Concentrations Of Benzoate Research Articles

Functional roles of two novel P450 genes in the adaptability of Conogethes punctiferalis to three commonly used pesticides.

Introduction: Insect cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genes play important roles in the detoxification and metabolism of xenobiotics, such as plant allelochemicals, mycotoxins and pesticides. The polyphagous Conogethes punctiferalis is a serious economic pest of fruit trees and agricultural crops, and it shows high adaptability to different living environments. Methods: The two novel P450 genes CYP6CV1 and CYP6AB51 were identified and characterized. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) technology was used to study the expression patterns of the two target genes in different larval developmental stages and tissues of C. punctiferalis. Furthermore, RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to study the potential functions of the two P450 genes by treating RNAi-silenced larvae with three commonly used pesticides. Results: The CYP6CV1 and CYP6AB51 genes were expressed throughout various C. punctiferalis larval stages and in different tissues. Their expression levels increased along with larval development, and expression levels of the two target genes in the midgut were significantly higher than in other tissues. The toxicity bioassay results showed that the LC50 values of chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and lambda-cyhalothrin on C. punctiferalis larvae were 0.2028μg/g, 0.0683μg/g and 0.6110mg/L, respectively. After treating with different concentrations of chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and lambda-cyhalothrin (LC10, LC30, LC50), independently, the relative expressions of the two genes CYP6CV1 and CYP6AB51 were significantly induced. After the dsRNA injection, the expression profiles of the two CYP genes were reduced 72.91% and 70.94%, respectively, and the mortality rates of the larvae significantly increased when treated with the three insecticides independently at LC10 values. Discussion: In the summary, after interfering with the CYP6CV1 and CYP6AB51 in C. punctiferalis, respectively, the sensitivity of C. punctiferalis to chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and lambda-cyhalothrin was significantly increased, indicating that the two CYP6 genes were responsible for the adaptability of C. punctiferalis to the three chemical insecticides in C. punctiferalis. The results from this study demonstrated that CYP6CV1 and CYP6AB51 in C. punctiferalis play crucial roles in the detoxification of chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate and lambda-cyhalothrin.

CD01 Sodium benzoate: an important allergen to patch test to — is 5% in petrolatum too irritant?

Abstract Sodium benzoate is a naturally occurring preservative present in substances including cinnamon and apples. It is used as a food preservative and increasingly in leave-on and wash-off personal care products (PCPs), including moisturizers, hand washes, shampoos, mouthwash, toothpaste and baby wipes. Increased use results, in part, from European Union legislation regulating other preservatives, notably methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone, which are banned in leave-on PCPs and are required to be used in reduced concentrations in wash-off products. Sodium benzoate was recently recommended for consideration for inclusion in the British Society for Cutaneous Allergy facial series after a national audit demonstrated that 1.5% of patients tested positive on patch testing when tested to sodium benzoate 5% in petrolatum (pet.) (Rolls S, Owen E, Bertram CG et al. What is in? What is out? Updating the British Society for Cutaneous Allergy facial series. Br J Dermatol 2021; 184:151–5). In our institution, 3229 patients were patch tested to sodium benzoate 5% in pet. from Chemotechnique Diagnostics™ from 2008 to 2022. It was tested in targeted series, bakery and cheilitis (2008–2022), and variably in fragrance (2012–2018) and cosmetic (2015–2018 and 2021–2022) series. We noted many irritant reactions to sodium benzoate 5% pet. and undertook an audit. Fifty-seven (1.8%) patients had positive reactions (+/++), 52 (1.6%) had doubtful reactions (? +), and 133 (4.1%) had irritant reactions. Of the positive reactions, 38 (66.7%) were of current relevance and 19 (33.3%) were of unknown relevance. The frequency of positive (+/++) reactions in the different targeted series was as follows: bakery and cheilitis 1.5%, cosmetic 1.7% and fragrance 2.1%. Concerningly, over three times more patients had irritant or doubtful reactions (5.7%) than those who tested positive (1.8%). When concentrations of a patch test preparation are decreased, the rate of irritancy on patch testing usually also decreases (Johansen J, Aalto-Korte K, Agner T et al. European Society of Contact Dermatitis guideline for diagnostic patch testing – recommendations on best practice. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:195–221). Given that sodium benzoate is a known allergen with increasing frequency of use, it is important that the optimum concentration and vehicle are used for patch testing to ensure adequate sensitivity but low irritancy. Decreasing the patch test concentration of sodium benzoate to 2% in pet., which is commercially available, may reduce irritant reactions and the risk of false positives. We recommend that dilutional studies should be performed comparing 5% with 2% in pet. with the hope that the latter is comparatively a nonirritant preparation without loss of sensitivity.

