Benign Thyroid Research Articles

Abstract 7411: CAMStool: Cancer-associated somatic mutation selection tool for cancer risk prediction in whole-genome data

Abstract Predicting cancer risk plays a useful role in presenting guidelines to prevent and manage cancers of individuals. Genomic variants have recently been widely used as a genetic factor, and the utilization of the genetic factor consisting of somatic mutations has shown remarkable predictive performance in many cancer prediction studies. Typically, the accuracy of such prediction studies is significantly affected by the composition of somatic mutations used as the genetic factor; however, in practice, choosing the optimal set of mutations with high prediction accuracy is a challenging task in cancer prediction research. From this perspective, we present a new analysis tool for selecting an optimal set of somatic mutations associated with cancers of interest, named CAMStool. The CAMStool is based on the statistical values, which are the effect size and its p-value of each somatic mutation for the cancers of interest. It heuristically searches for the only somatic mutations that directly increase the prediction accuracy of cancer, through statistical and machine-learning models. Then, our tool presents the finally selected somatic mutations as the final optimal mutation set, and additionally presents an optimal cancer risk prediction model through various machine/deep learning modeling using the optimal set as a genetic factor. For the evaluation, the CAMStool was applied to our real whole-genome dataset which are sequenced from normal-tumor tissues of 459 individuals with thyroid cancer. The CAMStool selected 36 and 55 optimal somatic mutations associated with the benign thyroid and non-invasive follicular thyroid cancer, and presented risk prediction models with sensitivity of 88.04% and 90.32%, respectively. Although the CAMStools has some limitations, it is expected to contribute to various cancer prediction studies that require selecting optimal mutation sets in the future. The CAMStools is written in R and will be released soon on our github (https://github.com/JaeYoonKim72). Citation Format: Jae-Yoon Kim, Seung-Jin Park, Seong-Hwan Park, Seon-Kyu Kim. CAMStool: Cancer-associated somatic mutation selection tool for cancer risk prediction in whole-genome data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7411.

Comparative evaluation of shear wave elastography elasticity values in thyroid nodules with cytology results and TI-RADS scoring in differentiation of benign–malignant nodules

PurposeThe aim of this prospective study was to investigate the diagnostic performance of shear wave elastography (SWE) in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules and their correlation with the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR TI-RADS).MethodsThis prospective study included 370 thyroid nodules in 308 patients aged 18–70 years. All the patients underwent B-mode ultrasound (US), Doppler examination, and SWE and were given an ACR TI-RADS risk score before fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and/or surgery. The correlation between SWE parameters and ACR TI-RADS categories was investigated statistically and compared with histopathologic results. Additionally, the diagnostic performance of SWE was evaluated to distinguish malignant and benign thyroid nodules.ResultsOne hundred and thirty-five of the 370 thyroid nodules were malignant, and 235 nodules were benign. The mean shear wave velocity (SWV) value of the malignant nodules (3.70 ± 0.98 m/s) was statistically higher than that of the benign nodules (2.70 ± 0.37 m/s). The best cutoff value of the mean SWV for differentiating benign and malignant nodules was found to be 2.94 m/s (sensitivity 90.4%, specificity 89.9%, positive predictive value 81.3%, negative predictive value 94.1%, p < 0.001). The average score of the nodules according to the ACR TI-RADS was 3.57 ± 1.83 in benign nodules and 7.38 ± 2.69 in malignant nodules (p ≤ 0.001).ConclusionThis study showed that combining SWE and TI-RADS improves the specificity of TI-RADS alone in differentiating benign and malignant nodules.

Expression of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor on Normal and Abnormal Parathyroid and Thyroid Tissue

