Real Benefits Research Articles

Avoiding harm or creating benefit? How a risk focus sidelines social considerations in early decisions for Australian infrastructure projects

ABSTRACT There is a growing need to maximise the social benefits achieved from public investment in infrastructure, particularly with the transition to net zero economies. Infrastructure projects around the world contractually define roles and responsibilities for project partners via Project Delivery Models (PDMs). PDMs can underpin social benefit realisation, but the processes used to select them are largely opaque. This paper explores how social considerations inform PDM selection and how this is facilitated by policy. We interviewed senior procurement professionals about how social benefits and risks are considered, and analysed auditing guidance documents to examine how the regulatory environment supports social considerations. We found that decisions are based on risk minimisation rather than benefit creation, but social risks are inadequately considered. This situation is linked to an entrenched gap in social expertise and inadequate information handover between different teams over project lifecycles, often resulting in an operational disconnect between project phases. This ‘compartmentalisation’ presents challenges for inclusion and transparency in decision-making. Current auditing processes provide little incentive for social benefit consideration and reinforce a risk focus. We offer important insights into this early project stage and distil five recommendations for improving social benefit creation from infrastructure investments, particularly in developed economies.

An ML-Enhanced Laser-Based Methane Slip Sensor Using Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy.

Natural gas (NG) is a promising alternative to diesel for sustainable transport, potentially reducing GHG and air quality emissions significantly. However, the GHG benefits hinge on managing methane slip, the unburned methane in the exhaust of NG engines, which carries a significant global warming potential. The CH4 slip from NG engines is highly dependent on engine type and operation, and effective greenhouse gas emission mitigation requires that the actual operation of real-world engines is monitored. This requires suitable instrumentation for online robust CH4 measurement in engine exhaust. Traditional methane slip measurement methods need frequent calibration, may not be suited to dynamic operational conditions, carry significant costs, or require expert users. Furthermore, the significant computational demands associated with calibration-free spectroscopic methods and the prevalent noise uncertainty underscore the urgent requirement for innovative sensors. These sensors must not only respond rapidly but also have low uncertainty in their readings. This paper presents a machine learning (ML)-enhanced, laser-based methane slip sensor using wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) for rapid, accurate, and calibration-free CH4 measurements for application in the exhaust of NG engines. The sensor utilizes a distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode emitting around 1.65 μm propagated through a multipass optical cell. An ML-based approach is used to invert the recorded WMS signal, which reduces computational cost and uncertainty due to noise vulnerabilities inherent in traditional measurement inversion approaches. A Gaussian process regression (GPR) model, trained on measured and simulated WMS signals, was selected for its high predictive accuracy, where it achieved a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of 0.24%. For exhaust measurement on an in-use natural gas marine vessel, a mean absolute difference of 3.95% was observed, relative to simultaneous reference Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. The ML-based WMS inversion system marks a significant advancement in methane slip measurement, offering real-time monitoring capabilities with reduced computational demands. Its development supports the realization of NG environmental benefits for transport by providing accurate CH4 slip data, which are essential for engine performance optimization, regulatory adherence, and sustainable policy decisions.

The Impact of 2018 Election on Economic Decision-Making: A Case Study of District Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This study analyzes the socio-economic effects triggered by the general elections held in 2018 on the people of Chitral District, Pakistan. It employs a mixed-methods strategy that integrates the quantitative analysis of questionnaires obtained from 300 participants and qualitative commentary derived from focus group discussions. The study addresses shift that occurred in the patterns of consumption, labor market and investments, and perception of economic opportunities after the elections. Political changes have outspread consequences for economic behavior. There was an increase in the households spending in education, healthcare, and transportation, owing to the great hopes the people had of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Government. Such changes also encouraged women into work to increase economic empowerment and then election also boosted the labor force participation. Nonetheless, the political, social, and economic challenges impacting infrastructure and access to markets continue to impede the progress in economic growth of the area. Political stability strengthens the economic welfare of the communities, societies, and regions. This study among others demonstrates that economic interventions in marginalized regions with good political policies discern positive economic growth. Portions of such policies would include effective policy formulation and successful implementation. Actions include finalizing infrastructure projects, implementing specific employment schemes, enhancing outreach to financial service providers and improving systems for policy monitoring. These measures aim for sustainable development and translate political pledges into real benefits for the people of District Chitral. It also adds to the body of existing knowledge on political and economic process relationships and how such may influence policy advising and development practice within specific contexts, because the region that was targeted by this study enjoys peculiar economic and geographic conditions.