Sublethal effects of spinetoram and emamectin benzoate on key demographic parameters of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions.

Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, is a serious invasive pest of many crops that causes huge economic losses to agricultural commodities. Insecticides are employed for the management of S. frugiperda. In this study, we investigated the impact of sublethal concentration (LC10) and low lethal concentration (LC30) of spinetoram and emamectin benzoate on S. frugiperda using two-sex life table method. Bioassay results revealed that emamectin benzoate exhibited more toxicity on the 3rd instar of S. frugiperda (LC50 8.35 × 10-4mgL-1) than spinetoram (LC50 2.6 × 10-2mgL-1) after 48h exposure. The total longevity, adult pre-ovipositional period (APOP) and total pre-ovipositional period (TPOP) were prolonged, while pre-adult survival rate and fecundity were reduced at both concentrations of spinetoram and emamectin benzoate. Moreover, the key demographic parameters, including the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R0), were significantly lower in insecticide treated groups as compared to untreated insects. Our findings revealed that the sublethal and low lethal concentrations of both insecticides reduce the survival and reproductive capability of S. frugiperda. These results would be useful to assess the overall effect of both insecticides on S. frugiperda and can provide important implications for the rational utilization of insecticides against S. frugiperda.

Transgenerational Sublethal Effects of Chlorantraniliprole and Emamectin Benzoate on the Development and Reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda.

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), commonly known as the fall armyworm (FAW), causes significant damage to many different crop species. In this study, age-stage, two-sex life table analysis was used to investigate the effects of sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole on FAW development and reproduction. In the F0 generation, exposure to emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole significantly impacted the duration of FAW, thus prolonging the development duration of each instar, but not the prepupal stage. Furthermore, the weight of FAW pupae was significantly reduced by emamectin benzoate at LC25 and chlorantraniliprole at LC25 in the F0 generation. With respect to fecundity, emamectin benzoate and chlorantraniliprole significantly reduced fecundity in the F0 generation. In the F1 generation, emamectin benzoate at LC10 had no significant effect on the preadult or adult stages, whereas LC25 significantly shortened the preadult period. The preadult and adult stages of FAW exposed to chlorantraniliprole at LC10 and LC25 were significantly prolonged. Furthermore, emamectin benzoate had no significant effect on the pupal weight of the F1 generation. Chlorantraniliprole had no significant effect at LC10, but significant reduced pupal weight occurred at LC25 in the F1 generation. With respect to fecundity, emamectin benzoate significantly reduced fecundity in the F1 generation. Interestingly, chlorantraniliprole significantly increased fecundity in the F1 generation, which could promote population growth and pest resurgence. These findings have important implications for the integrated pest management of FAW and provide a reference for the more effective control of FAW.

Study on the identification and quantification of sodium benzoate in different brands of jelly by high performance liquid chromatography

A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis was carried out for rapid determination and quantification of sodium benzoate in different jelly products. Sodium benzoate is allowed food additive by universal laws in processing in restrictive amounts, but its content must be declared and must not exceed the established limits by legislation. An experimental study for the level of sodium benzoate in different brands of jelly available in the markets, stores and shops in the Tangail region in Bangladesh was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographic separation was achieved with isocratic solvent system of sodium acetate and acetic acid buffer (pH = 4.0): acetonitrile as 70:30 with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min; chromatograms were recorded at 254 nm. The injection volume was 20 µL. The concentrations of sodium benzoate in all the samples were calculated by the external standard method with calibration of correlation coefficient 0.985 from the standards calibration curves. The limit of detection and quantification for sodium benzoate was 0.0003 mg/100 mL and 0.0009 mg/100 mL respectively. Quantification of the selected brand jellies revealed that the level of the used sodium benzoate was within the FDA standard range. But by comparing with the Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institute (BSTI), Brand-3 jelly samples were found to exceed the current legal limits.