IntroductionCurrent imaging techniques have several limitations in detecting parathyroid glands. We have investigated the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) as a potential target for specifically labeling parathyroid glands for radiologic detection. For accurate imaging it is vital that a large differential expression exists between the target tissue and adjacent structures. We sought to investigate the relative abundance of the CaSR in normal and abnormal parathyroid tissue, as well as normal and abnormal thyroid. MethodsExisting clinical specimens were selected that represented a wide variety of pathologically and clinically confirmed malignant and benign thyroid and parathyroid specimens. Sections were stained for the CaSR using immunohistochemistry and scored for intensity and abundance of expression. (H score = intensity scored from 0 to 3 multiplied by the % of cells at each intensity. Range 0-300). ResultsAll parathyroid specimens expressed the CaSR to a high degree. Normal parathyroid had the highest H score (271, s.d. 25.4). Abnormal parathyroid specimens were slightly lower but still much higher than normal thyroid (H score 38.3, s.d. 23.3). Medullary thyroid cancer also expressed the CaSR significantly higher than normal thyroid (H score 182, s.d. 69.1, P < 0.001) but below parathyroid levels. Hürthle cell carcinoma expressed the CaSR to a lesser degree but higher than normal thyroid (H score 101, s.d. 46.4, P = 0.0037). ConclusionsThe CaSR is differentially expressed on parathyroid tissue making it a feasible target for parathyroid imaging. False positives might be anticipated with medullary and Hürthle cell cancers.

Value of TI-RADS and elastography strain ratio in predicting malignant thyroid nodules: experience from a single center in Egypt

IntroductionThyroid nodules are highly prevalent in the general population; therefore, it is crucial to discriminate benign from malignant nodules. A practical thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) for thyroid nodules and ultrasound elastography are valuable tools not only for characterization of nodules but also for the selection of tumors for fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of US evaluation in the prediction of malignant thyroid nodules and evaluate the role of the elastography score, strain ratio (SR), and the TI-RADS scoring system as non-invasive tools in differentiation between malignant and benign thyroid nodules.Material and methodsA total of 1269 patients were evaluated between February 2017 and April 2020 by a single expert thyroid ultrasound operator. The final diagnosis was achieved from cytological and/or histological evaluation and follow-up for at least 1 year.ResultsThere were 1088 females and 181 males with a mean age of 44 ± 10 SD. The final diagnosis was 1197 benign nodules and 72 malignant nodules. Most malignant nodules were scored elastography score 4 (83.3%) and TI-RADS category 5 (86.11%). We found that nodules with antero-posterior to transverse (A-P/T) diameter > 1, have 21 times more risk to be malignant than those with A-P/T diameter < 1, patients with solitary thyroid nodules have 4.5 times to develop malignancy compared to those with multinodular goiter (MNG), nodules with absent halo have 4 times more risk of malignancy. Furthermore, microcalcifications in thyroid nodules increase the risk of malignancy 9 times compared to those without calcifications. SR was found to be an excellent discriminator to differentiate between benign and malignant nodules with P < 0.001. Also, we found that for every unit increase in SR, the risk of malignancy increased by 20%. We reported that the accuracy of ultrasonography in the detection of malignant thyroid nodules had a sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 98%, 70% PPV, and 99.3% NPV, with an overall accuracy of 97.2%.ConclusionThe application of ultrasonographic non-invasive criteria for thyroid nodules in clinical practice might significantly reduce the number of unnecessary FNAC. Elastography, SR, and TI-RADS classification could be good predictors for malignant thyroid nodules.

A Clinico Pathological Correlation of FNAC and Histopathology of Thyroid Swellings: A Hospital-Based Prospective Study

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology is a diagnostic tool in which cells are extracted from palpable swelling using FNAC gun or syringe and needle. It is a simple, speedy, safe, cost effective and accurate technique being used worldwide. But, pitfalls come along making the correlation with histopathology often necessary. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective study conducted among 30 patients undergoing thyroidectomy for thyroid swellings in ENT department, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore. Patients were evaluated by detailed history, clinical examination, preoperative FNAC, thyroid function tests. Results: Thirty patients who underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid swelling during the study period was selected. Among 30 cases all specimen was sent for gross and microscopic examination. Two cases of malignant neoplasms were detected, one of which was benign according to FNAC. Most common lesion was multinodular goiter. Correlation of FNAC and histopathology for benign and malignant lesions, sensitivity of FNAC was found to be 50%, specificity 100%, negative predictive value of 96.5 % and positive predictive value of 100%. p-value&lt;0.01, showing that there is a strong positive correlation between FNAC and histopathology findings. Conclusion: Thyroid pathologies are frequently encountered in otolaryngology clinics. Often the initial FNAC is a cost effective and minimally invasive procedure for the preoperative assessment of patients with thyroid swelling. Even though the clinical presentation may be similar in benign and malignant thyroid swellings, FNAC is the key to initial evaluation of thyroid swellings as well as to plan the surgery. Keywords: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, Histopathology, Thyroid swellings.

