Convenience Benefits Research Articles

Does Car Dependence Make People Unsatisfied With Life? Evidence From a U.S. National Survey

In the United States (U.S.), cars play a key role in facilitating mobility. Americans heavily rely on their cars for daily travel due to the benefits of access, convenience, comfort, and autonomy that private vehicle travel offers. However, the potential negative implications of high rates of car ownership and use for wellbeing, sustainability, and social equity have sparked the interest of many scholars. We contribute to these lines of inquiry by examining whether and if so, how car dependence relates to people’s satisfaction with life. Our data come from a national survey with a representative sample (n = 2,155) of U.S. adults living in urban and suburban areas. Using descriptive statistics and multivariate regression models, we find that there is a threshold effect of car dependence on life satisfaction. Our results show that beyond a certain point, increases in car dependence yield a decrease in people’s satisfaction with life. For instance, we find that, in a typical week, relying on a car for more than 50 percent of the time for out-of-home activities is associated with a decrease in life satisfaction. These findings suggest that planners and decision-makers should promote multimodality and land use patterns that may help to reduce car dependence and its potential negative effect on subjective wellbeing (SWB).

Engaging in Fashion Take-Back Programs: The Role of Loyalty and Perceived Benefits from a Social Exchange Perspective

Numerous fashion brands, such as Patagonia, H&M, and Levi’s, offer take-back programs, encouraging customers to return used clothing for monetary incentives so that the brands can resell, recycle, or donate them. Drawing on social exchange theory, this study suggests that consumers are more likely to participate in a loyal brand’s take-back program as they own more items from loyal brands due to repeated purchases. Loyal consumers, viewing this as part of an ongoing relationship with the brand, may participate because they perceive greater benefits than non-loyal consumers. In turn, brands benefit by keeping loyal consumers engaged through product collection and future purchases using coupons. This study examines how brand loyalty affects the perceived benefits of take-back programs, shaping participation intention. It also explores how environmental concern moderates the mediating effect of perceived benefits between brand loyalty and participation intention. Data were collected from 467 U.S. consumers via an online survey. Results revealed that the more loyal consumers were, the greater they perceived economic, environmental, and convenience benefits to be, increasing their intention to participate. Economic benefits were more effective for consumers with low levels of environmental concern, while environmental benefits were more influential for those with high levels of environmental concern.

Consumer Preferences for Health Services Offered by Health Insurance Companies in Germany

Abstract German health insurance companies increasingly strive to position themselves as health partners to their customers to improve customers’ health and contain costs. However, there is uncertainty about customers’ preferences for health services offered by health insurance companies. Therefore, this paper studies consumer preferences for health services that are or could be provided by health insurance companies in Germany. An online survey was conducted using two stated preference techniques to collect and analyze the data (namely, rating and ranking of health services considered by insurance companies). A sample of 880 German health insurance customers between 18 and 65 years old filled out the online questionnaire, of which 860 submitted complete responses. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used for the rating and ranking. Preliminary examinations, care management, and health programs were the three health services most important to the respondents. The results suggest that people want their health insurance to support them with preventive health services that offer direct therapeutic value and not just informational, economic, access-related, or convenience-related benefits. These preferences for health services are homogeneous for most subgroups of the population, implying that health insurance companies could consider an overall strategy to address these preferences for all clients by focusing on the important health services. Key messages • People value health services provided by health insurers that offer direct therapeutic value over those that offer only informational, economic, access or convenience benefits. • As preferences are homogeneous across the population, insurers could consider an overall strategy by focusing on the important health services.