Studies on the Preservation of Kokum (Garcinia indica) Rind Juice at Ambient Storage Condition

The study aimed to determine the effect of different concentrations of sodium benzoate at ambient storage condition on kokum rind juice. For this experiment, Factorial Completely Randomized Design (F.C.R.D.) was used. During the investigation, the chemical parameter, microbial analysis and sensory qualities of kokum rind juice were studied. During the 3 months of ambient storage condition, analysis was conducted at the interval of one month. The chemical parameter like acidity, TSS, reducing sugar, total sugar, anthocyanins and microbial analysis, sensory qualities changed significantly. From the experiment it can be concluded that the kokum rind juice could be stored at 1500 ppm sodium benzoate concentration in a good acceptable condition at ambient storage condition.

Sublethal effects of emamectin benzoate on development, reproduction, and vitellogenin and vitellogenin receptor gene expression in Thrips hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).

Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a sap-sucking pest that seriously damages several crops and reduces their economic value. Exposure to low concentrations of insecticides may have a sublethal effect on surviving insects. In order to provide a reference for the rational application of emamectin benzoate, its sublethal effects on the development and reproduction of T. hawaiiensis were evaluated. Pupal development time was significantly shorter in T. hawaiiensis treated with sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate (LC10 and LC20) than in control. Female adult longevity and female total longevity were significantly longer following LC20 treatment than in the control and LC10 treatment groups. Nevertheless, male adult longevity and male total longevity were significantly shorter in the LC10 treatment group than in the control and LC20 treatment groups. The sublethal concentration of emamectin benzoate (LC20) significantly shortened the preadult stages and the mean generation. Meanwhile, it significantly increased the finite rate of increase, intrinsic rate of increase, and net reproductive rate. The fecundity was significantly higher after LC20 treatment than after LC10 and control treatments. Compared with the control group, the LC10 and LC20 groups of T. hawaiiensis adults showed a significantly higher expression of the vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) genes, which played a key role in increasing their fecundity. These findings suggest that short-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate may lead to a resurgence and secondary outbreak of T. hawaiiensis infestation. The results have practical applications for the management of this important and noxious pest.

Detection of adulterants and evaluate the quality of selected commercial pickles and chutneys collected from various local markets in Jashore, Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, pickles and chutneys are very popular appetizers that give main dishes more taste. In this present study quality of selected commercial pickles and chutneys were evaluated by conducting physicochemical parameters and analyzing the adulterant. A total 19 samples were used for this experiment. The pickle and chutney samples were evaluated for physicochemical parameters including moisture content, acidity as citric acid, sodium benzoate, and arsenic in laboratory. The results suggested that, highest concentration of moisture content (49.80±0.21%), acidity (1.85±0.02 mg/Kg) and sodium benzoate (363.30±0.26 mg/Kg) were found in Tamarind chutney (C-1), Jujube chutney (B-3) and Mixed chutney (E-1) respectively. However, all of the samples estimated arsenic (As) levels remained within the corresponding guideline limit. It is concluded that samples of moisture content (57.89%), acidity (68.42%) and sodium benzoate (15.79%) were higher than BSTI standard which is not suitable for food safety. However, pickles and chutneys are available in both good and bad quality in the market. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2023, 9 (1), 9-13

Estimation of the Ability to Decompose Sodium Benzoate by a Bacterium Isolated from Biohumus Eicenia Fetida