Distinguish Thyroid Malignant from Benign Alterations using Neutron Activation Analysis of Chemical Element Contents in Nodular Tissue

Thyroid benign (TBN) and malignant (TMN) nodules are a common thyroid lesion. The differentiation of TMN often remains a clinical challenge and further improvements of TMN diagnostic accuracy are warranted. The aim of present study was to evaluate possibilities of using differences in chemical elements (ChEs) contents in nodular tissue for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Contents of eight ChEs including bromine (Br), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), iodine (I), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na) were prospectively evaluated in nodular tissue of thyroids with TBN (79 patients) and to TMN (41 patients). Measurements were performed using instrumental neutron activation analysis. It was observed that in TMN tissue the mass fractions of Br and I are approximately 2.9 and 14 times, respectively, lower, while the mass fraction of Ca, K, and Mg are 94%, 56%, and 36%, respectively, higher than in TBN tissue. Contents of Cl, Mn, and Na found in the TBN and TMN groups of nodular tissue samples were similar. Finally, it was proposed to use the I mass fraction and I/Ca, I/K, and I/Mg mass fraction ratios in a needle-biopsy of thyroid nodules as a potential tool to diagnose thyroid malignancy. Further studies on larger number of samples are required to confirm our findings and proposals.

Distinguish Thyroid Malignant From Benign Alterations Using Chemical Element Contents in Nodular Tissue Determined By Neutron Activation and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Objectives: Thyroid benign (TBN) and malignant (TMN) nodules are a common thyroid lesion. The differentiation of TMN often remains a clinical challenge and further improvements of TMN diagnostic accuracy are warranted. The aim of present study was to evaluate possibilities of using differences in chemical elements (ChEs) contents in nodular tissue for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Methods: Contents of nineteen ChEs including aluminum (Al), boron (B), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), coper (Cu), iron (Fe), I (iodine), potassium (K), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were prospectively evaluated in nodular tissue of thyroids with TBN (79 patients) and to TMN (41 patients). Measurements were performed using a combination of non-destructive and destructive methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Results: that in TMN tissue means of Br, I, Na, S, and V mass fractions are approximately 2.9, 15, 1.25, 1.15, and 1.7 times, respectively, lower, while the means of Ca, K, Mg, and P mass fraction are 2.3, 1.4, 1.4, and 2.0 times, respectively, higher those in TBN tissue. Mean contents of Al, B, Ba, Cl, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Si, Sr, and Zn found in the TBN and TMN groups of nodular tissue samples were similar. Conclusions: It was proposed to use the I mass fraction as well as I/Ca, I/K, I/Mg, and I/P mass fraction ratios in a needle-biopsy of thyroid nodules as a potential tool to diagnose thyroid malignancy. Further studies on larger number of samples are required to confirm our findings and proposals.

Diagnosis of Thyroid Malignancy using Levels of Chemical Element Contents in Nodular Tissue

Introduction: Thyroid benign (TBN) and malignant (TMN) nodules are a common thyroid lesion. The differentiation of TMN often remains a clinical challenge and further improvements of TMN diagnostic accuracy are warranted. The aim of present study was to evaluate possibilities of using differences in chemical elements (ChEs) contents in nodular tissue for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Methods: Contents of ChEs such as aluminum (Al), boron (B), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), coper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), potassium (K), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) were prospectively evaluated in “normal” thyroid (NT) of 105 individuals as well as in nodular tissue of thyroids with TBN (79 patients) and to TMN (41 patients). Measurements were performed using a combination of non-destructive and destructive methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis with high resolution spectrometry of short-lived radionuclides and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Results: It was observed that in TMN tissue the mean mass fraction of I was lower while the mean mass fractions of K, Mg, and P were higher than in both NT and TBN groups of samples. It was demonstrated that I content is nodular tissue is the most informative parameter for the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. It was found that “Sensitivity”, “Specificity” and “Accuracy” of TMN identification using the I level in the needle biopsy of affected thyroid tissue was significantly higher than that using US examination and cytological test of fine needle aspiration biopsy. Conclusions: It was concluded that determination of the I level in a needle biopsy of TNs using non-destructive instrumental analytical method is a fast, reliable, and very informative diagnostic tool that can be successfully used as an additional test of thyroid malignancy identification.