The cost of virtual interviews; more than just the money

PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in travel restrictions to limit virus transmission, altering the residency interview process across the country. While the transition to virtual interviews has the potential benefit of convenience and cost savings, concerns remain about the impact on applicants’ ability to distinguish programs. We sought to understand individual applicant motivations when presented with the opportunity to interview in-person or virtually and the associated costs.MethodsAn anonymous, voluntary, mixed-methods survey was distributed to all US allopathic medical school general surgery applicants who applied to our program in the 2023 cycle. The primary outcome was identifying factors that impacted the decision to interview either in-person or virtually. Secondary outcomes included costs associated with the entire interview process, including travel for away rotations, in-person interviews, and program second looks.Results155 (21.3%) applicants completed the survey. The average number of interviews completed was 14.2 ± 6.25. Females completed more interviews than males (14.9, 12.6, p = 0.047). Respondents accepted a mean of 89% of virtual interviews offered. 73% of applicants selected to complete at least one interview in-person. Top reasons for electing in-person interviews were to gain a stronger impression of the program (64%), make a greater impression of the program (50%), and strength of interest in the program (64%). Top factors for choosing virtual interviews were decreased costs (64%), less travel time (53%), and the ability to complete more interviews (53%). 58% of applicants planned to visit at least one program in-person post-interview. The mean total cost of interviews was $122 for virtual and $358 for in-person. Travel for a “second look” visit cost $279. 53% of respondents completed an away rotation, spending an average of $1688 per away rotation.ConclusionWhen presented with the option, applicants chose to interview in-person because of a mutual feeling of portraying and receiving a stronger impression. Candidates chose virtual due to cost reduction and the ability to complete more interviews. The financial savings of virtual interviews should be examined in the context of increased applications, increased interviews, post-interview travel or "second look" experiences, and costs associated with away rotations. Future work is needed to elucidate the role of in-person contact or away rotations on the likelihood of an applicant to interview and match in a largely virtual interview era.

FP8.5 - QR Coded Patient Leaflets – Transforming the Sustainability of Patient Information Delivery in the Surgical Outpatient Department

Abstract Introduction Quick Response (QR) codes are becoming ubiquitous in all aspects of life, including healthcare. In outpatient clinics, the benefits of convenience, cost effectiveness and environmental sustainability of QR codes has great potential. We identified that our trust was lacking in both electronic and hardcopy patient information leaflets for Bascom’s Procedure and Endoscopic Pilonidal Sinus Treatment (EPSIT). Our aim was to create information leaflets on our trust website and link them via a QR code for easy access. Methods We audited our hardcopy information leaflets for both procedures for quality and satisfaction of information and patients were given a feedback questionnaire which specifically included a response for their preference for electronic QR code access. Results The initial feedback from 20 patients showed 85% support for QR codes. 90% found the information clear, informative and easy to understand. There was a suggestion to include diagrams in our leaflets. Conclusion We had positive feedback regarding the following: quality of information, clarity of the leaflet, and accessibility (particularly the use of QR codes). The latter reflects the younger age demographic of patients that were surveyed. We plan to prospectively audit QR coded leaflets in our outpatients. We will evaluate success through both patient and clinician feedback forms. QR coded leaflets could be implemented trust wide and even nationally, to increase sustainability in outpatients and the wider NHS, without compromising patient understanding or satisfaction.

Comparative Study of Attitude towards Customer Intention to Implement Online Banking Services among the Collegiate Students

The massive advances in technology and aggressive implement of information technologycontributed as a paradigm shift in banking activities. It is explained to be twofold shift where banksusing technology have been systematically achieving efficiency, control, profitability and theircustomers are leveraging the benefits of convenience of „anywhere, anytime, anyway‟ banking. Whencustomers when experience such possibilities offered by internet banking services experienced bycustomers, they are not likely to have unpleasant e-service quality and since, most of the banks havejoined the bandwagon of internet banking, the competing service providers are often just one click awayfrom each other. This competitive situation of service industry encourages image building and brandingfor banks to differentiate one from others.

명품 화장품에 대한 관계혜택이 전환장벽과 브랜드 충성도에 미치는 영향 - 온라인 및 오프라인 소매업태의 조절효과를 중심으로

This research explores the impact of relational benefits, which are the advantages gained from a sustained relationship with a specific brand, on switching barriers and brand loyalty among female consumers aged 20 to 50 residing in China when purchasing luxury cosmetics. The research analyzes the influence difference between different retail formats online and offline, aiming to reveal the shifting psychological dynamics of consumers amid the latest changes in China's consumer market. Using SPSS and AMOS programs, data from 500 participants were analyzed, with a focus on seven types of relational benefits: experiential benefits, confidence benefits, special treatment benefits, convenience benefits, economic benefits, information benefits and risk reduction benefits. The results indicate that relational benefits significantly enhance switching barriers and brand loyalty, and these effects vary distinctly between online and offline retail channels. The findings offer valuable insights for luxury cosmetic brands to formulate effective strategies in the Chinese market.

