Benzene Methanol Research Articles

Coupling competition and energy transfer between C=C and C–H vibration in the process of cascaded stimulated Raman scattering of benzene–methanol solution

Coupling competition and energy transfer between C=C and C–H vibration in the process of cascaded stimulated Raman scattering of benzene–methanol solution

Phytochemical characterization and bioactivity assessment of Avicennia officinalis L. bark extracts

The study aimed at phytochemical profiling and evaluating the bioactive potentials of aqueous bark extracts of a mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis by in vitro and in silico techniques. The quantitative phytochemical study exhibited total phenol and total flavonoid content as 16.6 mg GAE/g and 82 mg QE/g respectively. The GC-MS study indicated presence of five major compounds viz. 2,6-dimethoxy phenol; 4-[(1E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl)- 2-methoxy phenol; 2,5-dimethoxybenzyl acetate; vitamin-E; stigmasterol. The in silico molecular docking of compounds 2,6-dimethoxy phenol; 2,5-dimethoxy benzene methanol acetate and stigmasterol indicated strong binding interactions, validating the antiradical, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities. The extract exhibited DPPH, ABTS, α-glucosidase and protein denaturation inhibition activities with IC50 values of 112.78, 76.34, 257.4, 99.86 μg/mL respectively suggesting the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant. The antiglycation study exhibited inhibition of fructosamine and congo red with 50.63% and 64.39% at 200 μg/mL concentration. The biofilm inhibitory concentration required to reduce biofilm coverage by 50% values for the extract was 625 μg/mL. The results provide a basis for new pharmacological avenues and further research of this plant.

GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Substances from Ethanolic Extract of Prosopis juliflora Leaves

The nutraceuticals in leaves are among the major contributors of their therapeutic relevance to human. This study evaluates the relevance of nutraceuticals obtained from the GC-MS analyses of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Prosopis juliflora. Leaves of Prosopis juliflora harvested from their natural territory and identified at the Plant Science Department of Mohmed Sathak A.J. College of Pharmacy, Sholinganallur, Chennai. Ethanol was used for extracting the crushed plant leaves (5 g) in order. Hot continuous soxhlet extraction was used to complete the extraction. The resulting extracts were kept at -4 °C until their next usage. The current investigation made use of ethanol extract. In the present investigation, the phytocomponents in the extracted substances were identified using the GC-MS method. Results shows 72 phytoconstituents in leaves of Prosopis juliflora, with gamma-Sitosterol, Epilupeol, Benzene methanol, 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-, as highest nutraceutical components with percentage concentrations of 12.94, 11.92 and 10.07 respectively. In order to improve human health, broad-spectrum pharmaceutical formulations are being developed that take advantage of the multiple therapeutic potentials of the main nutraceuticals found in Prosopis juliflora.

Preparation of mespore load composite metal oxide catalyst and selective benzoyl methanol oxide

The CoMn2O4 precursor was prepared by hard template method using mesoporous material SBA-15 as template material, n-hexane as solvent, manganese and cobalt nitrate as raw materials. After calcination at 600 °C, porous composite metal oxide catalyst CoMn2O4 was formed. The samples are characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis-Differential Scanning Calorimeter (TG-DSC), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Using benzyl alcohol as a model compound, the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol by CoMn2O4 under different catalytic conditions was studied. The oxidation products are analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results show that the pure CoMn2O4 can be prepared at 500 °C to 800 °C, and the samples are spherical particles. The optimal conditions for oxidation are as follows: The amount of catalyst was 4 g/L, the molar ratio of H2O2 to benzyl alcohol was 1:1, the reaction temperature was 80 °C, and the reaction time was 4h. The conversion rate of benzyl methanol is 78.2%, the selective conversion of benzaldehyde is 94.8%. This indicates that the CoMn2O4 is a composite metal oxide with high selective oxidation of benzene methanol.

Drug Standardization through Pharmacognostic Approaches and Estimation of Anticancer Potential of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) using Prostate-Cancer cell lines: An In-vitro Study.