Improving Voice Outcomes after Thyroid Surgery and Ultrasound-Guided Ablation Procedures.

The field of endocrine surgery has expanded from the traditional open neck approach to include remote access techniques as well as minimally invasive approaches for benign and malignant thyroid nodules. In experienced hands and with careful patient selection, each approach is considered safe, however complications can and do exist. Post-operative dysphonia can have serious consequences to the patient by affecting quality of life and ability to function at work and in daily life. Given the significance of post-procedural dysphonia, we review the surgical and non-surgical techniques for minimizing and treating recurrent laryngeal nerve injury that can be utilized with the traditional open neck approach, remote access thyroidectomy, or minimally invasive thermal ablation.

Diagnosis of Thyroid Malignancy Using Chemical Elements of Nodular Tissue Determined by Neutron Activation Analysis

Thyroid benign (TBN) and malignant (TMN) nodules are a common thyroid lesion. The differentiation of TMN often remains a clinical challenge and further improvements of TMN diagnostic accuracy are warranted. The aim of present study was to evaluate possibilities of using differences in chemical elements (ChEs) contents in nodular tissue for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Contents of ChEs such as calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), iodine (I), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and sodium (Na) were prospectively evaluated in “normal” thyroid (NT) of 105 individuals as well as in nodular tissue of thyroids with TBN (79 patients) and to TMN (41 patients). Measurements were performed using non-destructive instrumental neutron activation analysis. It was observed that in TMN tissue the mean mass fraction of I was lower while the mean mass fractions of K and Mg were higher than in NT and TBN tissue. It was demonstrated that I content is nodular tissue is the most informative parameter for the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. It was found that “Sensitivity”, “Specificity” and “Accuracy” of TMN identification using the I level in the needle biopsy of affected thyroid tissue was significantly higher than that using US examination and cytological test of fine needle aspiration biopsy. It was concluded that determination of the I level in a needle biopsy of TNs using non-destructive instrumental analytical method is a fast, reliable, and very informative diagnostic tool that can be successfully used as an additional test of thyroid malignancy identification.

Correlation of American College of Radiology (ACR)-Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) findings in Ultrasonogram (USG) of thyroid nodules with FNAC or Biopsy findings

Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) classifies the different ultrasound patterns of thyroid nodule into different TIRADS classes based on their malignant potential. And ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is considered the most accurate method to evaluate thyroid malignancy. A prospective study was carried out during 2020 - 2021 in the Department of Radiology &amp; Imaging of Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Attarkhel, Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal, in which a total of 115 patients underwent ultrasonography of the lesions in one or both lobes or isthmus of the thyroid gland. The patients underwent FNAC or biopsy for these thyroid lesions. This study was carried out to correlate ACR-TIRADS findings in USG of thyroid nodules with FNAC or Biopsy findings. The ages of the patients ranged between 13 years to 77 years, with 72 female patients and 43 male patients. Different varieties of USG features were found in all the different categories of the ACR-TIRADS scoring system. Of total 115 nodules, maximum cases were in TR 3 (33.0%), followed by TR 2 (28.7%), TR 4 (18.3%), TR 1 (13.9%) and TR 5 (6.1%). Cytopathological reports revealed 75.6% of cases to be non-neoplastic. Among neoplastic lesions, 14 (12.2%) were of the indeterminate type of lesions and 14 (12.2%) were malignant nodules. Colloid goiter constituted the majority of non-neoplastic thyroid nodules (39.9%) and papillary carcinoma constituted 8.6% of the cases. The risk of malignancy was 0% for TR 1 and TR2 nodules, 7.9% for TR 3 nodules, 23.9% for TR 4 nodules, and 85.7% for TR 5 nodules. TIRADS score and cytopathological findings correlated well for TR 1, TR 2, and TR 5 lesions but showed less agreement for TR 3 and TR 4 nodules. This might be because of the overlap of USG characteristics between benign and malignant thyroid nodules.