The study presents growth kinetics of a BG28 bacterial strain isolated from vermicompost (generated with the use of Eisenia fetida worms). The strain was given a codename BG28. It was revealed that the isolate is capable of using high concentrations of sodium benzoate (up to 15 g/l) as a substrate. At the same time, the rate and division constants of a culture that grows at 5 g/l, 10 g/l, and 15 g/l do not differ. However, the mean and specific increment of BG28 at the end of the logarithmic growth phase is significantly higher in the variant with 5 g/l. It was testified, that with the shortest duration of the logarithmic growth phase on a medium with 5 g/l, the substrate loss constant is higher than in other variants. The difference in the kinetic parameters of the culture at 5 g/l and 10 g/l sodium benzoate is insignificant. With an increase of the substrate concentration to 15 g/l, the duration of the logarithmic growth phase increased significantly, but the sodium benzoate decrease constant was found to be the lowest. During the study of the individual properties of BG28, it was revealed that the strain is capable of growing on benzoic acid. On this basis, it can be assumed that the culture contributes to the degradation of plant residues during vermicomposting. Besides, the isolate grows on a mineral nutrient medium with polyethylene glycol 6000 and liquid paraffin. In the process of the individual properties estimation, it was revealed that the strain is capable of local suppression of the Alternaria brassicicola VKM F-1864 mold growth when co-cultivated on agar nutrient medium.

Hematological and histopathological impacts of nano-emamectin benzoate against the larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions

BackgroundInsects withstand foreign substances and infection by expressing robust defense responses, which are mediated by hemocytes, fat body, midgut, and many other tissues. The Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval), is a polyphagous pest with considerable economic importance in Egypt and globally. Many control strategies were employed to control this pest. Nowadays, there is a trend to use nanotechnology tools in agricultural practices as they balance minimal concentration and maximum pest control, safe concentration, and reduce the cost of pest control. The present study aimed to evaluate the hematological and histopathological response of S. littoralis larvae post-treatment with sublethal concentrations of emamectin benzoate and its nanoform, besides the silver nanoparticles.ResultsThe results revealed the high toxicity of emamectin benzoate and its nanoform (LC50 values were 0.0524 and 0.023 ppm, respectively). The results also showed that all tested compounds significantly influenced the mean number of laid eggs/female. The emamectin benzoate nanoform (837.3 ± 52.09) was the most efficient compound compared to the control (1999.3 ± 46.5). The hematological responses against the EMB + AgNP were lowered total hemocyte counting (22.41 ± 1.3) compared to the untreated larvae (38.08 ± 0.83). In addition, there were some histopathological changes in the midgut tissues. They were represented as destroying the integrity of the epithelial cells and the ciliated border. The columnar cells began to disintegrate, and the peritrophic membrane became vacuolized. In contrast, the cuticle layers were not affected by various treatments.ConclusionWe can conclude that the employment of emamectin benzoate, either in its original form or as its nanoform, is considered a promising substitute for conventional insecticides. The nanoform of emamectin benzoate proved its high efficiency against the larvae of the cotton leafworm, which may allow the application of this formulation at low concentrations.

Effect of storage on the levels of sodium benzoate in soft drinks sold in some Nigerian market with exposure and health risk assessment.

Soft drinks consumption is still a controversial issue for public health and public policy, as the influence storage condition impacts taste, color and shelf life. In all, fifty (50) soft drinks samples, acquired from Enugu, Aba, Asaba, Onitsha and Owerri markets in Nigeria, were subjected to four different storage conditions namely: room temperature (RT), refrigerated (RF), 40 °C and 60 °C for 15 days after which they were analyzed for sodium benzoate concentration using HPLC - UV/Vis detector. The results showed on the average that at RT and RF, soft drinks from Aba had the highest concentration of sodium benzoate (98.7 mg/L and 112.9 mg/L) respectively while samples from Asaba had least concentration of 39.9 mg/L and 38.1 mg/L. At increased temperature of 40 °C, the concentration of sodium benzoate increased generally across the sample, while at 60 °C, the levels in all the samples analyzed were either reduced to less than 50% or below detection level, which suggest that degradation of sodium benzoate at this elevated temperature could result in benzene formation, which is a known carcinogen. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that children are at risk compared to adults due to higher sodium benzoate daily intake leading to high rate of hyperactivity in correlation to malaise.