The convenience benefits of the shipping market: Evidence from C3 and C5 FFAs

Forward Freight Agreements (FFAs) are consequential derivatives for risk hedging in the shipping market. This paper presents the first empirical study of convenience yield in the shipping market with a sample of C3 (Tubarao to Qingdao) and C5 (Western Australia to Qingdao) FFAs from 2013 to 2023. First, single-factor and two-factor models are constructed to analyze the random behavior of freight rates in the shipping market, and the existence of convenience yield is empirically tested. The results provide evidence of the existence of convenience yield in the shipping market, with its stochastic variation being a critical factor in shaping the term structure characteristics of FFAs. Second, an ARMAX model is developed for the freight rate index, and the predictive role of the estimated convenience yield and its difference in spot freight rates is analyzed by operating the two-factor model. The findings reveal a significant predictive effect of convenience yield and its difference on spot freight rates. Last but not least, this study emphasizes the importance of convenience yield as a crucial parameter in the shipping market, particularly regarding the transportation of bulk commodities. Changes in the supply and demand of bulk commodities directly impact the fluctuations in shipping market capacity and convenience yield. This study delivers a new explanatory perspective for price formation in the shipping market and is highly valuable for risk management in this sector.

Monthly seller’s bargaining power index constructed using open-source data

Purpose A tangible representation of the housing market hotness, namely, the index derived via Carrilo 2013’s concept, is widely used but difficult to construct, as it requires listing data of a geography which is not only inaccessible but also cumbersome to summarize. The purpose of this paper is to serve as a methodological extension of Carrilo 2013, presenting a process by which the seller’s bargaining power index can be easily constructed using open-source data. Design/methodology/approach The seller’s bargaining power index was first constructed using the open-source data by Zillow Research. Then, results verification approach including visualization, Pearson correlation test, Granger causality test and linear regression were used with the goal to generate empirical evidence and verify if the constructed index conforms with established relationships derived in past work, thereby substantiate accuracy of the constructed index. Findings Monthly seller’s bargaining power index was constructed for US as a whole and 250 metropolitan statistical areas through an automated process. The constructed index conforms with established evidence in terms of seasonality, trend and magnitude. The index also forms positive correlation with building permit/housing value/housing value increase rate, and negative correlation with inventory. It requires the explanatory power of multiple linear features to simulate the parameter. Seller’s bargaining power index at a national level can serve as a general indicator of economic strength, in parallel to number of building permit, housing starts and real gross domestic product. Quantitatively, the housing market of the USA is as “hot” during the COVID-19 pandemic as it was in the years before 2008. A healthy housing market appears to be one in which 75%−80% of the deals are in favor of the seller (take-it-or-leave-it). When said percentage reaches 90%, the market should be considered to be in a “bubble.” Originality/value This paper provides an easy pathway for future studies to simulate housing market hotness, and bring upon the benefit of convenience at low cost and in monthly frequency rather than quarterly or annually.

Comparative Performance of COVID-19 Test Methods in Healthcare Workers during the Omicron Wave.

The COVID-19 pandemic presents unique requirements for accessible, reliable testing, and many testing platforms and sampling techniques have been developed over the course of the pandemic. Not all test methods have been systematically compared to each other or a common gold standard, and the performance of tests developed in the early epidemic have not been consistently re-evaluated in the context of new variants. We conducted a repeated measures study with adult healthcare workers presenting for SARS-CoV-2 testing. Participants were tested using seven testing modalities. Test sensitivity was compared using any positive PCR test as the gold standard. A total of 325 individuals participated in the study. PCR tests were the most sensitive (saliva PCR 0.957 ± 0.048, nasopharyngeal PCR 0.877 ± 0.075, oropharyngeal PCR 0.849 ± 0.082). Standard nasal rapid antigen tests were less sensitive but roughly equivalent (BinaxNOW 0.613 ± 0.110, iHealth 0.627 ± 0.109). Oropharyngeal rapid antigen tests were the least sensitive (BinaxNOW 0.400 ± 0.111, iHealth brands 0.311 ± 0.105). PCR remains the most sensitive testing modality for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and saliva PCR is significantly more sensitive than oropharyngeal PCR and equivalent to nasopharyngeal PCR. Nasal AgRDTs are less sensitive than PCR but have benefits in convenience and accessibility. Saliva-based PCR testing is a viable alternative to traditional swab-based PCR testing for the diagnosis of COVID-19.

