Benzene Sulfonate Research Articles

Stripping Superficial polystyrene sulfonate on PEDOT:PSS via dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid for high-performance double-crosslinked hydrogel in flexible supercapacitor

For Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), peeling off the PSS on its surface is a crucial step in improving its morphology and conductivity. Herein, a PVA-PP double-crosslinked hydrogel is developed using a chemical crosslinking method in situ based on PVA matrix. By utilizing dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), the PSS on the surface of PEDOT:PSS is partially peeled off and a distributed porous structure of PVA-PP-DBSA hydrogels is formed. The mechanical properties are greatly improved, with the tensile properties increasing from 90% to 580%. Additionally, the potential window is expanded from 0.8 V to 1.5 V. Furthermore, due to the formation of the pore structure and improved conductivity, a specific capacitance of up to 412 F g−1 (energy density of 131.4 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 1200 W kg−1) is achieved, demonstrating its excellent performance as a flexible and wearable power supply in the future.

2D nanoplate-shaped CaCo2O4 spinel as an oxidase nanozyme for the colorimetric sensing of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate under nearly neutral pH

Nanozymes are outstanding candidates of natural enzymes and have been aroused lasting interest. However, the development of oxidase mimics with highly and robust catalytic activity is still a challenge. Also, the activity of most nanozymes were restricted by pH condition, significantly limiting their extensive applications. Here, the spinel CaCo2O4 nanoplates with high oxidase-mimicking activity at nearly neutral pH were prepared by a simple hydrothermal-calcination method. Relative to the Co3O4 and CaO, the spinel CaCo2O4 exhibited lower electron transfer resistance and enhanced electron transfer rate. This endows the CaCo2O4 to maintain superior catalytic activity even in neutral pH condition (pH = 6.5). The oxidase-like activity of CaCo2O4 is 17.0-fold and 31.5-fold times that of Co3O4 and CaO, respectively. CaCo2O4 exhibited good affinity to TMB with a Km of 0.111 mM and Vmax value of 1.34 × 10−7 M·S−1. Based on the inhibition effect of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) on the TMB/CaCo2O4 color reaction, a colorimetric platform for the SDBS detection has been developed under nearly neutral pH. The linear range for SDBS determination was 0.2–70.0 μM, with a detection limit of 0.12 μM (3σ). The TMB/CaCo2O4 system was successfully applied to the determination of SDBS in real water samples. This work provided a new strategy to design spinel oxide-based high activity nanozyme at neutral pH media for colorimetric sensing of pollutant.

Backside deposition without an electrostatic sprayer: Molecular insights into the role of a surfactant additive

Backside deposition on solid surfaces is crucial for many industrial and agricultural applications. However, the most effective method, electrostatic spraying usually requires specialized and expensive equipment for applying high voltages (several thousand volts) to the liquid, thereby increasing the cost and risk of implementation significantly. A method that overcomes this limitation via surfactant additive is highly desirable without an electrostatic sprayer while the molecular mechanism of charging droplets has rarely been studied and is still elusive. Herein, we demonstrate that sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) assists abaxial deposition superiorly compared to the use of an electrostatic sprayer. SDBS has larger dipole moment and polarity, smaller HOMO–LUMO gap and higher conductivity than other surfactants like sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfonate. These physicochemical properties induce the highly polarized and orderly arranged water molecules at the air–liquid interface and ensure the highest probability of negative charge of spraying droplets, and thus, the best abaxial deposition to a positively charged substrate. This work provides molecules insights for enhancing the charging ability of spraying droplets via surfactant additives and can be applied in spraying, coating, disinfecting and dusting areas.