Cancer is the major challenge across world and the adenocarcinoma of prostate malignancy is the second most prevalent male cancer. Various medicinal plants are used for the treatment and management of various cancers. Matricaria chamomilla L., is one of the extensively used Unani medicament for the treatment of various type of diseases. In the current study we evaluated most of the parameters prescribed for drug standardization using pharmacognostic approaches. The 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method was utilized for the analysis of antioxidant activity in the flower extracts of M. chamomilla. Moreover, we analyzed the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of M. chamomilla (Gul-e Babuna) through in-vitro method. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazl-hydrate) method was utilized for the analysis of antioxidant activity in the flower extracts of M. chamomilla. CFU and wound healing assay were performed to determine the anti-cancer activity. The results demonstrated that various extracts of M. chamomilla fulfilled most of the parameters of drug standardization and contained good antioxidant and anticancer activities. The ethyl acetate showed higher anticancer activity followed by aqueous, hydroalcoholic, petroleum benzene and methanol by CFU method. Also, the wound healing assay demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract has more significant effect followed by methanol and petroleum benzene extract on prostate cancer cell line (C4-2). The current study concluded that the extract of M. chamomilla flowers could act as good source of natural anti-cancer compounds.

Engineering oxygen vacancies in metal-doped MnO2 nanospheres for boosting the low-temperature toluene oxidation

Promoting the catalytic activity by engineering oxygen vacancies is a fascinating strategy in heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, a series of metal oxide catalysts with different metal doping were prepared through a redox precipitation method to regulate oxygen vacancies in MnO2 and tested in toluene catalytic oxidation at low temperature. To accurately elaborate the structure–activity relationship of different catalysts, the prepared catalysts were systematically characterized by various techniques. Results showed that the doped metals entered the MnO2 skeleton as expected and resulted in the lattice distortion, as well as oxygen vacancies. The catalyst Cu-MnO2, which was obtained by doping Cu into MnO2, had the most oxygen vacancy contents and increased oxygen migration mobility, thus showing the best catalytic toluene oxidation activity at low temperature (T90 = 219 °C). Meanwhile, in-situ DRIFTs demonstrated the intermediates like benzene methanol, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, maleic acid generated at different environments and revealed that the rate-controlling step probably be the deep oxidation of benzoate species. In addition, the supplement of gas phase oxygen played an important role in the complete transformation of the intermediate benzoic acid. This work open up an attractive method for acquiring metal-doped MnO2 nanospheres catalysts for toluene oxidation.

A new LC-MS Method for the Determination of p-Chloroaniline and (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2- Amino-α- (trifluoromethyl) Benzene Methanol in Efavirenz Bulk Form

The main objective of the present research study is to develop and validate a sensitive, specific, accurate and precise LC-MS method for the determination of p-Chloroaniline and (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2- amino-α- (trifluoromethyl) benzene methanol in Efavirenz bulk form. The effective separation of p-Chloroaniline and (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2- amino-α- (trifluoromethyl) benzene methanol were achieved by using Hypersil BDS (C18, 100 x 4.6 mm, 3 µm) column and a solvent system of Buffer (0.1% Formic acid in water): Methanol (30:70 v/v) with a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. The p-Chloroaniline and (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2- amino-α-(trifluoromethyl) benzene methanol were monitored on mass spectrometer coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, positive polarity mode and quadrapole mass analyzer. The Retention time of p-Chloroaniline, (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2- amino-α- (trifluoromethyl) benzene methanol and Efavirenz were found at 5.7min, 7.6min and 11.1min resepectively. The detection limit and quantification limit were observed at 0.25ppm and 0.75 ppm respectively for both p-Chloroaniline and (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2- amino-α-(trifluoromethyl) benzene methanol. Those analytes were linear in the concentration ranges from 0.75ppm to 3.75ppm and the percentage relative standard deviation of six replicates of same concentrations of both the analytes were less than 10%. Hence this method was effective in separation and determination of p-Chloroaniline and (S)-5-Chloro-α-(cyclopropylethynyl)-2- amino-α- (trifluoromethyl) benzene methanol in Efavirenz.