Decoding pain through facial expressions: a study of patients with migraine

BackgroundThe present study used the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to analyse changes in facial activities in individuals with migraine during resting conditions to determine the potential of facial expressions to convey information about pain during headache episodes.MethodsFacial activity was recorded in calm and resting conditions by using a camera for both healthy controls (HC) and patients with episodic migraine (EM) and chronic migraine (CM). The FACS was employed to analyse the collected facial images, and intensity scores for each of the 20 action units (AUs) representing expressions were generated. The groups and headache pain conditions were then examined for each AU.ResultsThe study involved 304 participants, that is, 46 HCs, 174 patients with EM, and 84 patients with CM. Elevated headache pain levels were associated with increased lid tightener activity and reduced mouth stretch. In the CM group, moderate to severe headache attacks exhibited decreased activation in the mouth stretch, alongside increased activation in the lid tightener, nose wrinkle, and cheek raiser, compared to mild headache attacks (all corrected p < 0.05). Notably, lid tightener activation was positively correlated with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) level of headache (p = 0.012). Moreover, the lip corner depressor was identified to be indicative of emotional depression severity (p < 0.001).ConclusionFacial expressions, particularly lid tightener actions, served as inherent indicators of headache intensity in individuals with migraine, even during resting conditions. This indicates that the proposed approach holds promise for providing a subjective evaluation of headaches, offering the benefits of real-time assessment and convenience for patients with migraine.

Net valence analysis of iris recognition technology-based FinTech

Iris recognition technology (IRT)-based authentication is a biometric financial technology (FinTech) application used to automate user recognition and verification. In addition to being a controversial technology with various facilitators and inhibitors, the adoption of IRT-based FinTech is driven by contextual factors, such as customer perceptions, deployed biometric technology, and financial transaction settings. Due to its controversial and contextual properties, analyzing IRT-based FinTech acceptance is challenging. This study uses a net valence framework to investigate the salient positive and negative factors influencing the intention to use IRT-based FinTech in automated teller machines (ATMs) in Jordan. This study is pertinent because there is a dearth of research on IRT-based FinTech in the relevant literature; most previous research has taken purely engineering and technical approaches. Furthermore, despite considerable investments by banks and other financial institutions in this FinTech, target user adoption is minimal, and only 6% of Jordan’s ATM transactions are currently IRT-enabled. This study employs mixed methods. In the first qualitative study, 17 Jordanian customers were interviewed regarding the benefits and risks of IRT-based FinTech in ATMs. Content analyses determined the most important concepts or themes. The advantages include financial security, convenience, and FinTech-enabled hygiene, whereas the concerns include performance, financial, privacy, and physical risks. The research model is constructed based on the qualitative study and theoretical underpinnings, wherein 631 Jordanian bank customers with active ATM accounts were surveyed to validate the research model. The findings indicate that IRT-based FinTech usage in ATMs is proportional to its perceived value. In descending order of effect, financial security, FinTech-enabled hygiene, and convenience benefits positively impact perceived value. Privacy, financial, and physical risks have negative impacts on perceived value, whereas performance risk has no effect. This study contributes to the relatively untapped domain of biometric technology in information systems, with important theoretical and practical implications.

Safety and Efficacy of Outpatient Anterior Cervical Disk Replacement (ACDR) in an Ambulatory Surgery Center Versus Hospital Setting: A 2-year Retrospective Analysis.

Retrospective cohort analysis. To compare clinical outcomes of outpatient anterior cervical disk replacements (ACDR) performed in free-standing private ambulatory surgery centers versus tertiary hospital centers. ACDR is an increasingly popular technique for treating various degenerative pathologies of the cervical spine. There has been an increase in the utilization of ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) for outpatient cervical procedures due to economic and convenience benefits; however, a paucity of literature exists in evaluating long-term safety and efficacy of ACDRs performed in ASCs versus outpatient hospital centers. A retrospective cohort review of all patients undergoing 1- or 2-level ACDRs at 2 outpatient ASCs and 4 tertiary care medical centers from 2012 to 2020, with a minimum follow-up of 24 months, was performed. Approval by each patient's insurance and patient preference determined distribution into an ASC or non-ASC. Demographics, perioperative data, length of follow-up, complications, and revision rates were analyzed. Functional outcomes were assessed using VAS and NDI at follow-up visits. One hundred seventeen patients were included (65 non-ASC and 52 ASC). There were no significant differences in demographics or length of follow-up between the cohorts. ASC patients had significantly lower operative times (ASC: 89.5 minutes vs. non-ASC: 110.5 minutes, P <0.001) and mean blood loss (ASC: 17.5mL vs. non-ASC: 25.3mL, P <0.001). No significant differences were observed in rates of dysphagia (ASC: 21.2% vs. non-ASC: 15.6%, P <0.001), infection (ASC: 0.0% vs. non-ASC: 1.6%, P =0.202), ASD (ASC: 1.9% vs. non-ASC: 1.6%, P =0.202), or revision (ASC: 1.9% vs. non-ASC: 0.0%, P =0.262). Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in VAS and NDI scores ( P <0.001), but no significant differences in the degree of improvement were observed. Our 2-year results demonstrate that ACDRs performed in ASCs may offer the advantages of reduced operative time and blood loss without an increased risk of postoperative complications.