Biological impact, oxidative stress and adipokinetic hormone activities of Agrotis ipsilon in response to bioinsecticides

The use of biological control products enhances the reduction of harmful pressures on the environment caused by the use of conventional pesticides. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the toxicity of eight bioinsecticides on the black cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to understand the relationships between insecticide exposure and insect response at the individual and population levels. The bioassay results showed that emamectin benzoate had high toxicity against A. ipsilon second instar larvae with an LC<sub>50</sub> of 0.007 (mg/L). Sublethal concentration (LC<sub>30</sub>) of emamectin benzoate, spinosyn group and Bacillus thuringiensis formulation (Dipel 2X) had significantly prolonged pupal period. In addition, emamectin benzoate significantly decreased the number of eggs laid per female (135.3 ± 6.919) compared with the control treatment. Thus, the formulation of chlorfenapyr showed a 1.26-fold reduction in hatching rate. Meanwhile, the activities of oxidative stress enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) were significantly affected due to exposure to sublethal concentration. Changes in adipokinetic hormone (AKH) transcriptional regulation were detected via SQ-PCR via using cDNA synthesized from mRNA isolated from treated A. ipsilon larvae. The results showed a higher transcription rate of AKH in spinotram-treated larvae with a 1.42-fold increase over untreated larvae. Our results provide useful information for integrated pest management programs for A. ipsilon by using bioinsecticides.

296 Ergot Alkaloid Consumption Alters Serotonin Receptor-Induced Vasoactivity in Ovine Umbilical Vasculature

Abstract Consumption of ergot alkaloids during the second half of gestation have been shown to decrease umbilical artery vasoactivity resulting in lighter birth weights. The objective was to evaluate vasoactivity of serotonin (5HT) receptors 5HT2A and 5HT1B/1D in umbilical artery and vein from ewes receiving endophyte-infected (E+ 1.77 mg ergovaline/animal/day) or endophyte-free (E-; 0 mg ergovaline/animal/day) tall fescue seed at d-85 (n=4), 110 (n=4 E+; n=4 E-), 135 (n =4 E+; n=4 E-) of gestation. Suffolk ewes began receiving seed treatments on d-86 of gestation. Umbilical artery and vein were collected from ewes at slaughter. Two-mm blood vessel cross sections were mounted in multi-myographs containing Krebs-Henseleit buffer and exposed to increasing concentrations of rizatriptan benzoate (5HT1B/1D agonist) and TCB-2 (5HT2A agonist). Data were analyzed as a split-plot with mixed models of SAS. The 5HT1B/1D agonist did not stimulate a contractile response in either vessel for any gestation time point evaluated. The 5HT2A agonist caused contractile responses in umbilical artery with the greatest occurring at d-85 and decreasing in magnitude as days of gestation increased (P< 0.05). On d-110 and 133 of gestation, umbilical arteries from ewes receiving E- seed had a greater contractile response than those arteries collected from ewes receiving the E+ treatment (P< 0.05). Umbilical veins also responded to increasing concentrations of 5HT2A agonist and maximal response was not different between d-85 and 110 of gestation, but both were greater than d-133. Unlike the artery, umbilical veins from ewes receiving E+ seed had greater contractile response than E- at d-133 (P< 0.05). These results demonstrate that ovine vascular smooth muscle contractions of the umbilical artery and vein are induced by 5HT2A receptor activity and not 5HT1B/1D. Umbilical artery 5HT2A receptor activity responded to seed treatment differently than umbilical vein and could be the source of ergot alkaloid-induced intra-uterine growth restriction.

Toxicological and Biochemical Description of Synergism of Beauveria bassiana and Emamectin Benzoate against Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagrall)

The prophylactic application of synthetic insecticides to manage Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagrall) has resulted in insecticide resistance and negative impacts upon natural ecosystems. This has driven the need for developing alternative pest control strategies. In the present study, we investigated the synergistic interaction between the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana and the insecticide emamectin benzoate on M. usitatus. The results of our research exhibited that higher doses of emamectin benzoate inhibited the germination rate and colony growth of B. bassiana. The percentage of M. usitatus mortality following B. bassiana and emamectin benzoate treatment indicated a dose–mortality effect. All concentrations of emamectin benzoate combined with different concentrations of B. bassiana demonstrated a synergistic effect five days post-treatment. When B. bassiana and emamectin benzoate were applied alone or in combination, antioxidant enzyme activities, including acetylcholinesterase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, were significantly lower in M. usiatus than in the controls at the end of the experimental period. The findings of our study confirm the synergistic effect of B. bassiana and emamectin benzoate on M. usitatus, as well as the biochemical process that might be involved in the regulation of the synergistic effect.

