the corrosion inhibition performance of 1,2,3 – Benzotriazole (BTA) as an organic inhibitor for cold rolled mild steel in an acidic medium was investigated. For this, different loading ratios of BTA were utilized and their efficiency as corrosive inhibitor either within the coating film or within the electrolyte was discussed. The first set of the samples was fabricated by the incorporation of 0.1 wt.%, 0.5 wt.%, and 1.0 wt.% BTA within the acrylic polymer host matrix. The influence of BTA to the structural, optical, and adhesion properties of the acrylic coating films was examined. The obtained results revealed no significant changes resulted from the addition of different concentrations of BTA. The other set of the samples was developed by dissolving different concentration of BTA specifically, 100 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm within the acidic electrolyte. All tested substrates were coated with acrylic based coating systems in the presence of polyisocyanate (NCO) as a curing agent. 0.5 M H2SO4 was used as the corrosive electrolyte and the corrosion protection performance of the two sets of the samples was investigated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The obtained results confirmed the way of introduction influenced the performance of the BTA as a corrosion inhibitor. The best corrosion protection and the intact behavior was observed by adding 0.1 wt.% of BTA within the acrylic coating film even after 30 days of exposure of coated substrate to H2SO4 solution.

Resilience to multiple stressors in an aquatic plant and its microbiome.

Outcomes of species interactions, especially mutualisms, are notoriously dependent on environmental context, and environments are changing rapidly. Studies have investigated how mutualisms respond to or ameliorate anthropogenic environmental changes, but most have focused on nutrient pollution or climate change and tested stressors one at a time. Relatively little is known about how mutualisms may be altered by or buffer the effects of multiple chemical contaminants, which differ fundamentally from nutrient or climate stressors and are especially widespread in aquatic habitats. We investigated the impacts of two contaminants on interactions between the duckweed Lemna minor and its microbiome. Sodium chloride (salt) and benzotriazole (a corrosion inhibitor) often co-occur in runoff to water bodies where duckweeds reside. We tested three L. minor genotypes with and without the culturable portion of their microbiome across field-realistic gradients of salt (3 levels) and benzotriazole (4 levels) in a fully factorial experiment (24 treatments, tested on each genotype) and measured plant and microbial growth. Stressors had conditional effects. Salt decreased both plant and microbial growth and decreased plant survival more as benzotriazole concentrations increased. In contrast, benzotriazole did not affect microbial abundance and even benefited plants when salt and microbes were absent, perhaps due to biotransformation into growth-promoting compounds. Microbes did not ameliorate duckweed stressors; microbial inoculation increased plant growth, but not at high salt concentrations. Our results suggest that multiple stressors matter when predicting responses of mutualisms to global change and that beneficial microbes may not always buffer hosts against stress.

Influence of benzotriazole on electroplated Cu films and interfacial microstructure evolution of solder joints

Benzotriazole (BTA), a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, was employed as a leveler to prepare Cu film. During electroplating, the concentrations of BTA were 0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ppm. After electroplating, the Cu substrates were soldered by dip soldering with Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu (SAC305) solder at 250 °C for 10 s, then isothermal aging was conducted at 180 °C up to 240 h. The electroplated Cu (EPC) films and solder joints were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and uniaxial micro-force test system. Experimental results showed that high concentration BTA (≥ 50 ppm) would lead to a reduction in the thickness of the EPC film. The surface roughness of the EPC film increased at first and then decreased with increasing BTA concentration. Additionally, the XPS patterns indicates that the Cu(I)-BTA complex could form on the copper surface. After soldering and thermal aging, for sample with low concentration of BTA (≤ 20 ppm), Cu–Sn intermetallic compound (IMC) was observed between the SAC305 solder and substrate. However, when the BTA concentration increased to 50 and 100 ppm. The Au coating and the Ni coating on the Kovar substrate would participate in interfacial reaction during the dip soldering process, resulting in the formation of single (Ni, Au, Cu)6Sn5 layer. The growth rate of the (Ni, Au, Cu)6Sn5 IMC was significantly lower than that of the Cu–Sn IMCs. Moreover, the incorporated impurities segregated and the doping of Au and Ni resulted in the decrease of shear strength at first and then increase as the BTA concentration increased.

Effects of Benzotriazole on nano-mechanical properties of zirconia–alumina–Benzotriazole nanocomposite coating deposited on Al 2024 by the sol–gel method

The concentration of Benzotriazole plays an important role in the mechanical properties of ceramic coatings. In this work, hybrid nano-composite zirconia–alumina–Benzotriazole coatings with 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 and 4.8% of Benzotriazole are deposited on the Al 2024 substrate by the sol–gel technique. The phase, structure, and morphology are determined by grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy and the nano-mechanical properties are assessed by atomic force microscopy at loads of 50 and 60 µN. Uniform and homogenous amorphous coatings are deposited at 150 °C and the thicknesses of the zirconia–alumina and zirconia–alumina–Benzotriazole coatings with 1.2%, 2.4%, 3.6%, and 4.8% Benzotriazole are 670, 560, 750, 790, and 1040 nm, respectively. The surface roughness of the coatings decreases by 3.5 and 8 times after introducing 1.2% and 3.6% Benzotriazole to the coatings, respectively, but further increasing the Benzotriazole concentration from 3.6 to 4.8% decreases the hardness, strength, and maximum shear tension. The optimal concentration of Benzotriazole depends on the Hertzian pressure and the hardness and strength of the zirconia–alumina–3.6% Benzotriazole under a load of 60 µN are 23 and 46 times higher than those of the zirconia–alumina coating. The smallest friction coefficient of 0.11 is observed at a load of 60 µN and abrasive wear and shear are dominant.