Invitro Membrane Stabilizing Potentials Of Fractionates Of Ethanolic Extract of Carica Papaya Leaf

Invitro membrane-stabilizing potentials of fractionates of ethanolic extract of Carica Papaya leaf was investigated in this study. The soxhlet extraction method was used to extract the plant, fractionated with 6 different solvents to give 6 different fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, butanol, methanol benzene). Hbss red blood cells samples were obtained from non-crises state sickle cell patients from Eku Baptist hospital Abraka Delta State, Nigeria. These tests involved the use of positive (p-hydroxy benzoic acid 5ug/ml) and negative controls (normal saline) for membrane stability experiments. Hbss blood was treated with 2mg/ml to 10mg/ml in seven groups with leaf fractionates. Data was analyzed using ANOVA test. The results shows that osmotic fragility was reduced by the introduction of the leaf fractionate, with the highest rate of reduction noticed in the hexane 1 fractionate. PHBA reversal rate and osmotic fragility effect was normal at low doses, but as concentration increases, reversal rate and percentage reduction of sickling decreases. It was concluded that Carica papaya leaf extract fractions, just as its crude extracts, have as much osmotic fragility activities, and this is dose-dependent and has no negative effect on tested blood samples as compared with the treatments with PHBA.

Application of Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD +) expressing L-alanine dehydrogenase enzyme as a starter culture candidate for secondary wine fermentation

Secondary fermentation is generally recommended to improve the aroma, flavour, overall acceptability and stability of the wines. Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 expressing L-alanine dehydrogenase gene is hereby proposed as a starter culture bacterium for the value addition of ginger, kiwi, plum and rose wines through secondary fermentation. Secondary fermentation using Pediococcus acidilactici BD16 (alaD +) imparted a natural sweetness and several health-promoting attributes to the dry wines, thereby improving their sensory and quality attributes. GC-MS-based metabolic fingerprinting further revealed the presence of significantly higher levels of L-alanine and many bioactive secondary metabolites and flavour enhancers such as 3-butynol, acetaldehyde, alaninol, aminopentols, benzene methanol, octanoic acid, ribitol, etc. and therapeutic ingredients such as 8-azanonane, actinobolin, adamantanemethylamine, aminononadecane, amphetamine, benzeneethanamine, guanosine, heptadecanenitrile, isopropyluriedoacetate, octanoic acid, nortriptyline and rimantadine in the secondary fermented wines. Further, a probable metabolic pathway was constructed to indicate major metabolic biotransformations in the wines which accounted for the improved quality attributes and strongly anticipated their therapeutic potential. This study is probably the first of its kind to highlight the application of P. acidilactici BD16 (alaD +) for in situ L-alanine production during secondary wine fermentation for enhancing organoleptic and therapeutic attributes of interest to health-conscious consumers.

Transformations of Cobalt(II) Trifluoroacetates in 1,4-Dioxane: Solvent Effect on the Composition, Structure, and Crystal Packing of the Molecules

The reaction of aqueous cobalt(II) acetate with trifluoroacetic acid in methanol affords complex [Co(OOCF3)2(OH2)4] (I). The same reaction in a methanol–benzene–dioxane mixture of solvents gives mononuclear complex [Co(OOCF3)2(OH2)6] ∙ O(CH2CH2)2O (II) in which the solvate dioxane molecule forms a single crystal by the formation of hydrogen bonds with coordinated water molecules. A similar reaction in pure dioxane affords trinuclear complex {Co3(OOСCF3)4(OH2)2(OOСCF3)2[O(CH2CH2)2O]2} ∙ 2HOOСCF3 ∙ 2O(CH2CH2)2O (III) containing both solvate and coordinated dioxane molecules. The crystallization of complex III from an isopropanol–dioxane mixture leads to complex [Co(OOСCF3)2(OH2)4] ∙ 2O(CH2CH2)2O (IV). The reaction of complex III with pyrazole (HРz) affords mononuclear complex [Co(OOСCF3)2(HРz)4] ∙ 2O(CH2CH2)2O (V). The reaction of complex I with HРz in methylene dichloride leads to mononuclear complex [Co(OOСCF3)2(HРz)4] (VI). The structures of coordination compounds I–VI are determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (СIF files CCDC nos. 1985667 (I), 1985666 (II), 1985671 (III), 1985670 (IV), 1985665 (V), and 1985669 (VI) at Т = 296(2) K and 1985668 (VI) at Т = 150(2) K).