SURFACTANT THERAPY OF RESPIRATORY DISORDERS IN NEWBORNS: What is new? (Literature review)

The mainstay of treatment for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants is the maintenance of constant positive airway pressure (CPAP) and the administration of surfactant. Nearly 50 years after the first clinical use of CPAP and 40 years of experience with surfactant administration in preterm infants, the essential questions of defining "who are the preterm infants with respiratory distress who have received CPAP and what is the real benefit of surfactant" remain unanswered. Many years of clinical research and professional discussions suggest the need to introduce surfactant therapy in the era of personalized medicine to improve its effectiveness, as individual patient needs and risk-benefit ratios may vary significantly in individual clinical cases. In an attempt to answer the above question in the context of modern optimal perinatal care, we offer a comprehensive overview of the latest innovations in surfactant therapy and current results of major clinical trials presented at the international scientific conferences - PAS, NPMF and SPIN, which took place in the first half of 2024. The presented preliminary results of ongoing international clinical trials (SurfON, PLUSS) and the proposed training program for neonatologists (Delphi) emphasize the understanding of the neonatal community of the significance, importance and benefits of surfactant therapy in preterm infants, demonstrating the need to expand the medical indications for surfactant administration, particularly to late preterm infants with RDS. The latest information on approaches to the treatment of respiratory disorders in late preterm infants, preliminary results of ongoing international clinical trials, will increase the professional awareness of neonatologists, pediatric anesthesiologists in NICUs and perinatal centers, and help to apply the knowledge gained in practice.

Business Strategy for Hospital A (RSIA) Denpasar City with Business Model Canvas (BMC)

The role of RSIA is less to provide real benefits to the community and has the potential to go bankrupt if there is no improvement in management. The indicators can be seen from the decline in visitation rates by 10% in 2022 and 5% in 2023, high employee turnover, hospital image through Google Reviews resulting in low average scores, and complaints on various services provided by the hospital. This study aims to map Hospital A's business model using the business model canvas so that the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that could potentially harm the hospital can be identified. Data collection was conducted using interviews with triangulation techniques to key informants, comparison informants, and expert informants. The research approach is positivism or qualitative, which emphasizes meaning. The findings obtained are that Hospital A's market segmentation is the lower middle class with the application of vertical growth; in the value propositions block there are shortcomings such as no new services and technology, lack of communication, poor service, interior and exterior design using and needing renewal, and inadequate facilities, but has advantages in terms of price and cleanliness; in the channel block, strategic location but does not have good visibility; in the customer relationship block, there is different service treatment between room classes; hospital revenue streams from usage fees and brokerage fees; physical resources of employees are inadequate with untimely salary payments; in the key partnership block, the hospital collaborates with midwives and clinics.

Strengthening Rural Economies: Governance of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) for Agricultural Sustainability in Sikka Regency, Indonesia

This study evaluates the governance practices of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) in Riit Village, Sikka Regency, focusing on their impact on agricultural productivity and rural development. Adopting a qualitative case study approach, the research highlights how participatory and cooperative governance principles foster community engagement and improve access to agricultural inputs, training, and markets. The findings reveal significant improvements in crop yields and community welfare, especially for cacao and kemiri. However, challenges such as transportation barriers, crop diseases, and limited technological integration hinder the full realization of governance benefits. Bridging these gaps requires capacity-building, infrastructure improvements, and partnerships with external organizations. Drawing from global governance models, this study provides actionable recommendations for enhancing the sustainability and impact of BUMDes operations. These findings contribute to the discourse on rural governance and its role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

Do we really know the environmental impacts of chemical recycling of plastics?