Evidence of field-evolved resistance in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to emamectin benzoate in Brazil

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797), has evolved resistance to several insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) toxins expressed in transgenic plants worldwide. Recently, we demonstrated a high risk of resistance evolution of a laboratory-selected emamectin benzoate-resistant strain of FAW based on incomplete dominant inheritance. In this study, we presented laboratory studies that established the baseline susceptibility and defined a diagnostic concentration of emamectin benzoate for the FAW performed in 2002. Then, resistance to emamectin benzoate was monitored in field-collected populations of FAW in Brazil from 2003 to 2004 and 2019 to 2021 using different methods: (i) estimating concentration-mortality curves; (ii) determining larval survival at a diagnostic concentration of emamectin benzoate; and (iii) assessing its survivorship on maize leaves sprayed with the field rate of this insecticide. Populations of FAW presented similar susceptibility to emamectin benzoate in 2002 (LC50 from 0.25 to 0.44 μg a.i./mL) and 2003/04 (LC50 from 0.13 to 0.43 μg a.i./mL), not differing from the susceptible reference population (LC50 of 0.22 μg a.i./mL). From 2003 to 2004, larval survival at the diagnostic concentration of emamectin benzoate of 3.2 μg a.i./mL was <1.79%. From 2019 to 2021, the susceptibility to emamectin benzoate in field populations of FAW decreased, with LC50 values ranging from 0.78 to 158.0 μg a.i./mL, indicating resistance ratios up to 632-fold. Larval survival at a diagnostic concentration of emamectin benzoate also increased, reaching up to 81.4%. Larval survival on maize leaves sprayed with the field rate of emamectin benzoate ranged from 16.6 to 88.5% in populations of FAW collected in 2021. Overall, our findings revealed significant shifts towards decrease in the susceptibility to emamectin benzoate in Brazilian populations of FAW, providing robust evidence of field-evolved resistance.

Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Food Additive in Dimple Plate Heat Exchanger

The present study attempts to examine the heat transfer and pressure drop aspects of a 11-channel dimple plate heat exchanger with hot water as the hot fluid and sodium benzoate (food preservative) as the cold fluid. The outcome of the mass flow rate of hot and cold fluids on the convective heat transfer coefficient and overall heat transfer coefficient were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of Reynolds number on the pressure drop and the Nusselt number were observed. The experimental results demonstrated that when the mass flow rate of the cold fluid increases, so does the overall heat transfer coefficient and the convective heat transfer coefficient. Convective heat transfer coefficient, overall heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop and Nusselt number were increased when sodium benzoate concentration is varied (0.2, 0.4, 0.6% w/w). A correlation is obtained on the basis of experimental results to estimate the Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds and Prandtl number.

Sodium benzoate in locally available soft drinks and its effect on DNA damage and liver function in rats

Sodium benzoate (E211) is used as a preservative in several kinds of food. One of the essential uses of E211 is to preserve non-alcoholic carbonated beverages. The amount of sodium benzoate in 17 local soft drink samples was estimated in the present study. The in vivo effects on biochemical aspects of the liver, kidney function, and DNA damage in lymphocytes were also investigated after oral administration of sodium benzoate in rats over 12 days. The control and experimental groups were fed standard pellet diet and distilled water ad libitum; and administered distilled water (control) and different concentrations (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg body weight) of sodium benzoate once daily through a stomach tube (0.5 ml), respectively. The alkaline comet assay was performed to investigate the possible DNA damage induced by E211 in lymphocytes. At the end of the experiment, after overnight fasting the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Animals showed no significant weight loss or gain. The investigation revealed that twelve samples contained a higher level, and the rest had trace or below the recommended maximum permitted concentration (150 mg/l) of E211 as a preservative in the soft drinks. The percentage of tail DNA (p &lt; 0.01) and olive tail movement (p &lt; 0.05) was significantly increased in lymphocytes that were treated with high concentration (120 mg/kg body weight) of sodium benzoate, indicated substantially higher DNA damage (3.5 times) in lymphocytes compared to control. Moreover, serum AST activity level was increased significantly (p&lt;0.05) in the group treated with a higher dose (120 mg/kg body weight) of E211, indicating malfunction of the liver. The preservative did not significantly affect serum ALT and ALP activity, total bilirubin, creatinine, and urea level. Nonetheless, our findings suggest that caution should be adopted for using sodium benzoate as a preservative in various food products. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(3 CSI): 371-383, 2022 (June)