In Situ-Sprayed Bioinspired Adhesive Conductive Hydrogels for Cavernous Nerve Repair.

Cavernous nerve injury (CNI), resulting in erectile dysfunction (ED), poses a significant threat to the quality of life for men. Strategies utilizing conductive hydrogels have demonstrated promising results for the treatment of peripheral nerves with a large diameter (>2mm). However, integrating convenient minimally invasive operation, antiswelling and immunomodulatory conductive hydrogels for treating small-diameter injured cavernous nerves remains a great challenge. Here, a sprayable adhesive conductive hydrogel (GACM) composed of gelatin, adenine, carbon nanotubes, and mesaconate designed for cavernous nerve repair is developed. Multiple hydrogen bonds provide GACM with excellent adhesive and antiswelling properties, enabling it to establish a conformal electrical bridge with the damaged nerve and aiding in the regeneration process. Additionally, mesaconate-loaded GACM suppresses the release of inflammatory factors by macrophages and promotes the migration and proliferation of Schwann cells. In vivo tests demonstrate that the GACM hydrogel repairs the cavernous nerve and restores erectile function and fertility. Furthermore, the feasibility of sprayable GACM in minimally invasive robotic surgery in beagles is validated. Given the benefits of therapeutic effectiveness and clinical convenience, the research suggests a promising future for sprayable GACM materials as advanced solutions for minimally invasive nerve repair.

Transient Customer Response to Data Breaches of Their Information

Cybersecurity breaches pose a substantial concern in the digital era. We investigate how customers respond to multiple unexpected data breaches of their information in India. Difference-in-differences estimates show that digital payments declined by 9% relative to cash payments immediately after an unexpected data breach in a food delivery platform, but the gap disappeared three months later. Customer entry and exit also exhibit weak, short-lived changes. Additional analyses on bank and online grocery data breaches uncover even weaker effects of data breaches. Our findings imply that the perceived benefits of convenience outweigh the costs of payment security risks.This paper was accepted by David Sraer, finance.Funding: This work was supported by the MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences [Project 20YJC790183], National University of Singapore [Start-Up Grant A-0003870-00-00], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72150004], and the National Nature Science Foundation of China [Grant 72203112].Supplemental Material: The online appendices and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.01335 .

Deep Learning Based Cooperative MIMO Systems for Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is widely applied in various fields, including healthcare, sports, wellness, and assistive technologies, by offering the benefits of convenience, reliability, low latency, privacy, and customization. However, the propagation characteristics of the WBAN channel can impact the reliability of transmission, which is particularly crucial in healthcare systems. To address this issue, this article presents a novel approach using deep learning-based cooperative Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems that leverage the autoencoder (AE) technique. In our proposed approach, we utilize the AE-based cooperative MIMO systems with two different techniques: Amplify-and-Forward (AE-AF) and Decode-and-Forward (AE-DF). The AE-AF scheme operates without needing training parameters at the relay node, whereas the AE-DF scheme necessitates training parameters at the relay node. Both schemes aim to overcome challenges such as multipath propagation phenomena, thereby enhancing the performance of on-body communication systems. Additionally, we introduce two combinators, Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) scheme and Radio Transformation Network (RTN), to effectively mitigate co-channel interference (CCI) in the received signal streams and improve the bit error rate performance of the AE-AF and AE-DF systems. We assess the performance of these systems in scenarios with and without direct links. Simulation results demonstrate significant performance improvements compared to baseline cooperative MIMO systems using MMSE combining, namely AF-MMSE and DF-MMSE systems. Notably, the proposed systems employing RTN combination, including both direct and relay paths, achieve a 7.5 dB gain over the baseline when all nodes are equipped with two transceiver antennas.