Bimetallic Ni(II) complex with carboxylate bridging for homogeneous hydrogenation of alkenes with NaBH4

In this study, we present the synthesis and full characterization of the dimer Ni(II) complex, [Ni2(dpaa)2(bpy)2(SO4)(H2O)]CH3OH, (dpaa = diphenyl acetic acid, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) with an N2O4 donor set and its hydrogenation activity on linear and cyclic alkenes (1-octene, t-2-octene, 1-hexene, cyclohexene, cyclopentene, benzene and styrene) with NaBH4 as a hydrogen source. 1-Octene and 1-hexene were reduced to the corresponding alkanes as the major products (81.3 and 91.2%, respectively), and the substrate isomerized the terminal alkenes to a mixture of internal alkenes as minor products (1–4%) under the studied conditions (subs/cat/reduct. 100/1/1 in methanol, 40 °C, 6 h). To optimize the reaction conditions for the reduction of styrene to ethyl benzene in methanol, the effect of subs./NaBH4 ratio, solvent and temperature were also investigated.

Evaluation of ionic liquid separation ability for the benzene–methanol mixture by extractive distillation

AbstractBACKGROUNDBenzene–methanol azeotrope can be formed at atmospheric pressure. Extractive distillation is widely used in the separation of azeotrope. The key factor for extractive distillation is the selection of entrainer. The minimal total annual cost of extractive distillation process can be used as objective function to evaluate the separation performance of ionic liquid entrainer. Intermolecular interaction energy can be used to analyze separation mechanisms.RESULTAn Aspen Plus software database belonging to the three ionic liquids 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate, 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate and 1‐decyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate was established. The minimal total annual costs of three extractive distillation processes for the separation of benzene–methanol mixture with different ionic liquids were obtained by sequential iterative method. The feed rate of entrainer was also obtained under the optimized conditions. Among the three extractive distillation processes with different ionic liquid, the total annual cost and the entrainer feed rate of the extractive distillation process with 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate as entrainer are the smallest. The intermolecular interaction energies in the ternary system of benzene–methanol–ionic liquid were obtained using the Gaussian 09 software package based on the density functional theory. The separation mechanisms and the extractive distillation process of benzene–methanol azeotrope with ionic liquid as entrainer was interpreted by the intermolecular interaction energy.CONCLUSIONThe results show that the separation ability of 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate is higher than that of 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate or 1‐decyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate. Intermolecular interaction energy analysis can be used in the screening and design of ionic liquid entrainer. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

SCREENING OF ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF NATURALLY OCCURRING FRESHWATER FILAMENTOUS GREEN ALGAE CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA COLLECTED FROM BIRBHUM DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA.

Microalgae have been recognized in the last several years as source of novel anti-viral, anti-algal, antibacterial and antifungal metabolites. Cladophora glomerata is a branched filamentous green algae commonly found in freshwater bodies. The aim of the present work is to study the antimicrobial screening of the cell extracts of naturally occurring freshwater green algae Cladophora glomerata against clinically significant microorganisms both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and pathogenic fungi. In this study four test pathogens were considered, these test bacterial strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and fungal strain was Candida krusei. Crude metabolites were extracted using four different solvents namely chloroform, methanol, butanol and petroleum benzene. The antimicrobial activities of crude extracts were evaluated using agar cup diffusion methods. Among the solvents highest antimicrobial activity was detected in methanol extracts against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, i.e. Bacillus subtilis (19.66±0.57 mm) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.66±0.57 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (15.33±0.57 mm) respectively. Moderate activity were detected in chloroform extract against Bacillus subtilis (14.00±0.57 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.33±1.00 mm) respectively. The less activity was detected in petroleum benzene extract against Staphylococcus aureus (10.66±1.00 mm) and no activity was found against fungal pathogen Candida krusei. The present finding that may serve as leads for the development of new pharmaceuticals addressing the novel therapeutic needs of mankind. It is concluded that the branched filamentous green algae Cladophora glomerata occurring in natural freshwater bodies represents a new source of antimicrobial formulation with stable and biologically active compounds. Keywords: Cladophora glomerata, Freshwater bodies, Solvent extracts, Antimicrobial potential.