Degradation of benzotriazole by sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process

ABSTRACT Benzotriazole (BTA) is a recalcitrant contaminant that is widely distributed in aquatic environments. This study explored the effectiveness of sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process in degrading BTA (SR-AOP). The sulfate radical was generated by heat activation of persulfate (PS). Our results show alkaline pH promoted the BTA degradation. The solution pH also affected the speciation of total radicals. Sulfate radical () predominated at acidic pH while hydroxyl radical (HO•) predominated at basic pH. High temperature, high PS concentration and low BTA concentration promoted the BTA degradation. Influence of water matrix constituents on the reaction kinetics was assessed. We found that ≤10 mM of Cl− promoted the reaction, but 100 mM Cl− inhibited it. was similar to Cl−. Br− and inhibited the reaction while did not affect the reaction. of ≤10 mM did not affect the reaction, but 100 mM of inhibited it. Eleven degradation intermediates were identified using ultra-high solution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Based on the intermediates identified, possible reaction pathways were proposed. Overall, SR-AOP can effectively mineralize BTA, but water matrix constituents greatly influenced the reaction kinetics and thus should be carefully considered for its practical application. Abbreviations: BTA, benzotriazole; PS, persulfate; PMS, peroxymonosulfate; SPC, sodium percarbonate; AOP, advanced oxidation process; PS-AOP, persulfate-based advanced oxidation process; SR-AOP, sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation process; TAP, thermally activated persulfate; TOC, total organic carbon; TBA, tert-butyl alcohol

The stability study of copper sputtered polyester fabrics in synthetic perspiration

Copper films with a thickness of 220 nm were deposited onto polyester fabrics by magnetron sputtering technology. To improve the stability of copper films in synthetic perspiration, the Cu-coated fabric was treated by a solution of Benzotriazole (BTA). Finishing agents with 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 g/L concentrations were applied on Cu-coated fabrics by a method of impregnation. The surface morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI-SE) and the electrical conductivity were measured to characterize the degree of damage to the copper film, respectively. In addition, the ultraviolet (UV) absorption of the fabrics treated with differ rent concentrations of BTA was investigated. The results show that the protective ability of BTA on copper film in synthetic perspiration improved with the increase of its concentration; and the copper film treated with the BTA concentration of 1 g/L presented good stability, which the sheet resistance value was 1.15 Ω/sq, and the average of EMI-SE value was 35 dB. However, when the BTA concentration is higher than 1 g/L, both the EMI-SE and conductivity were reduced. The BTA treatment improved the stability of Cu-coated fabrics in synthetic perspiration, which can help enlarge the application area of Cu-coated fabrics.

Effects of cold-climate environmental factors temperature and salinity on benzotriazole adsorption and desorption in bioretention cells

Benzotriazole, a common anti-corrosion additive in vehicle antifreeze products, is a polar contaminant frequently detected in urban runoff, particularly in cold seasons. Urban low impact development systems such as bioretention cells have shown promise to mitigate traditional stormwater contaminants. However, to date, their efficiency to reduce pollution by polar trace organic chemicals is unclear. In this study, the adsorption and desorption potential of benzotriazole to bioretention soil and hardwood mulch was investigated at varying temperature and salinity levels. The lower organic matter quality of bioretention mulch than soil, likely due to the dominance of lignin in the former and proteins in the latter, resulted in a higher affinity of benzotriazole on soil than mulch. The adsorption capacity increased with decreasing temperature. The low enthalpy changes of −5.6 (soil) and −14 kJ/mol (mulch) suggested adsorption via van der Waals forces and dipole-dipole interactions, respectively. Conversely, changes in salinity showed little effect on the adsorption of benzotriazole. Desorption was observed for both bioretention substrates, but was lowest at low benzotriazole concentrations. Altogether, despite low to moderate adsorption coefficients, these results showed that bioretention cells are able to retain benzotriazole particularly in cold climate conditions.

Removal of benzotriazole from secondary municipal wastewater effluent by catalytic ozonation in the presence of magnetic alumina nanocomposite

This research aimed at studying the degradation of benzotriazole (BT), an abundant contaminant in many natural waters, using catalytic and non-catalytic ozonation processes performed in a semi-continuous reactor. Magnetic alumina nanocomposite (MANC) was successfully synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). The results revealed that the MANC dramatically enhanced the removal rate of BT. Experiments were evaluated at different solution pH values, catalyst doses, initial benzotriazole concentrations, and oxygen gas flow rates. The results showed that the removal rate of BT strongly influenced by the initial pH, and it increased by enhancing the pH value from 2 to 10 in both catalytic and non-catalytic ozonation. However, the catalyst showed its highest activity at pH near to its point of zero charge, indicating the critical importance of surface hydroxyl groups of alumina. Introducing tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) to the reactor highly decreased the degradation efficiency in the non-catalytic ozonation process, suggesting that the MANC catalyzes the decomposition of ozone to hydroxyl radical. The catalyst stability experiments after four successive runs showed that the catalyst was efficient and stable. Finally, the degradation of BT in secondary municipal wastewater effluent was studied under optimum operating conditions in order to examine the performance of the catalyst in the presence of components available in real streams. The results indicated no significant decrease in the performance of the catalyst. Furthermore, the catalytic ozonation process had also a great performance for removing phosphorus.