An Evaluation of View Rotation Techniques for Seated Navigation in Virtual Reality.

Head tracking is commonly used in VR applications to allow users to naturally view 3D content using physical head movement, but many applications also support turning with hand-held controllers. Controller and joystick controls are convenient for practical settings where full 360-degree physical rotation is not possible, such as when the user is sitting at a desk. Though controller-based rotation provides the benefit of convenience, previous research has demonstrated that virtual or joystick-controlled view rotation to have drawbacks of sickness and disorientation compared to physical turning. To combat such issues, researchers have considered various techniques such as speed adjustments or reduced field of view, but data is limited on how different variations for joystick rotation influences sickness and orientation perception. Our studies include different variations of techniques such as joystick rotation, resetting, and field-of-view reduction. We investigate trade-offs among different techniques in terms of sickness and the ability to maintain spatial orientation. In two controlled experiments, participants traveled through a sequence of rooms and were tested on spatial orientation, and we also collected subjective measures of sickness and preference. Our findings indicate a preference by users towards directly-manipulated joystick-based rotations compared to user-initiated resetting and minimal effects of technique on spatial awareness.

Facial Recognition Technology: College Students’ Perspectives in China

This study explores the perspectives of college students aged 18-25 in China regarding Facial Recognition Technology (FRT). Amidst an era of rapid technological advancements and privacy concerns, this paper examines the nuanced views of young adults on the deployment and implications of FRT. Utilizing a combination of surveys, focus groups, and interviews, the research delves into students’ awareness, acceptance, and apprehension towards FRT. It highlights a complex interplay of recognizing FRT’s benefits in security and convenience against significant privacy concerns and potential misuse. The findings indicate a cautiously optimistic attitude towards FRT with a strong call for balanced development, robust legal frameworks, and ethical considerations in technology deployment. This paper contributes to the broader discourse on technology, privacy, and youth perceptions, offering insights for policymakers, technology developers, and educational institutions.

Enhancing Credit Card Fraud Detection on Imbalanced Datasets

Abstract. The use of credit cards is becoming more and more popular in today's society, especially now with the prevalence of electronic payments. Electronic payments are available through bank apps or payment processors like PayPal, Alipay, etc. Without using cash, people are taking advantage of the convenience of them both online and offline. In addition to bringing people the benefits of efficiency and convenience, credit card fraud has also emerged and caused a great deal of economic losses for cardholders, as well as causing great trouble for banks. The primary goal of this work is to identify fraudulent transactions in an unbalanced dataset. The dataset comprises credit card transactions from just two days in 2013 in Europe. In this study, the original data, the original data with Stratified-KFolds, and the undersampled data will be compared. It is found that undersampling, although it reduces the accuracy by a small amount, can greatly improve the detection of fraudulent transactions. Meanwhile, this study uses different models, one is Logistic Regression, and the others are all Tree-Based method. The study analyzes their confusion matrices, ROC curves, and Precession-Recall curves. The results show that in the undersampling rate dataset, the recall, precision, F1 score and accuracy of Xgboost are optimized to 93.2%, 97%, 95%, and 95% respectively, and the AUC of both the ROC curve and the Presicion-Recall curve are optimized to 99%, so this study concludes that XGboost is the best performer. With excellent algorithms, we can better avoid the leakage of information and loss of money in real life.

Review on Oral Insulin for Diabetics Mellitus

Oral insulin is one of the most exciting areas of diabetes therapy, due to the potential benefits of patient convenience, liver rapid insulination, appropriate insulin delivery to avoid hyperinsulin hypertension in the peripheral region, and the potential to avoid the harmful effects of weight gain and low blood sugar. Evidence is growing that early intensive insulin therapy leads to sustainable and tight blood glucose control and leads to serious complications, making effective oral insulin products even more important for the treatment of diabetic patients. Despite the knowledge of this medical need, insulin injections have failed due to several obstacles. For decades, researchers have tried to develop oral insulin with various technologies, but have not succeeded in clinical and commercial studies. The review summarizes the development status of oral insulin and indicates that it is under clinical trial