Structure-based modeling of critical micelle concentration (CMC) of anionic surfactants in brine using intelligent methods

Critical micelle concentration (CMC) is one of the main physico-chemical properties of surface-active agents, also known as surfactants, with diverse theoretical and industrial applications. It is influenced by basic parameters such as temperature, pH, salinity, and the chemical structure of surfactants. Most studies have only estimated CMC at fixed conditions based on the surfactant’s chemical parameters. In the present study, we aimed to develop a set of novel and applicable models for estimating CMC of well-known anionic surfactants by considering both the molecular properties of surfactants and basic affecting factors such as salinity, pH, and temperature as modeling parameters. We employed the quantitative-structural property relationship technique to employ the molecular parameters of surfactant ions. We collected 488 CMC values from literature for 111 sodium-based anionic surfactants, including sulfate types, sulfonate, benzene sulfonate, sulfosuccinate, and polyoxyethylene sulfate. We computed 1410 optimized molecular descriptors for each surfactant using Dragon software to be utilized in the modelling processes. The enhanced replacement method was used for selecting the most effective descriptors for the CMC. A multivariate linear model and two non-linear models are the outputs of the present study. The non-linear models were produced using two robust machine learning approaches, stochastic gradient boosting (SGB) trees and genetic programming (GP). Statistical assessment showed highly applicable and acceptable accuracy of the newly developed models (RSGB2 = 0.999395 and RGP2 = 0.954946). The ultimate results showed the superiority and greater ability of the SGB method for making confident predictions.

Kinetics Study of Acid Hydrolysis of Waste Nylon-6,6 using Anionic Surfactant

The depolymerization reaction of nylon-6,6 is carried out by acidic hydrolysis in the presence of various amounts of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (SDBS) (0.02 to 0.07 g) surfactant used as a catalyst at 80 °C and at a different time interval (120 to 240 min). The maximum yield was obtained when 0.05 g SDBS was added to the reaction mixture as a catalyst and 180 min. The reaction mixture was neutralized by 5N NaOH, and the hexamethylene diamine obtained was converted into the Dibenzoyl derivative of hexamethylene diamine (DBHMD), which was filtered, dried, and weighed. The yield was found to be 87.14 %. The characterization was done by the melting point determination and FTIR spectra. The information obtained was in accordance with the literature value. This reaction has followed first-order kinetics with a rate constant of reaction 8.31×10-3 min -1. The IR recorded clearly reveals that the product obtained is pure.

Experimental Evaluation of Kinetic Behavior of Asphaltene Particles: Effect of Temperature, Shear Stress, and Inhibitors

Summary Asphaltene deposits under a variety of temperatures and shear stresses in reservoirs, wells, and crude oil transmission pipelines, and it is currently one of the most serious problems in the oil industry. The size of asphaltene particles strongly affects the deposition rate. The particle size is mainly determined by aggregation rate that depends on shear rate and temperature. Therefore, different shear rates of 127 s–1 and 254 s−1 were applied within Couette flow at 25°C, 45°C, and 65°C, and the particle size was analyzed by using an optical microscope. Crude oil viscosity and asphaltene solubility were determined using a capillary tube viscometer and IP143 procedure, respectively. In this work, the effects of four additives, namely, dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), nonyl phenol (NP), salicylic acid (SA), and benzoic acid (BA), were studied on the aggregation of asphaltene particles in a light crude oil. The additives were chosen based on their functional groups. Moreover, asphaltene functional groups were determined using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyzer to better understand the behavior of inhibitors in preventing the aggregation of asphaltene particles at different conditions. DBSA, BA, and SA were inhibitors, and NP behaved as a promoter. According to the results, the presence of acidic groups, SO3H in DBSA and COOH in SA and BA, increases the interaction of inhibitor with asphaltene and so reduces the aggregation of asphaltene particles. The stronger acidic group of DBSA improved its performance compared to other inhibitors. Both increasing temperature and increasing shear stress resulted in higher collisions of asphaltene particles and thus lowered the efficiency of inhibitors at a constant concentration.