Over the past decade, research into chemical recycling (CR) of plastic waste has gained significant traction. Simultaneously, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has become an increasingly crucial tool for evaluating the environmental impacts of materials, products, and processes. This review provides a critical overview of the current research landscape. It highlights the ambiguity surrounding nomenclature, where ‘chemical recycling’ and ‘feedstock recycling’ are often used interchangeably to encompass the several waste plastic conversion processes. This can lead to unclear comparisons between CR and mechanical recycling (MR) processes. This critical analysis of major technical papers on CR revealed the common pitfalls of CR LCAs. Direct comparisons between CR and MR and between chemical processes and conventional incineration are now considered obsolete, given the variety of chemical processes and feedstocks available. CR complements MR by recovering plastic waste that is not amenable to MR, hence the need to specify the wider context. To establish a fairer and more comprehensive assessment of CR methods, and support its policy integration, further research on processing of plastic waste is imperative. This paper provides recommendations on how to expand the data pool and improve the assessment of the real environmental benefits of chemical recycling.

E.163 1945 "Emergency Standard Specification for Dwellinghouse Construction" – a forgotten ancestor

The outbreak of World War II led to a focus on the most efficient use of materials within New Zealand. In 1944 the New Zealand Standards Council was requested to develop an "Emergency Standard Specification for Dwellinghouse Construction." Unlike NZSS 95 "New Zealand Standard Model Building By‐Law" which was limited to structural stability, public health and other council‐controlled issues, this new specification (NZSS E.163) could deal with materials and construction methods. Published in January 1945, only two copies appear extant – a partial copy in Wellington City Archives and a full copy in Auckland City Archives, although the Committee minutes are held in Archives New Zealand. As well as dealing with house construction (foundations, concrete work, carpentry, etc.) it deals with internal finishing (solid‐ and fibrous‐plaster, terrazzo, painting and paperhanging, etc.) and services (plumbing, drainage and electrical). E.163 was promoted as being of real benefit to occupants (owners or tenants) as they could be assured as to "essential considerations relating to materials, workmanship, and design" – placing quality, not speed at the heart of the then Government's actions. The paper compares the requirements of E.163 with the relevant parts of NZSS95, as well as exploring its relationship to NZS 3604 "Code of Practice for Light Timber Frame Buildings Not Requiring Specific Design" and modern model specifications.

Do culinary competitions have any real benefit?

Do culinary competitions have any real benefit?

Development And Countermeasures of Carbon Finance in The Construction Industry Under the Background of The Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality

Under the background of the carbon emission peaking and carbon neutrality and the trend of global emission reduction, how to deeply meet China’s “3060” carbon target is an important proposition for the development of various industries. As a typical high-carbon emitting traditional industry, China's construction industry has a particularly high demand for energy efficiency and carbon reduction. This paper comprehensively examines a number of papers to explore the issue of the impact of carbon finance on the development of decarbonisation in the construction industry from the current situation, distinguishing between the practical problems posed by each of the influencing factors. This paper delves into the challenges and countermeasures faced by the construction industry itself, the market, and the government in the development of carbon finance. It further explores the carbon finance development model throughout the entire lifecycle of the construction industry. In line with the inherent needs of low-carbon development in the construction industry while promoting the realisation of win-win long-term benefits in terms of both economic and environmental benefits.

Benefit of systematic "jailed wire" technique for bifurcation provisional stenting. A CABRIOLET sub-study.

Jailed wire (JW) in the side branch (SB) is recommended during coronary bifurcation provisional stenting, but real benefit is unsure. Our objective was to evaluate benefit of a JW technique in the CABRIOLET registry. In CABRIOLET, including 500 patients, we compared the primary composite endpoint poor final SB angiographic result (TIMI flow<III, dissection grade>B, thrombosis, residual stenosis>70%, or additional SB stenting) whether JW was performed or not. Based on the usual operators practices, we also compared a systematic JW strategy: operators known to place JW frequently (>75% performed), to a conditional strategy: selective JW practices (<20% of JW). JW was performed in 251 patients (50.2%), without significant baseline clinical and angiographic differences with no-JW. JW was associated with higher primary endpoint (15.1% vs 8.4%, p<0.05), increased fluoroscopy time and contrast volume (15.9±7.3 min and 181±62 ml vs. 13.3±6.5 min and 161±74 ml, p<0.05). JW was performed in 12.1% of patients (26/214) in conditional JW group and 78.7% (225/286) in systematic. The primary endpoint was similar in both strategies (11.2% and 12.2%, p=0.78), although with greater fluoroscopy time and contrast volume for systematic JW (180±57 ml and 15.3±7.5 min vs. 162±79 ml and 13.7±6.1 min, p<0.05). There was no difference in 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events depending on JW was performed or not and between conditional or systematic strategies. In a large registry, JW was associated with poorer final SB angiographic results than no-JW. Final SB angiographic result was similar between conditional or systematic JW strategies.

