Bentonite Nanocomposites Research Articles

Harnessing the power of ternary nanocomposites: Iron oxide, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and bentonite for superior ciprofloxacin adsorption

Water contamination from antibiotics can have detrimental effects on one’s health. Consequently, treating the polluted water is required to fix this issue. Fe3O4-multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)-Bentonite nanocomposite has been successfully prepared using a customized co-precipitation process. The synthesized nanocomposite was used as an adsorbent to extract the ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanocomposite was examined using several characterization methods. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles and bentonite are well-decorated on MWCNTs. The nanocomposite exhibits a high BET surface area of 221.577 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.411 cm3/g. According to the analysis, the average pore diameter was found to be 3.717 nm. Additionally, the adsorption model agreed with the Jovanovic model, which had a 137.35 mg/g adsorption capacity, with a χ2 of 2.161, and a good nonlinear R2 value of 0.999. Moreover, adsorbent was found to be highly stable even after 4 cycles. The ΔS and ΔH values were found to be positive, which suggested an endothermic process. The synthesized nanocomposite proved to be a viable option for water treatment applications, and there is no literature available on CIP antibiotic adsorption using Fe3O4-MWCNT-Bentonite nanocomposite.

Correction: Insight into photocatalytic behavior of magnesium ferrite–bentonite nanocomposite for the degradation of organic contaminants

Correction: Insight into photocatalytic behavior of magnesium ferrite–bentonite nanocomposite for the degradation of organic contaminants

Isothermal and kinetic investigation of sorption efficacy of titania and bentonite nanocomposite for brilliant green dye removal for wastewater treatment

The impregnation of titania causes to generate and activate more points on surface of bentonite which is usually slightly basic in nature. That helps in the removal of cationic impurities effectively. So, their composite (TBC) is prepared and used to remove brilliant green (BG) dye as a test case here in cost-effective and ecofriendly manner by green methodology. The surface modification was analyzed by FTIR and SEM/EDX. Adsorption parameters were investigated and found that 4.54 mg/g ± 0.73 S.D of dye was removed by this composite using optimized condition. In kinetic study, pseudo-second order model justified the data. Thermodynamic value is −10.33 kJ/mol ± 0.067 indicating its exothermic and spontaneous nature of process. Desorption of BG and regeneration of titania–bentonite composite with HCl helps in its recycling and affirms that these nanocomposites are prolific, high-yielding and resourceful material for dye removal during wastewater treatment.

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene blue by ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/Bentonite nanocomposite

In this work, we report synthesis of bentonite (BT) supported softmagnetic ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles to obtain ZnFe2O4/BT. The composition, surface morphology and optical properties of the sample were characterized by XRD, EDX, FTIR, SEM and DRS analysis. The results of SEM show that the ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles spread on the thin layer of bentonite due to intercalation with bentonite. The band gaps of Bentonite, ZnFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4/BT are 2.18; 1.95 and 1.82 eV respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the samples is evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the presence of H2O2 under visible light radiation. The results indicated that the ZnFe2O4/BT samples exhibited higher removal efficiencies than the pure ZnFe2O4 ferrites. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the ZnFe2O4/BT is explained due to visible light adsorption ability, and larger interfacial area, as well as the efficient separation mechanism of photoinduced electron and holes.

Performance Evaluation of the Green Surfactant-Treated Nanofluid in Enhanced Oil Recovery: Dill-Hop Extracts and SiO2/Bentonite Nanocomposites

Performance Evaluation of the Green Surfactant-Treated Nanofluid in Enhanced Oil Recovery: Dill-Hop Extracts and SiO₂/Bentonite Nanocomposites

Dietary incorporation of magnetic bentonite nanocomposite: impacts on in vitro fermentation pattern, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of Baluchi male lambs.