High efficiency and fast separation of active proteins by HIC chromatographic pie with sub-2 μm polymer packings

This paper reports the development of hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) by synthesizing sub-2 μm polymer packings which was packed into a chromatographic pie for fast separation of native proteins at low pressures demonstrating high efficiency. Using styrene as monomer and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA)as swelling agent, the polystyrene seeds with an average particle size of 0.8 μm and monodisperse polymeric microspheres with a particle size of 1.5–5.0 μm were synthesized through dispersion polymerization and one-step swelling method, respectively. In order to separate active proteins, the microspheres were modified to hydrophobic chromatographic packings through covalent bonding with benzene methanol. Compared with the traditional column chromatography, the sub-2 μm polymer packings in chromatographic pie exhibited higher column efficiency for protein separation at lower column pressures, even at higher flow rates. The van Deemter curve showed that the flow rate had insignificant effect on column efficiency of chromatographic pie. Seven example proteins were clearly separated within 3 min at a flow rate of 10 mL/min. The applicability of this method was further demonstrated by the separation of human serum samples. The results indicated that this chromatographic mode can be potentially applied for the fast separation of complex active proteins, such as protein drugs from natural products.

Solvent Dependent Luminescence Sensing of Nitro‐Explosives by a Terbium‐Based Metal‐Organic Complex

AbstractPowder sample of a terbium based metal‐organic complex (MOC) [Tb2(pydcH)6]⋅3H2O {H2pydc= 2,6‐Pyridinedicarboxylic acid}, 1, were synthesized by simple solvent evaporation method in water medium. Powder X‐ray diffraction data of complex 1 confirmed a molecular complex of tricapped trigonal prismatic Tb3+ ion with a free carboxylic acid site of each H2pydc ligands by comparing with the single crystal X‐ray diffraction data of isomorphous europium based compound, [Eu2(pydcH)6]⋅3H2O. Compound 1 showed very strong visible green luminescence which was sensitive towards nitro explosives; and interestingly, the sensitivity was dependent on the solvent used. The luminescence was emitted by ligand sensitized Tb metal centre of compound 1 and was quenched so quickly and efficiently that an instant colour change from visible green to colourless was observed by naked eye. The experiments were done for the detection of nitro‐explosive materials such as 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (TNP), 2,4‐dinitrophenol (2,4‐DNP), 2,4‐dinitro toluene (DNT), 1,3‐dinitro benzene (DNB), 4‐nitrotoluene (NT) and nitro benzene (NB) in water (H2O), methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (CH3CN), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvents. Mechanism of the luminescence quenching behaviour in different solvents was successfully explained by combined effect of resonance energy transfer, absorption of excitation light and the possibility of electron transfer. Experimental results were also supported by DFT calculations.

Lactobacillus plantarum and natural fermentation-mediated biotransformation of flavor and aromatic compounds in horse gram sprouts

Abstract Bio-transformed volatile compounds in horse gram sprouts, Lactobacillus plantarum NRRL B-4496 and Lactobacillus plantarum NCDO 1193 mediated as well as naturally fermented horse gram sprouts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with headspace solid-phase micro extraction. A total of 36 compounds, including acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, sulfur containing compounds were identified in sprouts fermented for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days by mass spectral data, Kovats indices and comparing authentic standards. Fermentation-mediated volatile metabolites such as acetic acid, eugenol, benzyl alcohol (benzene methanol), acetoin, 2, 3-butanediol and ethyl palmitate were found to be the prime contributors to the sensory attributes of fermented samples. As the contents of alcohols, ketones, esters and phenols increased during fermentation, some aldehydes significantly decreased. For the first time, eugenol was detected in fermentation of horse gram, paving the way for new bioprocessing strategy for production of health beneficial aroma compound. Therefore, fermentation of horse gram sprouts enhances bio-transformed volatile composition derived from primary metabolites which has relevance for improving value-added flavor and health benefits from short chain fatty acids while integrating potential probiotic benefits.

A New, Practical One-Pot Synthesis of Unprotected Sulfonimidamides by Transfer of Electrophilic NH to Sulfinamides.