Smm-стратегія, як дієвий інструмент прискорення бізнесу

Social media has become an indispensable tool for business development, accelerating its growth and generating demand, going beyond a simple platform for communication. Today, most successful entrepreneurs realize the importance of a social media presence. In order to achieve maximum effect, it is necessary to actively and purposefully work on creating an SMM strategy that will help not only generate demand but also develop leadership skills among employees. The purpose of the article is to find ways to improve the efficiency of enterprises, options for successful implementation of their business strategies, and opportunities to accelerate their development with the help of such a modern communication tool as social media. The article discusses the features, advantages and disadvantages of applying an enterprise's SMM strategy in certain conditions and situations. The review and analysis of modern SMM strategies of enterprises allowed to formulate the main criteria for their evaluation, comparison and selection: development of unique and high-quality content, work with the target audience, use of advertising campaigns, interaction with subscribers. The probability of realization by an enterprise of its capabilities with different types of SMM strategy is investigated. Criteria for evaluating and selecting SMM strategies that are appropriate to use in conditions of uncertainty and rapid change of the external environment are proposed. A methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of SMM strategies of enterprises by the parameters of efficiency, feasibility, reliability and dynamism, adaptability and cost, competitiveness and uniqueness, etc. has been developed. The application of the proposed methodology will allow to establish sustainable, mutually beneficial and reliable relationships between enterprises and consumers in today's difficult conditions. It is important to note that high-quality SMM requires careful planning and regular performance analysis. Using analytics, understanding changes in audience interests, and adapting to platform algorithms help to constantly improve strategies and increase the effectiveness of marketing campaigns. Creating unique content that can meet the needs of users and bring them real benefits remains the key to successful SMM. Social media has become a powerful platform for leadership development. Leaders who use social media effectively acquire the skills necessary to overcome the challenges of the digital world: the ability to make quick decisions, think strategically, be flexible and communicate effectively. This allows them to adapt to change, follow trends, and develop critical thinking, which is crucial in the business world.

Detection and prioritization of COVID-19 infected patients from CXR images: Analysis of AI-assisted diagnosis in clinical settings.

In this paper, we present the significant results from the Covid Radiographic imaging System based on AI (Co.R.S.A.) project, which took place in Italy. This project aims to develop a state-of-the-art AI-based system for diagnosing Covid-19 pneumonia from Chest X-ray (CXR) images. The contributions of this work are manifold: the release of the public CORDA dataset, a deep learning pipeline for Covid-19 detection and prioritization, the clinical validation of the developed solution by expert radiologists, and an in-depth analysis of possible biases embedded in the data and in the models, in order to build more trust in our AI-based pipeline. The proposed detection model is based on a two-step approach that provides reliable results based on objective radiological findings. Our prioritization scheme ensures the ordering of the patients so that severe cases are presented first. We showcase the impact of our pipeline on radiologists' workflow with a clinical study, allowing us to assess the real benefits in terms of accuracy and time efficiency. Project homepage: https://corsa.di.unito.it/.

PENINGKATAN MUTU DAN EFISIENSI PELAYANAN KESEHATAN MELALUI IMPLEMENTASI REKAM MEDIS ELEKTRONIK DI RUMAH SAKIT HASTA HUSADA

Implementation of electronic medical records (RME) in hospitals has become an important step in improving the quality and efficiency of health services. Hasta Husada Hospital has adopted this system, but still faces various challenges. This study aims to analyze and evaluate improving the quality and efficiency of health services through the implementation of electronic medical records (RME) at Hasta Husada Hospital. This research uses a qualitative approach. The research results show that RME provides significant benefits, including fast and accurate access to patient data, increased work efficiency, and reduced medical errors. Although most users feel comfortable using RME after training, there are still complaints about the system interface needing to be simplified. User attitudes were generally positive towards RME after seeing real benefits, despite initial resistance. Implementation of the Hospital Management Information System (SIMRS) has shown mixed results, with some units having fully transitioned to RME and others still in the transition stage.