Incorporation of bentonite into the diets of ruminants can be helpful to maximize their performance. Modifying the structure of bentonite to nano and nanocomposite has improved their chemical stability and physicochemical properties, enhancing adsorption, absorption, and cation exchange capacity. Aims: This study aimed to assess the effect of magnetic bentonite nanocomposite (MBNC) on in vivo and in vitro fermentation process patterns, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of Baluchi male lambs. Effects of control (basal diet), natural bentonite (NB) (10 g/kg dry matter (DM)), processed bentonite (PB) (5 and 10 g/kg DM basal diet), and MBNC (5 and 10 g/kg DM basal diet) on gas production (GP), and the fermentation process were determined using in vitro GP technique. For the in vivo experiment, 20 Baluchi male lambs were used with 4 experimental treatments: control, NB (5 g/kg DM), PB (5 g/kg DM), and MBNC (5 g/kg DM) and 5 replications in a completely randomized design for 60 consecutive days. The potential for GP and its fractional rates were significantly decreased and increased in MBNC, respectively (P<0.01). The lowest cumulative GP, and CH4 yield were observed in MBNC (P<0.05). In vitro, DM and organic matter (OM) digestibility and all fermentation parameters increased with the addition of two levels of MBNC to the culture medium (P<0.01). Except for feed conversion ratio (FCR), other growth performance parameters increased with the addition of MBNC to the diet (P<0.01). The ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetate, and propionate significantly increased when MBNC incorporated to the diet (P<0.01). The NH3-N (P<0.001) was significantly decreased in MBNC. The bentonite supplementation decreased acetate to propionate (P=0.001) compared to the control. Adding MBNC at the 5 g/kg diet DM level can be used as a useful supplement to optimize rumen fermentation pattern, reduce methane production, and increase lamb performance.

Polyaniline-Titanium Dioxide- Bentonite Nanocomposite for Removing Heavy Metal and Dyes from Wastewater: A Short Review

Polyaniline-Titanium Dioxide- Bentonite Nanocomposite for Removing Heavy Metal and Dyes from Wastewater: A Short Review

Clay-derived Synthesis of Supported α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles: Shape, Adsorption, and Photo-catalysis

Background: This paper reports a versatile bentonite clay-mediated growth method for selectively synthesizing zero-dimensional α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and one-dimensional α-Fe2O3 nanorods. Method: In such a growth process without any other surfactant or additive, the bentonite clay is not only used as the supporter, but also as a shape mediator for α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: The as-prepared products were used to investigate their promising adsorptive and photocatalytic applications in water treatment. According to the Langmuir equation, the maximum adsorption capacity of the α-Fe2O3/bentonite composite for Congo red (CR) is calculated to be 96.9 mg·g-1. Furthermore, the α-Fe2O3/bentonite nanocomposites also show an excellent photocatalytic property in the degradation of methyl orange (MO). Conclusion: This facile and novel synthesis method has the potential to be applied to prepare the low-cost α-Fe2O3/bentonite nanocomposite for the removal of CR and MO.

Fe3O4-multiwalled carbon nanotubes-bentonite as adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions

The contamination of water due to present of dyes, poses serious health problems. Therefore, treatment of contaminated water is necessary to resolve this problem. A tailored co-precipitation technique has been successfully used to prepare Fe3O4-multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)-Bentonite nanocomposite. The methylene blue present in aqueous solutions was removed using synthesized nanocomposite as adsorbent. The synthesized novel nanocomposite was analyzed by various characterization techniques. The scanning electron microscope analysis shows that Bentonite and Fe3O4 nanoparticles are well decorated with the MWCNTs matrix. The nanocomposite exhibited a high BET surface area of 204.01 m2/g with a pore volume of 0.367 cm3/g. The BJH adsorption average pore diameter was analyzed to be 7.2 nm. Moreover, the adsorption model was in agreement with the Redlich-Peterson model with adsorption capacity of 48.2 mg/g with a high nonlinear regression coefficient (R2 = 0.985) and a low chi-square value (χ2 = 6.18). Kinetics data were described well by pseudo-first-order and pseudo second order, models with a high non-linear regression coefficient (R2 = 0.993). Adsorption of MB dye was determined to be a non-spontaneous and endothermic process since the values of ΔG, and ΔH were positive, and the entropy value was negative. Thus, the synthesized nanocomposite established itself as a promising candidate for the water treatment process.

A carbon dot-based clay nanocomposite for efficient heavy metal removal.