The accurate diagnosis of grand microvascular imaging in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules: A meta-analysis

The accurate diagnosis of grand microvascular imaging in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules: A meta-analysis

Diagnosis of thyroid malignancy using trace elements of nodular tissue determined by neutron activation analysis

Thyroid benign (TBN) and malignant (TMN) nodules are a common thyroid lesion. The differentiation of TMN often remains a clinical challenge and further improvements of TMN diagnostic accuracy are warranted. The aim of present study was to evaluate possibilities of using differences in trace elements (TEs) contents in nodular tissue for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Contents of TEs such as silver (Ag), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), iodine (I), rubidium (Rb), antimony (Sb), scandium (Sc), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) were prospectively evaluated in “normal” thyroid (NT) of 105 individuals as well as in nodular tissue of thyroids with TBN (79 patients) and to TMN (41 patients). Measurements were performed using non-destructive instrumental neutron activation analysis. It was observed that in TMN tissue the mean mass fraction of I was lower while the mean mass fraction of Rb was higher than in NT and TBN tissue. It was demonstrated that I content in nodular tissue is the most informative parameter for the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. It was found that “Sensitivity”, “Specificity” and “Accuracy” of TMN identification using the I level in the needle biopsy of affected thyroid tissue was significantly higher than that using US examination and cytological test of fine needle aspiration biopsy. It was concluded that determination of the I level in a needle biopsy of TNs using non-destructive instrumental analytical method is a fast, reliable, and very informative diagnostic tool that can be successfully used as an additional test of thyroid malignancy identification.

Expression of CD10 and CD56 in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Lesions

Expression of CD10 and CD56 in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Lesions

Diagnostic Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Image Features under Deep Learning in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Lesions

This study aimed to analyze the application of the diagnostic model based on deep learning technology in the evaluation of thyroid contrast-enhanced ultrasound images and to provide a reference for the evaluation of benign and malignant thyroid. A diagnosis model of ultrasound images based on long- and short-term memory neural network (LSTM), C-LSTM, was proposed. The diagnostic method was compared with that based on support vector machine (SVM) and manual feature (MF), and it was applied to the diagnosis of thyroid contrast-enhanced ultrasound images. The results showed that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the C-LSTM model were greatly higher than those of SVM and MF, and the differences were considerable ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The number of parameters and the calculation amount of the C-LSTM model were greatly lower than those of SVM- and MF-based diagnosis methods ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the C-LSTM model were greatly greater than those of the C-LSTM-0 model, while the amounts of parameters and calculations were greatly lesser than those of the C-LSTM-0 model ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The numbers of benign tumors with contrast-enhanced ultrasound modes of no enhancement, no enhancement at early stage, and low enhancement were more than those of malignant tumors, while the numbers of high-enhancement tumors were greatly less than those of malignant tumors ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The diagnostic area under the curve (AUC) of rise time (RT) ratio, time to peak (TTP) ratio, and mean transit time (mTT) ratio for malignant masses were large, which were 0.856, 0.794, and 0.761, respectively. RT ratio, TTP ratio, and mTT ratio were of high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for malignant masses, while RT, TTP, and mTT were of low diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. In summary, the contrast-enhanced ultrasound images based on the deep learning C-LSTM model can effectively improve the diagnostic effect of benign and malignant thyroid masses. The image feature parameters RT ratio, TTP ratio, and mTT ratio were of good efficiency in diagnosing benign and malignant thyroid masses.

The Multifaceted Profile of Thyroid Disease in the Background of DICER1 Germline and Somatic Mutations: Then, Now and Future Perspectives

DICER1 protein is a member of the ribonuclease (RNAse) III family with a key role in the biogenesis of microRNAs (miRNA) and in microRNA processing, potentially affecting gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. The role of DICER1 and its relevance to thyroid cellular processes and tumorigenesis have only recently been explored, following the acknowledgement that DICER1 germline and somatic changes can contribute not only to non-toxic multinodule goiter (MNG) lesions detected in individuals of affected families but also to a series of childhood tumours, including thyroid neoplasms, which can be identified from early infancy up until the decade of 40s. In a context of DICER1 germline gene mutation, thyroid lesions have recently been given importance, and they may represent either an index event within a syndromic context or the isolated event that may trigger a deeper and broader genomic analysis screening of individuals and their relatives, thereby preventing the consequences of a late diagnosis of malignancy. Within the syndromic context MNG is typically the most observed lesion. On the other hand, in a DICER1 somatic mutation context, malignant tumours are more common. In this review we describe the role of DICER protein, the genomic events that affect the DICER1 gene and their link to tumorigenesis as well as the frequency and pattern of benign and malignant thyroid lesions and the regulation of DICER1 within the thyroidal environment.