The decision-making process to consume sustainable food

An in-depth understanding of consumers’ decision-making in the sustainable food consumption is a crucial prerequisite for effective environmental, social and governance (ESG) management. The heuristic-systematic (HS) model appears to be useful for deepening our understanding of it. This study examines consumer (i.e., 600 Millennials and Generation Z (MZ) consumers in the middle-income class) reaction to the HS stimuli in the green domain. With eco-friendly eggs and plant-based eggs in the experiments, the MANOVA results showed that overall, S outperformed H in many aspects, but it was important to deliver real benefits that people can feel more closely everyday life.

Impact on Distance and Near Contrast Sensitivity of Multifocal Contact Lenses: A Systematic Review.

To investigate the impact on distance and near contrast sensitivity (CS) after fitting multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs) for presbyopia correction according to the scientific evidence already published. Three bibliographic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus. Inclusion criteria were articles written in English evaluating distance and/or near CS in presbyopic patients using MFCLs, controlled clinical trials, and articles published from 2000 to 2024. After reading and analyzing carefully the articles that were finally included, the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool for clinical trials was used to evaluate the quality of the research. A total of eight articles were considered. One study did not find significant changes in binocular contrast sensitivity function (CSF) after fitting center-distance MFCL (CD) in the dominant eye and a center-near (CN) in the nondominant eye. Another research did not detect significant differences comparing CN MFCLs with monovision. However, another study found significant differences when comparing CN MFCL with spectacles. Half of studies only reported the comparison in CSF among different MFCL designs, with two studies confirming worse visual performance with MFCLs compared to pinhole contact lenses. Concerning the CASP analysis, some level of variability in the quality scores was found, with 5/13 in three studies, 6/13 in three studies, 7/13 in one study, and 8/13 in one study. The limited evidence on the impact on CS of using MFCLs does not allow to extract consistent generalizable conclusions, with only three studies suggesting a variable impact and no evidence of the real clinical benefit of using this metric for the evaluation and optimization of MFCL fitting. More research is needed on this topic.

Effect of topical gentamicin in preventing surgical site infection in elective incisional hernia repair in a randomized controlled trial

Surgical site infection (SSI) continues to be a common complication of surgery. The real benefit of using topical antibiotics for the prevention of SSI in abdominal hernia repair surgery is still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of topical gentamicin in SSI prophylaxis in incisional hernia repair with mesh. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in patients undergoing open incisional hernia repair. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: in the gentamicin group, each layer of the abdominal wall was irrigated with gentamicin solution before wound closure, and in the saline solution group (placebo), each layer of the abdominal wall was irrigated with normal saline solution. The incidence of SSI and other surgical site complications was compared between both groups, and the presence of adverse effects with the use of topical gentamicin. Data from 146 patients were included for analysis: 74 in the gentamicin group and 72 in the saline solution group. SSI was observed in six patients (8.1%) in the gentamicin group and eight patients (11.1%) in the saline solution group, with no significant differences (p = 0.538) between both groups. No statistically significant differences were observed in the presentation of seroma, hematoma, and surgical wound dehiscence between both groups. No adverse effects were reported from topical application of gentamicin. In this clinical trial, the use of topical gentamicin in incisional hernia repair with mesh did not significantly reduce the incidence of SSI. EU Clinical Trials Register: EudraCT 2018-001860-45 (04/07/2019).