Carbon dots and their derivatives with fascinating photoluminescence properties have recently attracted tremendous scientific attention. This work describes the preparation of novel fluorescent bentonite clay (B), modified with carbon dot nanomaterials (CDs), and its usage as a lead removal platform. The CDs were prepared using a hydrothermal method from graphitic waste which served as the carbon source material. The as-obtained CDs were found to be fluorescent, being spherical in shape, positively charged, and smaller than 5 nm. Encouraged by their structure and photoluminescence features, they were used as surface modifiers to make fluorescent bentonite nanocomposites. Bentonite was used as a negatively charged model of aluminosilicate and reacted with the positively charged CDs. XRD, FTIR, XPS, and fluorescence analysis were used to characterize the prepared materials. The results indicate that the CDs intercalated inside the bentonite matrix were stable with excellent optical properties over time. They were finally used as an efficient hybrid platform for lead removal with a removal efficiency of 95% under light conditions, at room temperature, in an alkaline medium, and after only 10 min of reaction, compared to 70% under dark conditions. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models were better fitted to describe the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was equal to 400 mg g-1 toward Pb(ii) removal, at room temperature and pH = 8, under light conditions. To summarize, we have designed UV light stimuli responsive carbon dot-intercalated clay with high Pb(ii) adsorption capacity and long-term stability.

Novel cubical Ag(NP) decorated titanium dioxide supported bentonite thin film in the efficient removal of bisphenol A using visible light.

The persistent endocrine-disrupting chemical bisphenol A is posing serious health concerns; hence, it is known to be an emerging and potential water contaminant. The present investigation aims to synthesize novel cubical Ag(NP) decorated titanium dioxide-supported bentonite (Ag/TiO2@Clay) nanocomposite using a novel synthetic process. The nanocomposite materials were characterized by several analytical methods viz., transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Further, the photocatalytic removal of bisphenol A was conducted utilizing the thin film catalyst under the LED (light emitting diode; visible light) and UV-A (ultra violet-A) light sources. The parametric studies solution pH (6.0-12.0), pollutant concentrations (1.0-20.0mg/L), and the interaction of several scavengers and co-existing ions are studied extensively to demonstrate the insights of the removal mechanism. The mineralization of bisphenol A and repeated use of the thin filmcatalyst showed the potential usage of photocatalysts in the devised large-scale operations. Similarly, the natural matrix treatment was performed to evaluate the suitability of the process for real implications.

Poli(2-Okso-2-Feniletil -2-Amino Benzoat)/Bentonit Nanokompozitinin Sentezi, Karakterizasyonu ve Elektrik İletkenliğinin İncelenmesi

This study was carried out in two stages. In the first stage; 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl-2-aminobenzoate (OPA) compound, which was an aniline derivative, was synthesized by starting the appropriate components. Then, poly(OPA) was obtained via chemical polymerization of the OPA in the presence of ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as the initiator and DMF as the solvent. Poly(OPA)/Bentonite (BNT) nanocomposite was synthesized by effectively dispersing the inorganic nanolayers of BNT in poly(OPA) matrix by means of intercalation method. In the second stage; the characterization of the synthesized OPA, poly(OPA) and poly(OPA)/BNT nanocomposite was investigated. The OPA was characterized by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS). The structures of the poly(OPA) and nanocomposite(OPA) were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the conductivity of poly(OPA)/BNT nanocomposite was investigated and change in electrical conductivity was examined.

Effective Removal of Reactive and Direct Dyes from Colored Wastewater Using Low-Cost Novel Bentonite Nanocomposites

The present study was aimed to remove direct violet-51, reactive green-5, reactive red, and acid red dyes by novel bentonite clay nanocomposites prepared using sodium metasilicate and potassium ferricyanide. The effect of temperature, pH, adsorbent amount, contact time, and initial concentration were studied to optimize the removal process. Various adsorption isotherms (Temkin, Freundlich isotherm, Langmuir isotherm, Harkin Jura, and Dubinin Radushkevich models) and kinetic models (pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order) were applied to adsorption data to find out the best fit model, i.e., Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order model. The prepared samples of bentonite nanocomposites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Bentonite treated with sodium metasilicate and potassium ferricyanide removed 96.6% of direct violet-51 dye, bentonite treated with sodium metasilicate removed 95%, bentonite treated with potassium ferricyanide removed 94%, and pure bentonite removed 80% of the dye from the solution.