Unprotected tertiary sulfonimidamides have been prepared in good to excellent yields in a one‐pot transformation from tertiary sulfinamides through NH transfer. The reaction is mediated by commercially available (diacetoxyiodo)benzene and ammonium carbamate in methanol under convenient conditions. A wide range of functional groups are tolerated and initial results indicate that the NH transfer is stereospecific. A small molecule X‐ray analysis of NH sulfonimidamide 2 a and its behavior in selected in vitro assays in comparison to the matched sulfonamide are also reported. This new reaction provides a safe, short and efficient approach to sulfonimidamides, which have been the subject of recent, growing interest in the life sciences.

High-performance thin-layer chromatography and indirect TLC—HRMS-based determination of 20-hydroxyecdysone in Sesuvium portulacastrum

20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E), an imperative phytoecdysteroid, regulates several biochemical and physiological processes during the different developmental stages in insects. The aim of the present work was to validate an analytical method for the detection and identification of the 20E content in Sesuvium portulacastrum using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) combined with image analysis and using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Using HPTLC, the better separation of 20E was achieved on TLC plate prewashed with ethanol—ethyl acetate—water (8:2:0.5) and using the solvent system consisting of chloroform—methanol—benzene (12.5:2.5:1.5) at RF value of 0.30. The bands were documented using a TLC visualizer and scanned at 254 nm in absorption mode. The method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, robustness, stability, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) as per the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The linear calibr...

Identification of a Potential ISR Determinant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM12 against Fusarium Wilt in Tomato.

Biocontrol of plant diseases through induction of systemic resistance is an environmental friendly substitute to chemicals in crop protection measures. Different biotic and abiotic elicitors can trigger the plant for induced resistance. Present study was designed to explore the potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PM12 in inducing systemic resistance in tomato against Fusarium wilt. Initially the bioactive compound, responsible for ISR, was separated and identified from extracellular filtrate of P. aeruginosa PM12. After that purification and characterization of the bacterial crude extracts was carried out through a series of organic solvents. The fractions exhibiting ISR activity were further divided into sub-fractions through column chromatography. Sub fraction showing maximum ISR activity was subjected to Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the identification of compounds. Analytical result showed three compounds in the ISR active sub-fraction viz: 3-hydroxy-5-methoxy benzene methanol (HMB), eugenol and tyrosine. Subsequent bioassays proved that HMB is the potential ISR determinant that significantly ameliorated Fusarium wilt of tomato when applied as soil drench method at the rate of 10 mM. In the next step of this study, GC-MS analysis was performed to detect changes induced in primary and secondary metabolites of tomato plants by the ISR determinant. Plants were treated with HMB and Fusarium oxysporum in different combinations showing intensive re- modulations in defense related pathways. This work concludes that HMB is the potential elicitor involved in dynamic reprogramming of plant pathways which functionally contributes in defense responses. Furthermore the use of biocontrol agents as natural enemies of soil borne pathogens besides enhancing production potential of crop can provide a complementary tactic for sustainable integrated pest management.

Thermodynamic study of solubility for 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine in twelve organic solvents at temperatures from 273.15 K to 323.15 K

The solubility of 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine in methanol, ethanol, chloroform, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, n-propanol, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide, isopropanol, 1,4-dioxane and ethyl benzene was obtained experimentally using the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis at temperatures ranging from (273.15 to 323.15)K under atmospheric pressure. The solubility of 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine in a fixed solvent increased with an increase in temperature. At a certain temperature, the mole fraction solubility in different solvents decreased according to the following order: N,N-dimethylformamide>dioxane>acetone>ethyl acetate>chloroform>(acetonitrile, n-propanol)>(ethanol, isopropanol)>methanol>toluene>ethyl benzene. Four models, modified Apelblat equation, λh equation, Wilson model and NRTL model were applied to correlate of the experimental solubility results. The largest values of relative average deviation and root-mean-square deviation acquired by the four models are 1.21% and 10.71×10−4, respectively. The modified Apelblat model is regarded as the best one for describing the experimental values. Furthermore, the mixing Gibbs energy, mixing enthalpy, and mixing entropy, activity coefficient and reduced excess enthalpy at infinitesimal concentration were obtained based on the mole fraction solubility. The mixing process of 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine in the selected solvents is discussed.