Colorimetric chemical sensing properties of 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid-based Schiff bases containing electron donor–acceptor groups

A new series of aminobenzene sulfonic acid-based Schiff bases (1–3) were synthesized from the reaction of 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid with 5-methyl, 5-nitro and 5-bromo-salicylaldehyde. The colorimetric and UV–Vis spectroscopic responses of compounds in DMSO to addition of equivalent number of anions (F−, Br−, I−, CN–, SCN−, ClO4−, HSO4−, AcO−, H2PO4−, N3– and OH–) were investigated. Additionally, biological activities of the compounds; antimicrobial and DNA binding properties, were investigated. A DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free radical method was used to measure antioxidant activity, and 4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzylideneamino)benzene sulfonic acid (1) displayed greater antioxidant activity than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Studied compounds demonstrated emission properties over a wide range of visible spectrum, and compound 4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)benzenesulfonic acid (2) has hypsochromic shift by incorporating NO2 in comparison with other compounds. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy measurements showed that compounds 4-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)benzenesulfonic acid (2) and 3-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (3), incorporated nitro and bromine groups and possessing electron accepting features have fast triplet transition. This study provides a novel design strategy for biological activity and colorimetric probing features of aminobenzene sulfonic acid-based Schiff bases.

Analysis of Surfactant and Polymer Behavior on Water/Oil Systems as Additives in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Technology through Molecular Dynamics Simulation: A Preliminary Study

The decline in oil production has led to the development of the Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology to increase oil production. Chemical injection is one of the methods in EOR by injecting surfactants or polymers into reservoir wells. To understand the properties and dynamics of surfactants and polymers at the nanoscale, computational studies using molecular dynamics simulation were carried out. In this study, surfactant Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) and polymers such as Polyacrylamide (PAM) were used to investigate their effect on the oil-water interface system at the atomic level. Molecular dynamics simulation was carried out using Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) to calculate the diffusion coefficient and Interface Formation Energy (IFE) value for the addition of the surfactant and polymers. The simulation results show that the addition of the surfactant and polymers affects the water-oil interface system differently. The diffusion coefficient results indicates that there are strong interactions between SDBS and dodecane with D of 0.01358. While for PAM, the interactions with water are more significant with D of 0.059. The results of the IFE calculation value also show that the addition of SDBS and PAM makes the water-oil interface system more stable with the negative IFE value of -197.51 and -13.13 Kcal/mol respectively. The results of this study will be used as a reference and a basis for designing new surfactants or polymers that will led to more oil recovery.

Ultra-small-size, highly efficient and stable CsPbBr3 quantum dots synthesized by using a cesium-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid solution

All inorganic colloid CsPbX3 (X = Cl,Br,I) perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) have become a promising new optoelectric material due to their excellent optical properties. However, the implementation of strong quantum constraints in PeQDs still faces great challenges, and there is still a lack of reliable methods to accurately control the PeQD size and luminescence performance. Here, ultra-small-size and highly luminous CsPbBr3 PeQDs have been prepared by hot injection method with a novel synthesis strategy. A cesium and ligand combined compound of cesium-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (Cs-DBSA) is employed as Cs and ligand sources concurrently. The ultra-small-size of CsPbBr3 PeQDs can be effectually controlled by the Cs-DBSA solution concentration. In particular, the synthesis route we developed can be terminated within 15 s after hot injection processing, which is rather different from previously reported methods including mechanical grinding, low temperature, and great Br/Pb ratio methods. Typical colloidal PeQDs show excellent comprehensive performance that having a minimum size up to 1.8 nm, unimodal photoluminescence (PL) with peak at 448.8 nm, high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) up to 100%, and good light and color stabilities. As a healthy light source, spectral intensity uniformly distributed white-light-emitting diodes (WLED) have been realized by using the CsPbBr3 PeQDs to increase components of cyan light. The above results show that our proposed synthesis strategy is simple, rapid and effective, which is a significant step forward in the field of small-size PeQDs, and helpful for realizing large-scale industrial production of PeQDs.