A one‐stage sono‐coprecipitation synthesis of porous Fe3O4/bentonite nanocomposite as an adsorbent for methylene blue removal in water

AbstractA porous Fe3O4/bentonite nanocomposite (FBC) was successfully synthesized via an efficient and green co‐precipitation reaction under ultrasonic assistance. The FBC material was characterized by XRD, BET, FTIR and SEM and employed for removing methylene blue from the aqueous solution. The results showed that this nanocomposite owned a reasonably high BET surface area of 98.36 m2/g and pore size of 9.32 nm. Adsorption isotherms were also studied for FBC material and methylene blue adsorption isotherm fitted well to Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 181.82 mg/g. The n value of Freundlich isotherm was 14.45 which indicated physical nature of the adsorption process. It demonstrated the great potential of the material in pollutants adsorption in water and wastewater treatment.

Synthesis, characterization of Ag-WO3/bentonite nanocomposites and their application in photocatalytic degradation of humic acid in water.

In this study, Ag-WO3/bentonite nanocomposites were synthesized through a sol-gel process, a microwave irradiation technique, and a sol-immobilization process to examine their impact on the photocatalytic activity in the degradation of humic acids. The optical and structural properties of the synthesized materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform-infrared spectra (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV-Vis diffused reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The presence of Ag and WO3 peaks in the XRD and EDX spectra confirmed the synthesis of Ag-WO3 nanoparticles in the composite. The monoclinic structure of the produced WO3 samples are shown by powder X-ray diffraction patterns. The WO3-based nanocomposites' photocatalytic activity was improved by the composition of Ag and bentonite, which reduced the optical bandgap energy of WO3. The binary (Ag-WO3) nanocomposite showed improved photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of humic acid (HA) from 58% (pristine WO3) to 82% (Ag-WO3) when compared with the pristine WO3 sample under the visible light irradiation. Notably, the ternary (Ag-WO3/bent) nanocomposite demonstrated an outstanding photocatalytic efficiency of HA degradation (91.0%) under normal conditions (pH = 7.0 and 25°C). Humic acid degradation in Ag-WO3/bent was expressed by the pseudo-first-order kinetic. To summarize, integrating Ag, WO3, bentonite, and visible light radiation to activate HA efficiently can be offered as a successful and promising technique for wastewater treatment.

Bentonite Nanoclay Optoelectrochemical Property Improvement through Bimetallic Silver and Gold Nanoparticles

This study assesses the physical and electrochemical changes of bimetallic Ag-Au nanoparticle-functionalized bentonite nanoclay. Nanoclay was studied to deduce a better sensing material/film. A chemical co-reduction method was used to synthesize bimetallic Ag-Au c nanoparticles, which were used to prepare a Ag-Au/PGV bentonite composite. Bimetallic Ag-AuNPs and their nanoclay composite were optically characterized using the scanning electron microscope, ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared, whilst cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to ascertain their electrochemical activity and properties. The results of surface morphological inspection showed an average size of 10 nm, in agreement with XRD. The bimetallic Ag-AuNPs UV/Vis characteristic wavelengths of 414 nm and 516 nm confirmed the presence of Ag and Au metals, respectively. XRD exhibited diffraction planes related to 2θ values of Ag and Au metals, whilst FTIR indicated mainly COO- functional groups from the citrate capping of bimetallic Ag-Au NPs. CV and DPV showed that bentonite nanoclay is largely insulated by silicates but exhibited a small electroactivity of Fe. The electroactivity of Ag-Au/PGV bentonite exhibited peak potentials due to Ag/Ag+ and Au/Au3+ redox couples at 0.19 V/−0.20 V and 1.37 V/0.42, respectively. The Ag-Au/PGV bentonite nanocomposite exhibited the highest surface concentration of 3.25 × 10−2 cm2, a diffusion coefficient of 2.36 × −11 cm2/s, and an electron transfer rate constant (Ks) of 1.99 × 10−4 cm2. The outcome of these results indicated that the Ag-Au/PGV bentonite nanocomposite was more electroactive than PGV. Therefore, this study accentuates Ag-Au/PGV bentonite nanocomposite as a novel and promising platform for electrochemical sensing with higher sensitivity and efficiency than other sensing materials.