Effects of Different Preservative Treatment on the Sugar Content of Kunu- Zaki in University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria

This study is to determine the shelf life of kunuzaki under different temperatures regimes, and the role of additives to the alteration in its shelf life or chemical components and also to possibly find a means of extending its shelf life using additives and temperature without the lowering its nutritional quality. During the study it was observed that appropriate concentrations of sodium benzoate and pasteurization can be used as preservative and preservative method respectively for extension of the shelf life of kununzaki under ambient temperature (30-31 0 C). Sodium benzoate, when used at a concentration of (sodium benzoate (0.144g) for 35cl of kununzaki, slows down undesirable changes in the physicochemical characteristics of kunun zaki. This concentration of sodium benzoate brought about the least changes in pH compared to the other preservative treatments and also exhibited the best potential for use in the preservation of kunun zaki. Sodium benzoate can be used to extend shelf life of kunun zaki up to a period of three (3) days when preserved at ambient temperature (30-31 0 C). In addition to having the ability to extend the shelf life of kunun zaki, sodium benzoate has no side effects to the consumer when put in appropriate quantity. DOI: 10.7176/JEES/12-3-02 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

A study of the flexibility of the carbon catabolic pathways of extremophilic P. aeruginosa san ai exposed to benzoate versus glucose as sole carbon sources by multi omics analytical platform

Polyextremophilic, hydrocarbonoclastic Pseudomonas aeruginosa san ai can survive under extreme environmental challenges in the presence of a variety of pollutants such as organic solvents and hydrocarbons, particularly aromatics, heavy metals, and high pH. To date, the metabolic plasticity of the extremophilic P. aeruginosa, has not been sufficiently studied in regard to the effect of changing carbon sources. Therefore, the present study explores the carbon metabolic pathways of polyextremophilic P. aeruginosa san ai grown on sodium benzoate versus glucose and its potential for aromatic degradation. P. aeruginosa san ai removed/metabolised nearly 430 mg/L of benzoate for 48 h, demonstrating a high capacity for aromatic degradation. Comparative functional proteomics, targeted metabolomics and genomics analytical approaches were employed to study the carbon metabolism of the P. aeruginosa san ai. Functional proteomic study of selected enzymes participating in the β-ketoadipate and the Entner-Doudoroff pathways revealed a metabolic reconfiguration induced by benzoate compared to glucose. Metabolome analysis implied the existence of both catechol and protocatechuate branches of the β-ketoadipate pathway. Enzymatic study of benzoate grown cultures confirmed the activity of the ortho- catechol branch of the β-ketoadipate pathway. Even high concentrations of benzoate did not show increased stress protein synthesis, testifying to its extremophilic nature capable of surviving in harsh conditions. This ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa san ai to efficiently degrade benzoate can provide a wide range of use of this strain in environmental and agricultural application.

Influence of Temperature Variation on Emamectin Benzoate Toxicity in Different Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee Populations of Punjab

In present study, larval populations of , collected from different regions of Punjab i.e. Amritsar, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, L. orbonalis Ludhiana were exposed to different concentrations of emamectin benzoate at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C for evaluation of LC values. The LC50 50 decreased from lower (15°C) to higher (30°C) temperature for all populations of The positive correlation was observed between L. orbonalis. the temperature coefficient and emamectin benzoate toxicity towards population of which increased with increase in temperature. L. orbonalis, The LC values varied among different populations of i.e. Amritsar populations with higher LC followed by Kapurthala, Malerkotla 50 50 L. orbonalis and Ludhiana populations. The temperature and insecticide exposure history affected the toxicity of emamectin benzoate toxicity for L. orbonalis. L. orbonalis The information would be helpful in developing management strategies for according to prevailing environment conditions.