Putting the costs and benefits of carbon capture and storage into perspective: a multi-sector to multi-product analysis

Abstract Carbon dioxide capture, transport, and storage (CCS) is essential in achieving the net-zero target. Despite this increasing recognition, current CCS deployments are far behind targeted ambitions. A key reason is that CCS is often perceived as too expensive. While assessments of the costs of CCS have traditionally looked at impact at the plant level, the present study seeks to understand the costs and environmental benefits that will be passed to consumers via end-products and services. In particular, nine end-products/services (bridge construction, electricity from onshore wind power, electricity from offshore wind power, transport of a container via ship, a magazine, the production and transport of an avocado, a beer can, waste treatment via waste-to-energy, and long-distance air travel) connected to ten potential areas of application for CCS (cement production, iron and steel production, oil and gas production, natural gas processing, refining, ship propulsion engines, pulp and paper production, urea production, waste-to-energy, and direct air capture). The evaluations highlight that significant emission reductions (beyond 50%) could be achieved at marginal costs for end-users in six end-products/services: bridge construction, electricity from onshore wind power, electricity from offshore wind power, transport by ship, magazine, and waste treatment. Moderate emission reductions (between 11 and 37%) could be achieved in two cases at virtually no cost (increase below 1%): beer can and avocado production. Finally, only the case of using direct air capture to compensate for emissions from air travel was found to raise the cost for end-users significantly. Although more research is still needed in this area, this work broadens our understanding of the real cost and benefits of CCS and provides useful insights for decision-makers and society.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Pembentukan dan Pengelolaan Bank Sampah dan Limbah Minyak Jelantah di RW 03 Kelurahan Medokan Semampir Kecamatan Sukolilo Kota Surabaya

Community empowerment in the formation and management of waste banks and used cooking oil waste in RW 03, Medokan Semampir Village, Sukolilo District, Surabaya City, aims to increase community awareness and participation in protecting the environment. This program was initiated as a response to the problem of solid and liquid waste which is often ignored, even though it has the potential to be managed into a resource with economic value. Through the waste bank, residents are involved in the process of managing household waste, sorting organic and inorganic waste, and utilizing it into valuable or recyclable items. Meanwhile, for used cooking oil waste, collection and education are carried out regarding the negative impacts of careless disposal of oil on the environment, as well as its use as raw material for biodiesel or other environmentally friendly products. The community empowerment approach is carried out through outreach, training and mentoring by the driving team. This program not only aims to improve the environment, but also opens up economic opportunities for local communities through a savings system from the sale of collected waste and used cooking oil. The results of this activity show an increase in environmental awareness among the community, as well as real economic benefits felt by the residents of RW 03.

TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA ATAS PELINDUNGAN OBJEK SIPIL PADA KONFLIK BERSENJATA BERDASARKAN PRINSIP PROPORSIONALITAS DALAM HUKUM HUMANITER INTERNASIONAL

In IHL, there is the principle of proportionality, namely in the case of carrying out an attack, both the means and the method, the damage that will be suffered by the civilian population or civilian objects must be proportional in nature and not excessive in relation to the acquisition of real and direct military benefits that can be predicted as a result of the attack on military targets. But in reality, in an armed conflict, there must be many victims, both from those who participate and those who do not participate in the war, and cause damage to civilian objects, either intentionally or unintentionally. Therefore, the research problem is how the act of attacking civilian objects in armed conflict based on the principle of proportionality; and how the state's responsibility for the protection of civilian objects in armed conflict based on the principle of proportionality. The results of the research concluded that (1) During armed conflict, it is still necessary to fulfill the principles and provisions in IHL, one of which is the principle of proportionality based on Article 57 paragraph (2) (a) (i to iii) of Additional Protocol I, 1977. The party that will carry out the attack has the obligation to gather information in advance before and at the time of the attack in order to know that the target to be attacked is a military target, not a civilian object. Then take all precautions in choosing the means and methods of attack, so that the damage to be suffered by the civilian population or civilian objects is proportionate and not excessive in relation to the acquisition of real and direct military advantage; (2) In the event of an attack on civilian objects in armed conflict, the attacking state must be responsible for all internationally wrongful acts, which result in damage and loss. This is stipulated in ARSIWA 2001, Article 2. In IAC, the 1907 Hague Convention IV, Article 3; the 1949 Geneva Conventions, namely Article 51 of Geneva Convention I, Article 52 of Geneva Convention II, Article 131 of Geneva Convention III, and Article 148 of Geneva Convention IV, 1949; Additional Protocol I, 1977, Article 91 apply. In NIAC, Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions 1949 applies.