Assessment of green tea-enabled iron/calcined bentonite nanocomposites for phosphate removal and recovery

We suggest using green tea enabled iron nanoparticles supported on calcined bentonite (G-nZVI/B) to remove and recover phosphate from synthetic wastewater. The nanocomposites are proposed as an eco-innovative adsorbent material for wastewater treatment plants. Adsorption columns packed with this novel nanocomposite would help overcome the footprint obstacle of wastewater treatment plants in a cost-effective way. We assessed the effect of various iron (Fe) /calcined bentonite (Cal-B) mass ratios (2 g Cal-B/2 g Fe, 2 g Fe, 2 g Cal-B/0.56 g Fe) and Fe/Green tea extract (GT) volumetric ratios (1/1, 1/0.5, 1/0.1) in 9 different nanocomposites (G-nZVI/B). The nanocomposites were characterized using BET, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS. The recipe for the optimized nanocomposite composition was found as follows: NC2 (Fe: 2 g, Calcined bentonite: 2 g, Fe/Green tea extract: (1/0.5) (V/V)). TEM analysis demonstrated that size of the iron nanoparticles (INPs) was within the range of 8–30 nm for NC2. Adsorption isotherms and kinetic models were carried out with the optimized nanocomposite under the following conditions: Room temperature; adsorbent dosage = 5 g/L; initial phosphate concentration: 10–900 mg/L, and contact time = 5–1500 min. The results revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity was 58.60 mg/g using Sips model (R2 = 0.959), and the adsorption rate constant was 23.017 mg/(g.min) using Elovich model (R2 = 0.971). Chemisorption was suggested to be the major mechanism of phosphate removal from an aqueous solution. The adsorption and recovery efficiencies were determined to be 98.60% and 53.48% using 1 g of NC2 with 50 mg/L initial phosphate concentration.

Insight into photocatalytic behavior of magnesium ferrite–bentonite nanocomposite for the degradation of organic contaminants

Insight into photocatalytic behavior of magnesium ferrite–bentonite nanocomposite for the degradation of organic contaminants

Activated Bentonite Nanocomposite for the Synthesis of Solketal from Glycerol in the Liquid Phase

Activated bentonites are low-cost acid catalysts used in several reactions. However, their application at an industrial scale is affected by the formation of colloidal suspensions when these bentonites are in aqueous solutions. In order to overcome these limitations, this work proposes obtaining a catalyst based on a composite containing natural bentonite within a silica–resin structure, which allows separating and re-utilizing the catalyst more easily and without centrifugal filtration requirements. By means of characterization techniques, the present study determined that the activated bentonite composite presented a total specific surface area of ~360 m2 g−1, ~4 mmol of acid sites per gram of bentonite, and sites with strong acid strength, all of which bestowed activity and selectivity in the solketal synthesis reaction from glycerol and acetone, reaching equilibrium conversion within a short reaction time. Furthermore, the present work developed a Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson kinetic model, achieving an activation energy of 50.3 ± 3.6 kJ mol−1 and a pre-exponential factor of 6.4 × 106 mol g−1 L−1 s−1, which are necessary for reactor design.

An efficient removal of methylene blue and lead(II) from aqueous solutions by green synthesized iron oxide/pillared bentonite nanocomposite

We have reported a facile, low-cost, and environmentally friendly procedure to eliminate toxic ions of lead(II) and organic dye of methylene blue (MB) by green synthesized Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on the pillared bentonite (Al–B) utilizing Cordia myxa leaf extract. The synthesized Fe3O4@Al–B nanocomposite was characterized using different techniques. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope showed that the Fe3O4 MNPs were successfully produced by the green route and homogeneously dispersed on the surface of bentonite. The green synthesized magnetic nanocomposite obtained an average surface area of 117.53 m2/g with a saturation magnetization of 27/1 emu/g. The high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area confirmed its potential application in the separation of pollutants such as dyes and toxic metals from the environment. Hence, the removal efficiency of the synthesized Fe3O4@Al–B nanocomposite was examined in the removal of lead(II) and MB from aqueous media. In the optimization step, the effects of the pH, the dosage of the nanocomposite, and initial adsorbate concentration were also studied in the adsorption processes. The fitted experimental data to kinetic isotherms clarified that the adsorption process, for both adsorbates, obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The resulted data showed that as-synthesized Fe3O4@Al–B nanocomposite operates as an effective adsorbent in the removal of lead(II) and MB from aqueous media with good recycle-ability several times.