Influence of sodium carboxymethylcellulose on sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate micelles in the presence of phenol red dye

Strong dye-surfactant interactions and innovative formulations are required for dyeing, which is one of the most important operations in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and textile industries for colouring goods and other uses. The interactions of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) with the dye phenol red (sodium salt of PR) in the presence and absence of the polyelectrolyte sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) were investigated using conductometric analysis. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDBS and AOT was found to decrease as PR concentration increased in the water and NaCMC medium. However, in the presence of PR, the counterion binding (βc) of SDBS and AOT increased and negative (∆Gmic°) values indicated that micelle formation was energetically favourable. The results of the UV absorbance experiments indicated that the majority of the binding in the DBS¯ and DS¯ micelles was caused by the ketone proton groups (H+PR¯) of the PR. In NaCMC media, PR (H+PR¯) binding to DBS¯ and DS¯ micelles has been regulated by electrostatic interactions, which have been demonstrated by absorption data and binding constant values. According to dynamic light scattering (DLS) examinations, increasing the amount of PR increased SDBS and AOT micellar size in aqueous and NaCMC media.

Effect of graphite on the self-sensing properties of cement and alkali-activated fly ash/slag based composite cementitious materials

This study investigated the self-sensing performances of cement and alkali-activated fly ash/slag (AAFS) systems with graphite powders as a conductive filler. Graphite powders must be evenly dispersed through the cement-based and AAFS matrices to obtain an adequate electrical response. The effects of graphite fineness on the fluidity, mechanical, rheological behavior, and cement hydration of cement paste were investigated. The finer graphite was found to have less effect on the mechanical property but seriously damaged the workability. Therefore, this research explored using four surfactants including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium salt of polynaphthalene sulphonic acid (NNO), and Triton X-100 (TX100) as dispersing agents for fine graphite in cement. The combination of NNO and TX100 was found to be the ideal admixture for improving the fluidity of graphite-containing cementitious materials. Furthermore, cement- and AAFS-based composites were produced with the graphite dispersions, and several tests such as electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) map analysis, mercury intrusion Porosimeter (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to investigate their intrinsic characteristic. The results concluded that AAFS had a better conductivity than cement due to the higher porosity in the range of very small pores (<6 nm) and the higher ion concentration contribution. Finally, the self-sensing behavior of the mortars was investigated under cyclic loading, and the self-sensing mechanism was proposed. The sensing properties of graphite composite mortars under compression load can be attributed to the combination of ionic, contact, and tunneling conduction.

A covalent organic framework based on multi-carbonyl as anode material for lithium-organic batteries

A covalent organic framework (COF) with multi-carbonyl was synthesized by a condensation reaction between 1,3,5-triformyl chlorobutanediol (TFP) and 2.5-diamino benzene sulfonic acid (PaSO3H), It is using as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Benefiting from the rigid porous network structure of COFs (TFP-PaSO3H) and the synergistic effect of covalent bonds, it shows good electrochemical performance, including a high reversible capacity of 427.7 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 300 cycles. This contribution shows a broad application prospect of COF anode in lithium-organic batteries.

Efficient flotation separation of picromerite and halite by a novel collector of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate

Common reverse flotation is difficult to separate efficiently picromerite with a high halite content. This work employed direct flotation to separate picromerite and halite, using sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as a novel picromerite collector. The flotation performances were evaluated by single and real ore flotation tests, with results indicating that K+ recovery was 95.89%, while Na+ content was less than 2% in the concentrate at an SDBS dosage of 200 g/t, which suggested SDBS was an effective picromerite collector with excellent separation performance. The interaction mechanism was investigated by adsorption experiment, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The adsorption experiments demonstrated that picromerite had a stronger affinity to SDBS than halite, confirming that SDBS exhibited good selectivity in the flotation of picromerite and halite. FTIR and SEM-EDS analysis revealed that SDBS adsorbed on the picromerite surface. XPS results further unveiled that SDBS chemisorbed on the picromerite surface through the strong complexation between sulfonic acid groups and Mg atoms on the picromerite surface, forming O-Mg bonds. This study provides a new perspective on the efficient separation of picromerite and halite, facilitating a high production efficiency of picromerite.

AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF AVENA SATIVA (OAT) IN DINITROBENZENE SULPHONIC ACID INDUCED INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE IN RATS

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing gastrointestinal tract disease. There is an upsurge of IBD cases worldwide and there is no gold standard therapy and the drugs used to treat IBD are having many major side effects. Thus, there is a need for a better treatment option. This study aimed to evaluate the prophylactic role of Avena sativa (oat) in 2, 4-dinitro benzene sulphonic acid (DNBS) (120 mg kg-1) induced IBD in rats. Animals were randomly allocated to five groups- negative control, model control receiving only DNBS, group receiving A. sativa extract (500 mg kg-1 and 1 g kg-1 p.o.) and the last group receiving sulphasalazine (100 mg kg-1, p.o.). Colitis-induced rats treated with A. sativa and sulphasalazine restored their body weight, stool consistency, and bleeding in stool and significantly improved several biochemical parameters such as colonic glutathione content, lactate dehydrogenase, myeloperoxidase and lipid peroxides levels as compared to the model control group. Findings suggest that A. sativa possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and can be useful in treating IBD.

Experimental study on suppression of methane-air explosion with different surface dispersants combined with modified attapulgite powder

This paper investigated the Inhibitory effect of attapulgite powder, modified attapulgite powder, and modified attapulgite powder after compounding by adding different types and different quality of surface dispersants to the explosion of methane-air premixed gas. A self-made semi-closed transparent pipe is the leading experimental platform in the research process. The maximum explosion overpressure, average pressure increase rate, and explosion power index under different working conditions are calculated by analyzing the pipeline's flame shape, pressure, and flame spread speed. Comparing methane explosion and adding attapulgite powder and modified attapulgite powder as explosion suppression materials, experiments were carried out, and the experimental results were compared and analyzed, which proved the inhibitory effect of modified attapulgite powder on methane explosion. Adding different qualities of sodium polyacrylate, ammonium hexametaphosphate, and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate as surface dispersants to the modified attapulgite powder. The effect of adding different dispersants on the ability of modified attapulgite powder to suppress the explosion of methane premixed gas was explored. Compared with the experiments of methane explosion, attapulgite powder, and modified attapulgite powder to suppress explosion, it is proved that after adding the above three surface dispersants, the modified attapulgite powder has better inhibition on methane explosion. The effect and the influence law and the corresponding inhibition mechanism are analyzed. The experimental results show that the modified attapulgite powder added with 120 mg of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate has the best suppression effect on the explosion of 9.5% pure methane-air premixed gas.

Effect of the substituents on luminescent behaviors of the salts based on 4,4′-(4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)diphenol

To further exploit the new luminescent materials, three new salts containing 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole, namely, [HADO]+A– (A = BSA (1), MBA (2) and SBA (3), ADO = 4,4′-(4-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl) diphenol, BSA = benzene sulfonic acid, MBA = p-toluene sulfonic acid, SBA = 2-hydroxybenzoic-5-sulfonic acid), have been successfully prepared by the reaction of ADO and a set of sulfonic acids, respectively. The luminescent maximal emission peaks can be found at 429, 434 and 461 nm for its salts 1–3 in the solid state at room temperature, respectively. Evidently, the order of luminescent peaks: 1<2<3, can be assigned to the substituent groups effect. Compared with the free ADO, the emission maxima of salts 1–3 are assuredly red-shifted about 27, 32 and 59 nm, respectively, suggesting that the emission bands are relevant to the intermolecular interactions. Compounds 1–3 were structurally characterized by X–ray single crystal diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The results of single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveal that a set of hydrogen bonds of N/O/C–H⋯O could be observed. The Hirshfeld analysis indicates that the order of the C…C close contacts contribution can be observed to be 1<2<3, which can be responsible for that of the luminescent maxima. Additionally, the thermal behaviors of compounds 1–3 were investigated in detail.