Distinguish Thyroid Malignant from Benign Alterations Using X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Trace Element Contents in Nodular Tissue

Introduction: Thyroid benign (TBN) and malignant (TMN) nodules are a common thyroid lesion. The differentiation of TMN often remains a clinical challenge and further improvements of TMN diagnostic accuracy are warranted. Objective: The aim of present study was to evaluate possibilities of using differences in trace elements (TEs) contents in nodular tissue for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Methods: Contents of TEs such as bromine (Br), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), iodine (I), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), and zinc (Zn) were prospectively evaluated in nodular tissue of thyroids with TBN (79 patients) and to TMN (41 patients). Measurements were performed using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescent analysis. Results: It was observed that in TMN tissue the mass fractions of Br, I and Zn were approximately 2.9, 20, and 1.3 times, respectively, lower while the mass fraction of Rb 41% higher than in TBN tissue. Contents of Cu, Fe, and Sr found in the TBN and TMN groups of nodular tissue samples were similar. Conclusions: It was proposed to use the I mass fraction and I/Rb mass fraction ratio in a needle-biopsy of thyroid nodules as a potential tool to diagnose thyroid malignancy. Further studies on larger number of samples are required to confirm our findings and proposals.

Віддалені результати хірургічного лікування доброякісної вогнищевої патології щитоподібної залози

Проведено аналіз віддалених результатів органозберігаючих операцій на щитоподібній залозі з приводу доброякісної вогнищевої патології. Виявлені закономірності виникнення рецидивів залежно від обсягу операції, морфологічного типу вузлів, їх множинності. Також вивчений вплив радіаційного опромінення, отриманого в 1986 р. внаслідок аварії на ЧАЕС, на розвиток рецидивів доброякісної вогнищевої патології щитоподібної залози.

Normal-Tissue Tolerance to Radiopharmaceutical Therapies, the Knowns and the Unknowns.

Radiopharmaceutical therapies are gaining increasing prominence as they improve survival in patients with common diseases such as metastatic prostate cancer ([ 1 ][1],[ 2 ][2]). However, whereas sodium iodide (131I) therapy has been used for over 70 y in treating malignant and benign thyroid

Promoter Methylation of Tumor Suppressors in Thyroid Carcinoma: A Systematic Review.

Background:The tumor suppressor genes play a critical role in cellular and molecular mechanisms such as cell cycle processes, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Aberrant DNA methylation of tumor suppressor genes and subsequent gene expression changes have shown to be involved in the initiation and progression of various malignancies including thyroid malignancies. In this review, we investigated what is known about the impact of promoter hypermethylation on the key tumor suppressor genes known to be involved in cell growth and/or apoptosis of thyroid cancer.Methods:The most important databases were searched for research articles until June 2020 to identify reported tumor suppressor genes that are modulated by methylation modulation changes in thyroid carcinoma. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 studies were reviewed using the full text to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results:The tumor suppressor genes reviewed here are suggestive biomarkers and potential targetable drugs. Inactivation of RASSF1A, DAPK1, SLCFA8, and TSHR through aberrant epigenetic methylation could activate BRAF/MEK/ERK kinase pathways with potential clinical implications in thyroid cancer patients. RARβ2 and RUNX3 could suppress cell cycle and induce apoptosis in malignant cells. TIMP3 and PTEN could prevent angiogenesis and invasion through PIP3 pathway and arrest VEFG activity.Conclusion:The methylation status of key genes in various types of thyroid malignancies could be used in early diagnosis as well as differentiation of malignant and benign thyroid. This is valuable in drug repurposing and discovering alternative treatments or preventions in thyroid cancer.