The Conductivity of PANI/Zirconia Composites: Effect of Amorphous and Crystalline Fillers

This paper reports the results of synthesis and characterization PNI/zirconia composites. PANI/zirconia composites were synthesized by in-situ polymerization. Aniline was used as a monomer, hydrochloric acid as a dopant, ammonium peroxodisulphate as an oxidant and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate as a surfactant. The zirconia used is amorphous and crystalline (monoclinic). XRD test results show that the composite has been successfully formed, indicated by the absence of new peaks. FTIR spectrum analysis showed an interaction between PANI and zirconia. Composites with amorphous zirconia fillers have lower conductivity than PANI; on the other hand, composites with monoclinic zirconia fillers have better conductivity than PANI.

A study on soil conditioning for cohesive soils with high content of clay minerals: Microscopic simulation and laboratory experiment

An earth pressure balance shield machine (EPB) is prone to blockage when tunneling in strata with high clay mineral content. Engineers often improve soil fluidity and reduce soil adhesion through soil conditioning to ensure the safe and efficient tunneling of shields. This paper selected montmorillonite, kaolinite, and illite as research objects and used molecular dynamics simulation and laboratory experiments. The interfacial mechanical behavior between anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, SDBS) solution and clay minerals was simulated at the microscopic scale and the improvement mechanism of SDBS solution on clay minerals was revealed. Then, the zeta potential of clay minerals and the stirring torque of the soil under different foam injection ratios (FIR) were tested. Accordingly, the conditioning effect of the SDBS solution at the macroscopic scale can be evaluated. The results show that the electrostatic adsorption and repulsion of ions occur on the surface of clay minerals, which makes it difficult for clay particles to aggregate into clusters. The SO3H- groups of the SDBS surfactant are the key factor to change the hydrophilicity of clay minerals. When different soil samples are improved to the same state, montmorillonite requires the largest FIR due to its microstructure.

High Thermopower of Agarose‐Based Ionic Thermoelectric Gel Through Micellization Effect Decoupling the Cation/Anion Thermodiffusion

AbstractIonic thermoelectric (i‐TE) gels can have a high thermopower, if the thermodiffusion of mobile cation/anion is decoupled, attracting increasing attentions. Herein, it is shown a high p‐type i‐TE thermopower of 41.8 mV K−1 in agarose‐based ionic thermoelectric gels of AG‐x Na:DBS (AG: agarose, Na:DBS: sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate). The exclusively high thermopower is relative to the successfully decoupling the thermodiffusion of cation Na+ and anion DBS−. A unique porous structure is formed due to the micellization of the amphiphilic DBS− with the hydrophilic benzenesulfonic group attached to the hydrous agarose gel chains, while the hydrophobic alkyl chain point to the pore centers. As a result, the DBS− micelles are almost immobile as compared with Na+, which can be reconsidered as a part of the gel matrix. The work shines a light on decoupling of cation/anion thermodiffusion through tailoring the microstructure of the quasi‐solid i‐TE materials.

Experimental investigation on coal fines migration through proppant packs: Assessing variation of formation damage and filtration coefficients

Coalbed methane reservoirs generate coal fines during production that cause irreversible damage to cleat conductivity. In severe scenarios, this can result in temporary closure of recovery operations from the gas well(s). In this work, we simulate the impact of coal fines on proppant conductivity. Four sets of experiments were conducted: effect of salinity – 0 to 3.5 NaCl wt.%, pH – 2 to 11, coal rank - anthracite, high volatile bituminous, and sub-bituminous; and 0.01 wt% additives – Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) and Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) and validated with established analytical models. Moreover, medical computed tomography of three extreme cases was conducted. Results showed that coal fines uniform distribution within a proppant pack does not cause greater conductivity decline than non-uniform distribution owing to clogging and straining. Additionally, results showed that anionic surfactants successfully dispersed coal fines. These research results can be applied to coalbed methane reservoirs, especially during the early water drainage phase, to optimise the impact of coal fines on proppant conductivity.